表油菜素内酯对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0、0.02、0.1、0.5、2.5 mg/L)的表油菜素内酯(EBR)对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响。结果表明,镉处理后番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性均下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和渗透调节物质含量均升高;喷施一定浓度的EBR(0.5 mg/L)后,番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性及脯氨酸含量均显著增加,可溶性蛋白、MDA含量和相对电导率有所下降,番茄幼苗根系和地上部分的镉含量分别上升了50.0%和93.4%,镉转运系数最低,为0.45。综上,喷施EBR能够增强番茄幼苗对镉胁迫的耐受性,促进幼苗生长,降低镉的转运系数,其中,EBR浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最好。     

3个玉米品种苗期耐寒性鉴定

为鉴定不同玉米品种的耐寒性,筛选抗寒性强的品种,以玉米品种青农8号、郑单958和农大108为材料,在10、4℃下进行苗期低温胁迫试验,研究低温处理对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量等耐寒性鉴定指标的影响。结果表明,SOD活性及其变化率、CAT活性变化率、POD活性及其变化率、MDA含量变化率和SP含量等7个指标的结果均表明青农8号耐寒性最强;CAT活性、MDA含量和SP含量变化率等3个指标的结果表明青农8号耐寒性居第2位。农大108和郑单958耐寒性强弱在不同生理指标下得到的结论不尽相同,SOD活性及其变化率、POD活性及其变化率、MDA含量和SP含量等6个指标的结果表明农大108耐寒性优于郑单958;CAT活性及其变化率、MDA含量变化率和SP含量变化率等指标的结果表明郑单958耐寒性优于农大108。本研究结果为玉米新品种青农8号的推广以及抗寒性品种的选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

小麦苗期和孕穗期涝渍的某些生理特性比较研究

对两个不同耐涝性的小麦品种华麦 8号和鄂恩 1号在苗期和孕穗期遭受涝渍后的生理变化进行研究 ,结果表明 :叶片叶绿素 ( chl)含量、超氧化物岐化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性和根系活力均下降 ,而丙二醛 ( MDA)含量上升 ,变化幅度为耐涝的华麦 8号低于不耐涝的鄂恩 1号 ,差异达显著或极显著水平 ;叶片脯氨酸 ( pro)含量上升 ,但华麦 8号的上升幅度极显著地高于鄂恩 1号 ;两个品种的过氧化物酶 ( POD)活性变化的差异也较大 ,其中华麦8号稳定而缓慢上升 ,而鄂恩 1号则先急剧上升后又逐步下降     

非充分灌溉对不同花生品种渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响

采用防雨棚池栽试验研究不同生育时期非充分灌溉对不同花生品种各生育期叶片膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的影响,旨在揭示不同花生品种在不同生育时期对非充分灌溉的响应机制。结果表明,苗期和花针期灌水后,叶片保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量均有不同程度的降低,随生育期推进和土壤水分降低,其活性升高,但升幅因品种、保护酶和渗透调节物质类型有差异,2个品种叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、可溶性糖(SS)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均以对水分最为敏感的花针期升幅较大,且‘花育25号’的SOD、CAT、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质(Pr)的升幅大于‘花育22号’;结荚期灌水后,各保护酶和渗透调节物质未表现降低。2个品种全生育期灌水处理与苗期灌水处理间的POD、SOD、CAT、SS、Pr和AA差异不显著,但2个品种两处理间Pro和MDA含量存在差异。全生育期水分胁迫条件下,SOD、CAT活性显著低于生育期灌水处理,但SS、Pr、Pro和MDA含量明显升高,尤以‘花育25号’变幅较大。POD活性对灌水时期响应相对较弱,SOD和CAT是花生适应土壤水逆境的主要保护酶。     

钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养试验 ,研究不同的钙和镉处理对玉米植株生长、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和ATPase酶活性以及叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统活性的影响。结果表明 ,根部未供钙或叶面喷施CaCl2时 ,加镉处理玉米根、地上部生物量降低 ,根冠比加大 ;而根部供钙 ,植株生长较好 ,生物量较高 ,根冠比相对较小。营养液中加镉 ,玉米植株中镉浓度显著增加 ,根部镉浓度明显比地上部高 ,根中镉约占 65%～ 78% ,地上部镉占到 22%～35%左右。根部供钙比未供钙处理 ,根中镉含量虽没有显著性差别 ,但地上部镉浓度明显较低。叶片喷施CaCl2 4次比喷施 2次处理 ,地上部镉浓度增加。供钙明显增加了玉米植株中钙浓度。未供钙的玉米叶片叶绿素含量下降 ,但叶绿素a/叶绿素b比基本不变 ;加镉处理 ,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量下降更甚 ,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比升高 ;叶面喷施CaCl2 ,叶绿素含量也较低。前期和后期根部供钙处理 ,叶绿素下降程度有所缓解。而根部一直供钙 ,玉米叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量明显提高。镉抑制了玉米植株叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性 ;根中ATPase活性以及活性氧清除酶系统超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶 (Gua POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (AsA POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)受镉的诱导而增加，叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。与未供应钙加镉处理相比，根部供钙加镉处理的玉米叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性显著增加，也明显减轻了镉对根中ATPase活性、叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统SOD，POD，CAT 活性的诱导效应。间隔供钙，在一定程度上缓解了镉的毒害，但是叶片喷施CaCl2，对减轻镉毒害无明显效果。因此在本试验条件下，根部供钙对缓解玉米镉毒害有重要作用。关键词:钙；镉；玉米；生理特性     

镉胁迫下外源IAA对栝楼生理变化和耐镉性的影响

为探究IAA对镉胁迫下栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)生理响应及耐镉性的影响,以保定栝楼(耐镉品种)和浦江栝楼(镉敏感品种)为材料,进行土培试验,研究800μmol/L镉胁迫下不同浓度IAA(10,35,60μmol/L)对2个栝楼品种的生长特性、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:(1)与CK组相比,800μmol/L Cd处理下,保定和浦江栝楼的平均根长、地下部分鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)明显降低,初始荧光(Fo)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及MDA含量显著增高,细胞膜脂过氧化程度加深;(2)随IAA浓度升高,保定栝楼平均根长与地下部分鲜重持续增长,最大增幅为24.83%和40.55%,而浦江栝楼则由上升转为下降趋势;(3)外源IAA加入后,2个栝楼品种幼叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量、叶绿素a/b、叶绿素荧光参数中的Fv/Fm、ETR及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性均呈现出先升后降的趋势,Fo和MDA含量先降后升,其中,35μmol/L的IAA使叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量、叶绿素a/b、Fv/Fm、ETR及SOD、CAT活性上升到峰值,而MDA含量降低35.44%～43.23%,达到谷值;(4)由隶属函数均值耐镉性分析得知,不同浓度IAA对栝楼镉毒害的缓解程度为35μmol/L10μmol/L60μmol/L0μmol/L。由此可见,外源IAA的施加对于缓解植物镉胁迫具有一定的应用前景。     

硅处理对镉锌胁迫下水稻产量及植株生理特性的影响

以郑稻18为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染胁迫和硅(Si)处理对水稻产量、不同生育时期植株生理特性的影响,从而揭示硅缓解Cd、Zn胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,水稻植株受到Cd、Zn毒害时,不同生育期植株生物量、产量、叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,而叶片质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和过氧化物(POD)活性显著增加。施硅处理显著提高水稻植株对重金属的抗性,主要反映在植株生物量显著增加,叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,而叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著降低,产量显著增加,说明硅缓解植株体内重金属毒害的代谢机制与其对抗氧化酶系统的调控作用及作物抗性的提高有关。     

镉硫交互对东南景天抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养试验研究不同硫镉水平对超积累东南景天抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在增施镉水平下东南景天叶片的MDA含量随着硫水平增加显著降低,Cd0水平下S2处理显著降低MDA含量达12.4%。相反,东南景天叶片的MDA含量随着镉水平的提高显著增加18.4%～137.7%。镉硫交互对超积累东南景天叶片抗氧化酶活性有显著影响。超积累东南景天叶片SOD活性随着硫、镉水平的增加而增加,以S3〉S2〉S1,Cd100〉Cd10〉Cd0。增施硫显著提高Cd10和Cd100水平下东南景天叶片POD活性。在S1,S2水平下,增加Cd水平东南景天叶片POD活性显著增加,POD活性以Cd10〉Cd100〉Cd0。超积累东南景天叶片CAT活性随着硫水平增加而增加8.9%～21.3%,CAT活性随着Cd水平的增加而显著增加,增幅以S1和S2水平下较大。随着S,Cd水平的增加东南景天叶片的APX活性显著增加。镉硫交互对4种抗氧化酶的效应以APX〉CAT〉POD〉SOD。     

小黑麦品系成株期抗旱性研究

为鉴定3份适合于青藏高原高寒牧区种植小黑麦品系的成株期抗旱性,本研究以石大1号和中饲1048小黑麦品种为对照,利用防雨棚控制水分,研究了不同干旱胁迫程度下5种供试小黑麦品系叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢物酶(CAT)活性,并利用隶属函数法对各小黑麦品系成株期的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,石大1号小黑麦叶片的可溶性糖含量和MDA含量最低,分别为14.15 mg·g~(-1)和42.86μmol·g~(-1),SOD(131.79 U·mg~(-1))、POD(86.77 U·mg~(-1)·min~(-1))和CAT(197.03 U·mg~(-1)·min~(-1))活性较高,小黑麦新品系J7和J9叶片的MDA含量较高,分别为3.05μmol·g~(-1)和2.96μmol·g~(-1),SOD、POD和CAT活性较低;随着干旱胁迫时间延长,小黑麦叶片可溶糖含量以及SOD、CAT活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,游离脯氨酸含量呈波浪型变化,MDA含量和POD活性逐渐增加;5份小黑麦品系在轻度和中度干旱胁迫时抗旱性无显著差异,重度干旱胁迫时,出现抗旱性分离。综合评价结果表明,供试小黑麦种质成株期抗旱性强弱依次为石大1号P1J7J9中饲1048。本研究为筛选适合青藏高原较干旱区域种植的抗旱小黑麦品系奠定了基础。     

西辽河平原矮秆蓖麻杂交种抗氧化酶活性、产量与油分含量对氮肥水平的响应

采用大田随机区组试验设计,以矮秆蓖麻杂交种通蓖11号为试材,以高秆杂交种通蓖9号为对照,在N 0、60、120、180 kg/hm~2 4个氮肥用量处理下,探讨灌浆期间叶片抗氧化酶活性、产量和油分含量对氮肥水平的响应。结果表明,在0～120 kg/hm~2施氮水平范围内,随着氮肥水平的提高,2品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性不断增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量则持续下降。当施氮水平提高到180 kg/hm~2时,SOD、POD、CAT活性不再升高,反而下降,MDA含量则略有上升。在各个氮肥水平和灌浆阶段通蓖11号SOD、POD、CAT活性均高于通蓖9号,MDA含量均低于通蓖9号;在低氮水平处理下,2品种间大部分差异不显著;在高氮水平处理下,大部分差异显著。随着灌浆进程,SOD、POD活性呈单峰曲线变化,但通蓖11号的峰值较通蓖9号有所延迟。CAT活性呈下降趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势。各处理籽粒产量、油分含量与抗氧化酶活性趋势相同。相关分析结果表明,籽粒产量和油分含量与SOD、POD、CAT活性呈正相关关系,与MDA含量呈负相关关系。灌浆前期,花后10 d通蓖9号SOD、POD和CAT活性与籽粒重的相关关系达显著或极显著水平,通蓖11号则达显著水平。花后20 d通蓖9号SOD、POD和CAT活性与籽粒重的相关关系未达显著水平,通蓖11号则达显著水平。灌浆中期,通蓖11号SOD、POD活性与油分含量呈显著正相关关系,而通蓖9号油分含量仅与POD活性呈显著正相关关系,与SOD和CAT相关关系未达显著水平。说明适量施用氮肥可以提高蓖麻主茎叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,但通蓖11号保护酶活性对氮肥的生理响应更积极,具有更强的改善细胞中活性氧产生与清除之间的平衡能力,这是其籽粒产量和油分含量高于通蓖9号的生理原因。120 kg/hm~2氮肥用量是通蓖11号在西辽河平原取得优质高产的最佳施肥水平。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.