国内外16个紫花苜蓿品种生产性能比较研究

为筛选出北京及周边地区适宜种植的紫花苜蓿品种,于2003年—2005年对来自美国、荷兰和国内其它地区的16个紫花苜蓿品种进行了连续3年的田间比较试验,系统测定并分析了与生产性能有关的植株生长高度、鲜草产量、干草产量、茎叶比等性状。结果表明：不同苜蓿品种在生长发育特性上存在显著差异（P<0.05）,运用隶属函数法、聚类分析法综合筛选出新牧1号、亮苜5号适宜在该地区大面积推广和种植。     

喷施微肥对紫花苜蓿草产量与品质的影响

在氮磷钾基肥供应足量的基础上,采用叶面喷施的方法,研究Zn、Fe、Mo、Co、B、Cu、Se、Mn 8种微肥混合喷施对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）草产量和品质的影响,其目的是通过喷施微肥试验,为生产提供不同用途的优质牧草。结果表明：几种微肥处理均可极显著提高紫花苜蓿产草量和叶茎比,极显著提高粗纤维含量,并显著影响粗脂肪含量,促进粗灰分的增加,导致无氮浸出物的降低,但对粗蛋白和磷含量影响不显著。     

光合微肥在二氧化硫污染水稻上的应用效果

用光合微肥对大面积受二氧化硫污染危害的水稻进行补救,获得了理想的效果。为二氧化硫污染危害水稻作物找到一条有效的补救措施。     

多元螯合液态微肥在棉花滴灌上的应用效果研究初报

棉花滴灌专用型多元螯合液态微肥具有水溶性好，缓冲性强，不易沉淀，肥效高的特点。多元螯合液态微肥在棉花滴灌上的田间试验研究结果表明：施用多元螯合液态微肥使棉花单铃重增加0.19-0.37g，增产6.23%-7.35%。多元螯合液态微肥可促进棉花对氮素营养的吸收，氮肥利用率提高15.07%-22.75%，经济最佳施氮（尿素）量减少98.94kg/hm^2，施肥利润增加110元/hm^2。     

紫花苜蓿生产性能构成因子研究

对3种不同秋眠类型9个不同秋眠级别的苜蓿品种进行生产性能构成因子以及构成因子间的相互关系的研究,结果表明,植株高度与节间长和再生速度达显著相关(P<0.05);生物量与植株高度和再生速度达显著相关(P<0.05);关于再生速度与植株高度、节间长和生物量的影响程度拟合方程分别如下:Y1=37.165+8.17x1;Y2=2.28+1.13x1;Y=3.03x1.再生速度与植株高度、节间长和地上生物量有着很高的相关性.植株高度是苜蓿产量一个很好的预测指标;决定苜蓿地上生物量的最终决定因子是再生速度,所以苜蓿的再生性是苜蓿高产育种首先考虑的因子.     

风化煤与微肥配施对茼蒿生物量及品质的影响

[目的]进一步探讨HA(风化煤)在农业生产中的作用,为腐植酸资源的利用提供理论依据.[方法]采用田间试验的方法研究了HA与微肥配合施用对茼蒿生物量、品质的影响.[结果]试验表明:①所有施肥处理比对照有明显的增产效果,增产幅度为4.55%～18.08%,HA与微肥配施生物量比对照平均增加了14.14%;②所有施肥处理茼蒿VC(维生素c)含量比对照平均增加了32.97%,HA与微肥配施显著提高了VC含量;③所有施肥处理茼蒿可溶性糖含量、糖酸比(T/S)比对照都显著增加,增加幅度分别为20.4%～59.6%、17.82%～84.99%;HA与微肥配施的处理可溶性糖含量,T/S比对照都显著增加,平均增加了51.1%、60.79%.[结论]HA与微肥配施显著提高了茼蒿的生物量与品质.     

多元复合微肥在茶树上的应用效果

多元复合微肥是一种含有Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、B、Mo、S、Mgo等多种微量元素的复合肥料,呈淡兰色粉末状。它可以土施、滴灌,也可以叶面喷施。在水稻、玉米、小麦、大豆、烟草、咖啡、棉花、蔬菜、瓜果等多种作物上施用,均有不同程度的增产提质和促进植株生长的效果。我们于1989年春茶开始在我所试验茶园进行叶面喷施试验,现将结果分述如下:     

锌锰微肥对苜蓿生产的效应研究

针对河南省气候土壤特点、锌锰钼肥的生理功能以及牧草生产利用中存在的问题,对Zn、Mn两种微肥在紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）优质牧草生产中的配施技术进行了研究。结果表明：紫花苜蓿的有效范围为400~500mg/kg,最佳浓度为430mg/kg。430mg/kg的Zn肥与380mg/kg的Mn 肥结合使用,效果更好,可使牧草产量提高约10.7%,种子产量提高13.7%。     

沙冬青脱水素基因转化紫花苜蓿的研究

为获得抗旱性较强的转基因苜蓿植株,以紫花苜蓿品种中苜2号作为基因转化受体,通过对外植体选择、菌液浓度、选择压确定、侵染时间和共培养时间等因素进行优化,成功建立了农杆菌介导的遗传转化体系。在此基础上,将沙冬青脱水素基因通过农杆菌的介导,转化到中苜2号中。试验结果显示,子叶和下胚轴作为外植体愈伤组织诱导频率最高,可达100%;获得抗性愈伤组织与转基因植株的卡那霉素最佳筛选浓度为25 mg/L;外植体与农杆菌的共培养时间以5 d为最佳。试验共获得126株T0抗性株,PCR检测30株表现为阳性,表明脱水素基因已转入受体植株中。     

Genetic control of in vitro regeneration in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were evaluated for epicuticular wax content and its relationship with spectral reflectance. Epicuticular wax is associated with drought tolerance. Highly significant differences (1.51 to 2.80 mg/dm²) were found in the amount of epicuticular wax (EW) among the cultivars. Water stress significantly enhanced the level of EW. EW content under stress and control conditions were positively correlated (r=0.85, p<0.01) suggesting that selection for this trait could be practised in either environment. Surface reflectance was reduced when the waxy layer from the leaf was removed with chloroform. The reduction for the abaxial surface was twice that for the adaxial surface indicating that the abaxial surface was more waxy than the adaxial one. The mean reduction (both surfaces) termed was positively correlated with the amount of EW (r=0.59, p<0.01).     

紫花苜蓿种子高产灌溉技术研究进展

本文回顾了20世纪50年代以来国外紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)种子生产灌溉技术的研究进展,从灌溉制度的制定依据、灌溉对种子产量和产量构成因素的影响、不同土壤质地条件的高产灌溉制度以及灌溉制度的水分预算法等方面,讨论了紫花苜蓿种子高产灌溉管理的原理和基本方法.     

The effects of kinetin on callus characters in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Three callus initiation media, B2-k, B2, and 7951, were used to study the effects of kinetin on callus initiation, morphology, histology, and regenerability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The presence of kinetin in callus initiation media retarded callus initiation, but enhanced division and differentiation of callus cells. Calluses induced on kinetin-containing media (B2 and 7951) had many compact cell aggregations, which were considered meristematic regions that might differentiate to plantlets on a regeneration medium. Visually, these calluses were compact and had many nodular structures. In contrast, most calluses induced on a kinetin-free medium were composed of large, individual cells and had friable structures without nodules. After transfer to a hormone-free medium, calluses induced on kinetin-containing media regenerated more frequently than those induced on a kinetin-free medium, but cytokinin (kinetin) autotrophism also occurred. Autotrophism was sexually transmissable and especially affected by the female parent.     

An improved breeding strategy for autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa cultivar development will be enhanced by breeding strategies whichutilize the full potential of autotetraploid population genetic structures. Thisstudy evaluates the effectiveness of an allelic selection scheme, which wasdeveloped to overcome limitations of inbreeding depression and to exploitgeneral and specific combining ability effects in autotetraploid populations.Allelic selection entails the minimization of non-additive genetic effects byselecting among full-sib families (F1) which are at uniform levels ofheterozygosity. Such F1 lines are developed by crossing individuals fromtwo unrelated random mating populations. Selected F1 lines wereintercrossed to form an improved population. Eight random matingpopulations of alfalfa were developed to study the effectiveness of allelicselection. Selection for increased dry matter yield resulted in alfalfapopulations with 38 percent greater yield than the parent populations. Twocycles of intercrossing, among selected F1 lines, did not dissipate the gainfrom selection. This result has important implications for synthetic cultivardevelopment in which a major limitation is the decline in productivity withadvancing generations of seed increase. A positively correlated response toselection for dry matter yield was observed for plant height and stemdiameter. The results of this research indicate that continued testing of theallelic selection scheme is warranted and could have a significant impact onthe breeding of autotetraploid alfalfa, particularly for synthetic cultivardevelopment.     

几种复混微肥对苜蓿微量元素营养的影响

根据河南省牧草种植区土壤微量元素含量、牧草营养及动物营养的需求特点,利用铁、锰、铜、锌、硼、钼、钴等几种微肥进行组配,来研究其对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）微量元素营养的影响,其目的为生产提供不同用途的富含微量元素的优质牧草。结果显示：CD组配能促进紫花苜蓿第二茬铁、锌、硼,第三茬铁、锌、硼、铜含量的显著增加;及除第二茬钴外的各茬元素积累量增加。C1D1组配能促进紫花苜蓿第一茬钼、钴、硼,第二茬锌、钼、钴、硼、铁,第三茬铜、锌、硼、铁、锰含量的显著增加;及除第二茬铁外的各茬元素积累量增加。C1D2组配能促进紫花苜蓿第一茬锌、钼、钴,第二茬锌、钼、钴、硼、铁、锰,第三茬锌、钴、硼、铁、锰含量显著增加;及除第二茬铁外的各茬元素积累量的增加。C2D1组配能促进紫花苜蓿第一茬锌、钼、钴,第二茬铜、锌、钼、钴、硼、铁、锰,第三茬钼、硼、铁含量显著增加;及除第二茬铁外的各茬元素积累量的增加。C2D2组配能促进紫花苜蓿第一茬铜、锌、钼、钴,第二茬锰、铜、锌、钼、钴、硼、铁,第三茬锰、锌、钼、钴、硼、铁含量显著增加;及各茬元素积累量的增加。     

Characterization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) following in vitro selection for salt tolerance

Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a valuable forage crop which is grown in areas of limited rainfall, high temperature and where the land is often salt affected. Seedlings of the commercial variety CUF 101 and the more salt tolerant breeding line CUF101-1S were used as explant material to produce tissue cultures for an in vitro screen for salt tolerance. Callus cultures were placed on a regeneration medium containing 0–350 mol m^-3 NaCl to establish the highest possible salt concentration that would allow buds to regenerate and survive as plantlets. Buds were regenerated in 250 mol m^-3 NaCl then isolated, grown to maturity and set seed. The response to salt tolerance in the short term was investigated by exposing 14-day-old seedlings to 200 mol m^-3 NaCl. Measurement of growth, survival, proline concentration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were made after 14 days exposure to NaCl. One somaclone in particular (6R2IV) compared with the parent line showed increased salt tolerance, greater accumulation of proline and a greater increase in the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione reductase. A potentially important gene is pA9 which is known to be responsible for the production of a proline rich cell wall protein. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of a region of the pA9 gene indicated that it was present in both tolerant and sensitive lines. Southern blotting has shown that the copy number of the pA9 was present as multiple copies in the tolerant clone compared with a single copy in the parents.Abbreviations GR glutathione reductase     

High frequency somatic embryogenesis with a pampeana-derived genotype of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Somatic embryos of genotype R11 of the alfalfa variety Pampeana were produced from embryogenic calli derived from leaf sections. They were induced by an auxin shock and its development was attempted on six different media. The best condition for somatic embryo production was inducing callus on MS medium plus 10 M 2,4-D and 4,6 M KIN and transferring them, after the auxin shock, to MS with 10–20 mM NH₄ ⁺ and 30 mM proline. More than 500 somatic embryos per plate were produced. Embryos were grown to plants on MS or half strength MS media and all regenerated plants resembled the original R11 genotype. This technique could be useful in alfalfa Pampeana improvement using genetic modification.     

紫花苜蓿锌指蛋白基因RNAi表达载体的构建及在苜蓿的转化

根据紫花苜蓿锌指蛋白MsZFN基因(GenBank登录号为EU624138)序列,设计两对含有酶切位点的特异性引物,以紫花苜蓿cDNA为模板,分别合成用于构建干扰载体的正反义片段,将正反义片段分别插入表达载体pART27的相应位置,构建成含有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-F-R。利用农杆菌介导方法,将pART-F-R转化到紫花苜蓿中,经过PCR检测,获得了3株转基因植株。经过RT-PCR检测,证明转基因植株中MsZFN基因表达量明显低于未转基因的植株。结果表明,已构建成功具有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-F-R,它可有效的抑制紫花苜蓿MsZFN基因。