石榴果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取大青皮甜石榴整体果实、石榴皮和石榴籽汁的芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,检测香气组分.石榴香气组分中以醛类和醇类为主,在石榴整体果实中占总峰面积的78.32%和14.52%,在石榴皮中占89.88%和4.70%,在石榴籽汁中占82.15%和9.78%.石榴中共检测出77种香气组分,其中石榴果实、果皮和籽汁中分别检测出42种、39种和43种.香气成分中共有的成分为18种,在果实、果皮和籽汁中分别占总峰面积的94.62%、95.59%和93.76%.2-己烯醛、己醛、3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛为石榴的主要香气成分,在果实、果皮和籽汁分别占78.27%、89.78%和81.79%.结果表明,石榴香气组分以C6醛和醇为主,石榴不同部分香气组分差异也主要表现在C6醛和醇含量的差异上.     

Inhibitory effect of a novel combination of Salvia hispanica (chia) seed and Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit extracts on melanin production

In recent years, dietary fatty acids have been extensively evaluated for nutritional as well as cosmetic benefits. Among the dietary fats, the omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) forms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been found to exhibit many biological functions in the skin such as prevention of transepidermal water loss, maintenance of the stratum corneum epidermal barrier, and disruption of melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes. In this study, we examined the effect of chia seed extract, high in ω3 (linolenic acid) and ω6 (linoleic acid) PUFAs, for its capacity to affect melanogenesis. Chia seed extract was shown to inhibit melanin biosynthesis in Melan-a cells; however, linoleic and α-linolenic acids alone did not effectively reduce melanin content. Further investigation demonstrated that chia seed extract in combination with pomegranate fruit extract had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis with no corresponding effect on tyrosinase activity. Investigation of the possible mechanism of action revealed that chia seed extract downregulated expression of melanogenesis-related genes (Tyr, Tyrp1, and Mc1r), alone and in combination with pomegranate fruit extract, suggesting that the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis by a novel combination of chia seed and pomegranate fruit extracts is possibly due to the downregulation of gene expression of key melanogenic enzymes.     

石榴溃疡病害病原学研究

对石榴溃疡病害3菌株所引起的病害症状、病原菌的形态学特征、培养学特性、生理学特性及分子遗传多样性等方面进行比较研究.结果表明:石榴疮痂病与石榴果实上增生型症状的病原菌具有更近的亲缘关系,应为同一病原菌引起,推测该病原菌首先侵染石榴侵染枝干,然后侵染石榴的花萼和果实;而石榴干腐病病原菌主要侵染枝干,是否侵染果实及引起症状特征需要继续进行研究和鉴定.     

石榴花挥发油的GC-MS分析及β-葡萄糖苷酶对石榴花的增香作用研究

目的:研究石榴花挥发油的化学成分及β-葡萄糖苷酶对其的增香作用。方法:使用挥发油提取器提取石榴花的挥发油,以GC-MS法进行分析鉴定,用面积归一化法获得各化合物的相对含量。结果:分别从无酶和有酶的石榴花挥发油提取物中确证了42个化合物。证明β-葡萄糖苷酶可以增加石榴花中某些香精成分的相对含量,但也使其中某些成分的相对含量减少。结论:石榴花中的化学成分十分丰富,GC-MS可以对石榴花挥发油进行良好的分离鉴定,同时证明β-葡萄糖苷酶对石榴花的增香作用不显著。     

4个石榴品种果实品质的差异性分析

为给石榴品种的品质评价和果实贮藏加工利用提供理论参考,以新疆维吾尔自治区叶城县的石榴主栽品种‘叶城1号’和‘叶城2号’以及河南省郑州市的石榴主栽品种‘突尼斯’与‘中农红’作为研究对象,测定和比较了4个石榴品种的果实表型特征指标、果实经济性状指标、果实内在品质指标及果实中8种营养元素的含量。结果表明:4个石榴品种在果实品质上存在不同水平的差异性,其中,‘突尼斯’的果形指数接近1,其果皮较薄,果皮质量也最低,果实可食率反而最高(66.54%±6.12%),比‘中农红’和‘叶城1号’‘叶城2号’分别高约10%、25%、20%,其果汁中的可溶性固形物和维生素C、钾和钙含量均较高;‘中农红’果实籽粒的含水量最多,其糖酸比也较高,果汁中锰、锌、铁和铜等微量元素的含量均较高;‘叶城1号’果实的纵横径均最高,果形指数却最低,其单果质量最高,为(435.33±75.97)g,但因其果皮厚度大和质量重,故其果实的可食率反而最低,为(41.582%±6.785%),其可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量及磷和镁含量均最高;‘叶城2号’虽其单果籽粒颗数最多,因其籽粒较小,故其单果籽粒质量最低,其籽粒含水量也最低,而其可滴定酸含量较高,为(0.577%±0.110%)。4个石榴品种中,‘突尼斯’和‘中农红’均不耐贮运,均较适用于加工果汁或就地就近处理;‘叶城1号’和‘叶城2号’均较耐贮运,均较适于远地贮藏和运输。     

藏期内温度对怀远石榴果实中糖和维生素C含量的影响

以安徽怀远产玉石籽、玛瑙籽、青皮、粉皮、红玉石籽（皖榴3号）5个石榴品种为试验材料,研究了室温（20.0±0.5℃）和低温（5.0±0.5℃）两种贮藏温度下,不同贮藏时间石榴果实中糖分及维生素C含量的变化。结果表明：（1）常温贮藏下石榴的总糖和还原糖含量均大于低温贮藏。（2）在常温条件下,玉石籽的总糖和还原糖均为最大,其值分别为0.14%和0.13%;在低温条件下,粉皮品种的总糖和还原糖均为最大,其值分别为0.13%和0.12%。（3）一定贮藏期后,粉皮和青皮品种的维生素C的含量较其他品种的高,适宜低温长期贮藏。     

Neuropharmacological activities of fruit essential oil from Litsea cubeba Persoon

Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae) is woody plant endemic to Taiwan that is traditionally used as a spice. In the current study, several behavioral analyses were performed to evaluate the neuropharmacological activity of the essential fruit oil of L. cubeba in ICR mice. Oral administration of 100, 300 and 500?mg/kg of L. cubeba fruit oil significantly prolonged pentobarbitone-induced mouse sleeping time by 20.0, 110.8, and 159.6?%, respectively. In addition, after administration of L. cubeba oil, mice significantly increased the time spent in the open arms and number of entries into the open arms of an elevated plus maze compared to saline-treated mice suggesting that L. cubeba oil has anxiolytic activity. A tail-flick test conducted after treatment of mice with 500?mg/kg L. cubeba fruit oil also suggested that this oil has potent analgetic activity. According to GC/MS analyses, the essential fruit oil of L. cubeba oil consists of 23 compounds. The main components are geranial (37.16?%), neral (28.29?%), and d-limonene (22.90?%). We conclude that L. cubeba oil has a potent effect on the central nervous system of mice.     

云南蒲缥地方优良石榴品种白水籽和红水籽性状初步评价

通过对云南蒲缥地方石榴品种白水籽和红水籽的植物学性状、经济性状的观测,和与省内外16个优良石榴品种的比较,初步认为白水籽和红水籽品种已符合石榴良种指标,值得深入研究和开发。     

Essential oil of Lindera neesiana fruit: Chemical analysis and its potential use in topical applications

The composition of the essential oil of Lindera neesiana Kurz fruit was examined by GC-MS, ¹H, ¹³C and bidimensional NMR techniques (HMQC, HMBC, COSY, TOCSY). Forty compounds were identified, representing approximately 86% of the oil: Z-citral (15.08%), E-citral (11.89%), eucalyptol (8.75%), citronellal (6.72%), α-pinene (6.63%) and β-pinene (5.61%) were the major components. The essential oil of L. neesiana fruit showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at non-cytotoxic doses in human keratinocytes, suggesting possible topical applications.     

几种药剂对石榴疮痂病的防治

在山东枣庄石榴疮痂病Dothiorella sp．是石榴枝干、果实上一种新发生的严重病害，用不同药剂、不同施药方法和施药时间对其进行了防治。结果表明，35％百菌敌5倍液于春季(4月上旬)轻刮涂刷枝干上的病斑，效果最好；防治果斑试验，以50％多菌灵WP500倍液效果最好，防治时间为6月上旬、中旬、7月上旬3次。     

Factors influencing citrus fruit scarring caused by Pezothrips kellyanus

Kelly’s citrus thrips (KCT) Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a recently recorded cosmopolitan citrus pest, causing fruit scarring that results in downgrading of fruit. Due to the detrimental effects caused on fruits by KCT, we wanted to study some of the factors influencing fruit scarring. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to determine the fruit development stage when citrus fruits are damaged by KCT and the population structure of KCT during this period, (2) to study the influence of temperature on intensity of damage, and finally, (3) to identify alternative host plants. KCT populations on flowers and fruitlets and alternate plant hosts were sampled in four citrus orchards from 2008 to 2010. The percentage of damaged fruits was also recorded. The exotic vine Araujia sericifera (Apocynaceae) was recorded as a new host for KCT. Thrips scarring started to increase at 350–650 degree-days (DD) above 10.2 °C, coinciding with a peak abundance of the second instar larval stages over all 3 years of the study. The maximum percentage of larval stages of KCT was observed in the 3 years at about 500 DD, a period which corresponds to the end of May or early June. Variation in the severity of fruit scarring appeared to be related to air temperature. Temperature likely affects the synchronisation between the peak in abundance of KCT larvae, and the period when fruitlets are susceptible to thrips damage. Temperature can also influence the survival and development of KCT populations in citrus and other host plants in the citrus agro-ecosystem.     

干旱胁迫对油茶叶片内源激素及果实生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱处理中油茶叶片内源激素、果实生长的变化规律以及地表覆盖、土壤翻耕2种措施对缓解干旱胁迫的效果。[方法]以6年生长林4#油茶为试验材料,设置自然状况、干旱胁迫、地表覆盖及土壤翻耕4个处理,采用酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定油茶叶片内源激素,并分析果实的生长状况。[结果]研究表明:(1)干旱胁迫开始两周后,即当土壤含水率低于24.0%~26.8%,油茶叶片内源激素开始启动对干旱的响应机制。(2)干旱胁迫使油茶叶片IAA含量下降,ABA含量上升,GA含量先上升后下降,ZR含量下降并维持在较低水平,ZR/IAA值下降;地表覆盖及土壤翻耕可以有效缓解干旱对叶片IAA、GA、ZR含量的影响,而对叶片ABA含量、ZR/IAA的影响不显著;油茶通过内源激素含量的变化来应对干旱胁迫的影响。(3)干旱胁迫使油茶果实横径减小,果实纵径出现负增长,而地表覆盖及土壤翻耕相对于干旱胁迫使得果实横径生长量分别增加了73.20%、75.58%,可以有效缓解干旱胁迫对油茶果实纵径生长的影响。[结论]生产上通过地表覆盖及土壤翻耕可以有效缓解干旱对油茶果实生长的影响,地表覆盖技术措施可进一步推广应用。     

Phenology and pollination of Manilkara zapota in forest and homegardens

Knowledge on reproductive phenology and pollination biology are basic elements that should be considered in the management and exploitation of plant species that offer non-timber products. The tropical tree Manilkara zapota is a species from which non-timber products have been obtained for centuries by Mayan communities in Mexico. Nevertheless, there are no quantitative reports on its reproductive biology and the factors that limit fruit production. The present study describes the reproductive phenology, breeding system and pollination of this species in two contrasting environments: medium-height, subdeciduous forest, and homegardens (“solares”) in a Mayan community in the state of Yucatan. Significant differences were found between environments both in the temporal distribution of flower and mature fruit production, as well as in the proportion of mature fruits. Homegarden trees showed the greatest fruit production, although flower production did not differ between environments. Mature fruits were of better quality (i.e., greater fresh weight) in homegardens. Hand pollination experiments showed that M. zapota is self-compatible, and that there is pollinator limitation for fruit production in trees that grow in homegardens. We propose that water and soil nutrients are the main factors limiting M. zapota fruit production in forests, while in homegardens the main factor appears to be pollinator availability.     

Neofusicoccum parvum associated with pomegranate branch canker in Iran

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is native to Iran and neighbouring countries and is negatively affected by a wide range of diseases. Canker and dieback diseases caused by Cytospora punicae and members of the family Botryosphaeriaceae are the main trunk diseases on pomegranate. In summer 2017, progressive dieback of branches on some young pomegranate trees was observed in orchards of the Gorgan Region (Golestan province, Northeast Iran). Fungal colonies with similar colony colour were isolated from symptomatic tissues. The identity of the causal agent was determined as Neofusicoccum parvum, based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach including morphological features of conidiomata and phylogenetic inference based on the ITS‐rDNA region and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1‐α) gene. Koch's postulates were fulfilled using an excised shoot method. This study provides the first report on the occurrence of N. parvum as a cause of branch canker on pomegranate in Iran.     

Influence of umbrella pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">pinea</Emphasis> L.) stand type and tree characteristics on cone production

Most umbrella pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands are managed as agroforestry systems, whose main production is fruit, due to the edible and highly nutritious kernels, and are frequently associated to natural or seeded pastures and grazing. The stands have low density, in order to enhance crown growth and fruit production. Nevertheless, cone production, both with regard to number and weight, varies greatly between stands, trees and years. In this study were selected three agroforestry systems, representative of umbrella pine stands whose main production is fruit, and one stand representative of the timber production system, where fruit is the secondary production. It was evaluated the variability in cone production as a function of the tree’s diameter at breast height and crown diameter and the individual tree’s competition status. The results indicate that stands managed in agroforestry systems with lower competition and individuals with larger diameter at breast height and crown diameter tend to produce more and heavier cones per tree. The first two principal components of the principal component analysis explain 84 % of the variance in cone production, trees’ dimensions and competition index. Tree competition status has a negative impact on production per tree.     

Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: Impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin

Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) is a multi-purpose tree that provides non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In particular, fruit almonds can be transformed into butter for cooking and cosmetics. During the present study, the following hypotheses were tested: (i) diameter structure of P. butyracea populations is independent of its fruit gathering intensity; (ii) P. butyracea seedling and sapling density and origin are independent of its fruit gathering intensity; (iii) P. butyracea fruit gathering and processing of its almonds are profitable activities and (iv) P. butyracea fruit collectors and almond transformers are receiving the lowest marketing margins in the commercial channel. The class distribution in the low-intensity harvesting sites showed a typical inverse J-shaped curve whereas the high-intensity harvesting ones showed an almost bell curve (G² = 23.93, p = 0.0008). After data analysis, all hypotheses turned out to be wrong except the hypothesis (iii). In order to assess the effects of fruit harvesting on natural regeneration of P. butyracea, we compared seedling and sapling density of regeneration originating from seeds and roots suckers in plots that had been differentiated according to fruit harvesting intensity. These plots were laid out in riparian forests, which are the natural habitats for the species in Benin. Observed seedling and sapling density was high (13,872 ± 7886 seedlings and saplings/ha) in low-intensity harvesting sites but very low (4200 ± 3810 seedlings and saplings/ha) in high-intensity harvesting sites (F = 17.16; p = 0.0006). However, there was no significant difference between root sucker density in either type of harvesting site (F = 0.79; p = 0.3861). Collection of P. butyracea fruits and subsequent processing of its almonds into butter is an important source of income for women involved in these activities. Commercial margin analysis showed that these women involved in almonds and butter trade, far from being exploited by traders, recuperate between 49% and 80% of the price paid by the consumer, depending on the quality of the product and the length of commercial channel used.     

Effect of different host plants on the development time and parasitization rate of eretmocerus dehachi rose and rosen (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) withparabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (homoptera: aleyrodidae) as insect host

The effect of six citrus and five non-citrus host plants on the developmental time ofEretmocerus dehachi Rose and Rosen (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), the parasitoid ofParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), was studied under laboratory conditions. On citrus host plants, the mean developmental time from egg to adult was shortest on lemon with 14.6 days and longest on trifoliate orange with 26.3 days. On non-citrus host plants the developmental time ranged between 16.3 days on vine and 23.0 days on pomegranate. Among the various host plants tested,E. dehachi preferredP. myricae on sweet orange. A high mortality ofP. myricae due to host feeding and parasitization was observed on sweet orange and grapefruit among citrus host plants and on rose among non-citrus host plants.     

小果油茶农家品种间遗传差异及亲缘关系分析

从表型性状和分子水平上研究了小果油茶农家品种间的遗传差异及亲缘关系。结果表明:小果油茶农家品种在果实、叶和花性状上的变异极为丰富,每500 g鲜果数的变异系数最大(76.91%),不饱和脂肪酸含量变异系数最小(3.31%);果实性状的变异程度高于叶和花性状;果纵径和果横径与叶长、叶周长和花冠直径呈显著或极显著正相关;农家品种宜春白皮中籽表型性状的总变异程度高于龙眼茶、羊屎茶和珍珠茶。利用25对AFLP引物组合在4个小果油茶农家品种和普通油茶中共扩增出921条带,其中多态性条带706条,多态性条带比率达75.7%;羊屎茶与宜春白皮中籽的遗传相似系数最大(0.698 2),龙眼茶与普通油茶的相似系数最小(0.558 1)。AFLP标记和表型性状的聚类都可将小果油茶农家品种和普通油茶分开,但对小果油茶农家品种间的归类并未完全一致。     

Fruits of our labour: contribution of commercial baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit harvesting to the livelihoods of marginalized people in northern Venda, South Africa

Baobabs (Adansonia digitata) provide products, mainly bark, leaves and fruit, which are used for subsistence purposes and traded to generate cash. Recently, demands for baobab fruit derivatives on the global organic market, namely pulp and seed oil, have increased rapidly, leading to concerns that this may have negative impacts on subsistence users, particularly in areas where there is an existing high dependence on these products, such as West Africa. In contrast, in southern Africa baobab fruit are probably ‘underutilized’ and commercialization would help reduce poverty. This study evaluated the direct-use (subsistence) and income (cash) value of baobab fruit on the livelihoods of baobab fruit harvesters in South Africa. Harvesters were mostly women (98 %), many of whom were unemployed (98 %) and uneducated (70 %). The majority (68 %) received social grants and were involved in informal occupations (55 %), which contributed 35 and 18 % to total annual income respectively. The trade and direct-use value of non-timber forest products contributed 14 and 33 % to annual income, of which, baobab fruit made up 38 and 4 % respectively. Baobab fruit was the only non-timber forest product that had a higher income value (4×) than direct-use value. Cash earned was used to buy food (73 %) and invest in small businesses, suggesting a move from subsistence to cash economy. It is suggested that commercialization of baobab fruit will have far-reaching benefits; and that secured access to trees and investment in local beneficiation will further increase the value of the resource for many marginalized people in southern Africa.