黑龙江大佳河自然保护区的猛禽及保护

通过2002～2005年对大佳河自然保护区猛禽的调查研究，记录猛禽25种，分属2目3科，占黑龙江省猛禽种数的60．98％，其中隼形目17种，鹗形目8种，国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种，国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类23种，列入CITES附录Ⅰ的2种，附录Ⅱ的23种；列入IUCN红皮书濒危种类2种，易危种类13种。本文对保护区猛禽的数量分布、种群结构及栖息生境进行了分析，并对其保护提出了建议，为研究猛禽资源保护和管理提供基础资料。     

威武而凶狠的猛禽

猛禽,顾名思义,就是凶猛的鸟类,共有约420种,占全世界鸟类总数的4.7％,分别隶属于白天活动的隼形目和晚上活动的鸮形目。我国共分布有86种(隼形目59种,鸮形目27种),占全世界猛禽总数20.5％。猛禽都有着十分锐利的捕杀动物的利爪和撕裂动物的钩嘴,再加上其极擅飞行的矫健的双翅,以及敏锐的听觉和视觉,可以克服其他动物克服不了的自然屏障,     

救护猛禽的人工饲养与疾病防治初探

<正>猛禽是指隼形目和鸮形目鸟类的统称,包括鹰、雕、鵟、鸢、鹫、鹞、鹗、隼、鸮、鸺鹠等,大多以捕食其他小动物为食,是肉食性鸟类。分布遍及全国各地。猛禽处于食物链顶端,在生态系统中占有重要地位,它们在控制啮齿类数量,维持环境健康和生态平衡发展具有不可替代的作用。我国将隼形目和鸮形目中的所有种全部列为国家级保护动物。在近年来随着城市的不断发展,猛禽的栖息环境正变的越来越小,猛禽面临着更多的生存威胁。据统计,栖息地破坏、环境污染及人类     

金雕

金雕在山西历山国家级自然保护区，主峰舜王坪海拔２３２１ｍ的地段，常年居留着体形较大，性猛力强，嘴为钩状，全身褐黑，头部橙黄色的一种大型猛禽。它就是我国一级重点保护野生动物─－金雕，俗名黑翅雕，洁白雕、红头雕以及老雕等。在动物分类学中隶属于鸟纲、隼形目...     

玛可河保护区春季鸟类群落多样性研究

为了解玛可河保护区春季鸟类分布现状，研究鸟类群落结构及其多样性，2020年4月至5月采用样线法对保护区内5种生境类型的鸟类组成及多样性进行了连续调查。结果表明：共记录到鸟类84种，隶属于11目29科56属，其中优势种4种（白眉朱雀、红眉朱雀、橙翅噪鹛和红嘴山鸦）、国家一级重点保护鸟类4种（黑头噪鸦、猎隼、胡兀鹫和金雕）、国家二级重点保护鸟类10种。在居留型上，留鸟最多（51种，60.71%），其次是夏候鸟（28种，33.33%），旅鸟（3种，3.57%），冬候鸟和迷鸟最少（均1种，1.19%）；在生态类型上，鸣禽（59种）>猛禽（8种）=陆禽（8种）>攀禽（5种）>涉禽（2种）=游禽（2种）；在多样性和均匀度指数上河谷沿岸生境均高于其他4种生境（3.363 0、0.802 7）。玛可河保护区的鸟类物种多样性相对较高，相比青海省其他地域，东洋界物种相对较多。春季鸟类大多以繁殖鸟为主。     

黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性及其保护

为了掌握黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性和认识保护区目前存在的问题,我们通过查阅资料、鸟类环志和鸟类救护的方法对保护区的鸟类多样性进行了研究。结果表明黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区分布有鸟类202种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有东方白鹳、白头鹤、丹顶鹤、金雕4种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有白枕鹤、苍鹰、鸳鸯等33种,鸟类多样性极其丰富。在鸟类保护工作方面,目前虽然保护区已经开展了大量的保护工作,但仍然存在经济发展与鸟类保护相矛盾、人为干扰严重、自然资源利用过度和环境污染加剧等问题。针对存在的问题,本文通过研究提出了保护区在今后鸟类多样性保护和管理方面的科学意见。     

黑龙江珍宝岛自然保护区鸟类多样性及保护

黑龙江珍宝岛国家级自然保护区位于虎林市东部，总面积23750hm^2。多样的生态环境，为鸟类提供了良好的栖息生境。本区共记录有鸟类251种，占全省鸟类种数的67．84％，包括雀形目鸟类106种，占本区鸟类种数的41．15％；非雀形目鸟类145种，占本区鸟类种数的58．85％。从留居类型看，包括夏候鸟132种，冬候乌9种，旅乌66种，留鸟39种，偶见5种。从区系特征上看，本区共有古北界鸟类161种，占本区鸟类种数的6414％；东洋界鸟类7种，占2．79％；广布种83种，占33．07％。有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类9种，国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类43种，列入CITES附录的有49种，列入IUCN《世界鸟类红皮书》的有30种。许多种类处于濒危状态，有些种类已经在本区绝迹。本文在对保护区鸟类多样性进行分析的同时，对鸟类资源的保护及濒危鸟类的恢复提出了建议。     

黔东南州鸟类新记录──秃鹫

1997年2月18日，黔东南州雷公山自然保护区管理处从雷县永乐镇接收了一只猛禽，经对照有关资料，查明是秃骛（Aegypinsmonachus），属隼形自鹰科，为国家二级重点保护野生动物。查《国家重点保护野生动物》，《中国鸟类手册上卷非雀形目》和《贵州鸟类志》，均无贵州分布，仅《贵州省野生动植物保护自然保护区管理工作手册》记载铜仁地区沿河县一黔南州荔波县有分布，而在黔东南州则是新记录。有关的量度和形态描述如下：体重6020g体长1060mm嘴峰长750mm翼长810mm尾长430。。跑路长140。m通体黑褐色，头裸出，仅被有短的黑褐色绒羽，颈基部…     

池州平天湖湿地鸟类资源调查

2010～2011年对拟建安徽省池州市平天湖湿地公园鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类16目40科172种,涵盖了6种不同的生态型。从居留型来看,留鸟71种,夏候鸟51种,冬候鸟40种,旅鸟10种;在该区域内繁殖的鸟类达122种,占总种数的70.93%。从动物地理上看,广布种65种,东洋界鸟类66种,而古北界鸟类只有41种,可见,该区鸟类东洋界物种明显多于古北界物种,表现出明显的南方鸟类区系特点,以及逐渐由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征。此外,该湿地有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类17种,水禽资源特别丰富,其种类和数量具明显的季节性变化,夏季以鹭类为主体,而冬季以雁鸭类为主体。     

贺兰山地区冬季鸟类物种多样性调查

2006年和2007年的11～12月,采用固定样线统计法连续2 a对贺兰山地区冬季鸟类组成进行了调查。共记录鸟类7目17科72种,约占全国鸟类种数(1 319种)的5.46%,占宁夏鸟类种数(320种)的22.50%。在地理区划上,古北界鸟类61种,占该地区鸟类种数的84.72%;广布种类11种,占15.28%;未观测到东洋界鸟类。其中,留鸟51种,占70.83%;冬候鸟11种,占15.28:旅鸟10种,占13.89%。具有明显集群生活方式的有41种,占56.94%。山地草原带出现的鸟类种类最多,有40种,其次是山地疏林草原带和山地针叶林带,分别有34种和35种,亚高山灌丛和草甸带最少,仅有5种。贺兰山冬季有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类3种,有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类14种。     

Microbiological survey of birds of prey pellets

A microbiological survey of 73 pellets collected from different birds of prey species housed at the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Napoli (southern Italy) was performed. Pellets were analyzed by culture and biochemical methods as well as by serotyping and polymerase chain reaction. We isolated a wide range of bacteria some of them also pathogens for humans (i.e. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Campylobacter coli, Escherichia coli O serogroups). This study highlights the potential role of birds of prey as asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic bacteria which could be disseminated in the environment not only through the birds of prey feces but also through their pellets.     

Fatal columbid herpesvirus-1 infections in three species of Australian birds of prey

We document columbid herpesvirus-1 (CoHV-1) infection in two barking owls (Ninox connivens), a powerful owl (Ninox strenua) and an Australian hobby (Falco longipennis). Antemortem signs of infection were non-specific and the birds either died soon after they were identified as ill or were found dead unexpectedly. Gross postmortem findings were also not specific. Microscopically, marked to massive splenic and hepatic necrosis with the presence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in remaining splenocytes and hepatocytes was found in all birds. Herpesvirus virions were identified in liver sections from one of the boobook owls by electron microscopy. Using CoHV-1-specific primers and polymerase chain reaction, CoHV-1 DNA was amplified from tissue samples from all birds. A comparison of these sequences to previously reported sequences of CoHV-1 found them to be identical or to vary by a single base pair. These findings increase the number of known species of birds of prey that are susceptible to CoHV-1 infection and indicate that rock pigeons (Columbia livia) should not be included in the diet of captive Australian birds of prey.     

鸟类对猫捕食敏感性的种间差异研究

哺乳类捕获猎物的方法与猛禽不同,前者通常依靠伏击捕猎.这种捕猎行为上的差异,对不同猎物对被猎杀的敏感性有重要影响,并能改变猎物的日常行为.在分析了大量的猎物丰富度和可获得猎物等数据的基础上,我们研究了鸟类对家猫(Felis catus)捕食的敏感性.不同鸟种对被猫捕食的敏感性与对被雀鹰(Accipiter nisus)捕食的敏感性无显著相关性,但与对被苍鹰(Accipiter gentilis)捕食的易感性呈显著相关.鸟类对被猫和雀鹰捕食的敏感性被分别用来预测了它们对被苍鹰捕食的敏感性.鸟类尾羽缺失的比例会随着被猫捕食的敏感性的加大而增多,也验证了我们关于鸟类对被猫捕食敏感性的看法.猫对雄鸟的捕食比例较高,尤其当雄鸟处于植被较低层的位置鸣唱以及鸣唱时起飞距离较短时,被捕食的几率更高.集群繁殖的鸟类对被捕食的敏感性要低于独居鸟类.对细菌感染免疫力较高的鸟类同样也对猫的捕食有着较高的敏感性.这些结果说明猫的捕食己成为一个重要的选择压力,对普通鸟类的抗捕食行为、性别炫耀和免疫功能产生影响.     

Occurrence of parasites in indigenous birds of prey and owls

In the present paper a general overview on parasites in birds of prey and owls is given. This part is followed by a study investigating the prevalences and species of parasites in free-ranging birds of prey and owls in Berlin and Brandenburg State, Germany. Over a one year period, 84 birds of prey and owls of the following species were examined for the presence of endo- and ectoparasites: Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) (n = 32), Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (n = 20), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (n = 9), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) (n = 8), Black Kite (Milvus migrans) (n = 4), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) (n = 3), Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (n = 1), White-tailed-Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (n = 1), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) (n = 4), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) (n = 1) and Barn Owl (Tyto alba) (n = 1). In 97.6% of the cases, ectoparasites (feather mites and hippoboscid flies) were found. Especially eyasses (93.3%) were positive for hippoboscid flies. Trichomonas was detected in 28.6% of all birds of prey and owls examined. A prevalence of 100% was established in the Sparrow Hawks as well as Peregrine Falcons. Leucozytozoon sp. and Hemoproteus sp. as blood parasites were found in 26.9% of the birds in total. Common Buzzards showed the highest prevalence (44.8%). 58.3% of birds examined were positive for endoparasites. Flukes were found in 16.7%, tapeworms in 14.3%, round-worms in 48.8% and acanthocephales in 2.4% of the cases. Interestingly, Tylodelphis clavata (in a Common Buzzard) and Hovorkonema variegatum (in a Goshawk) were found for the first time in raptors. The results of this study underline the importance of a parasitological examination in the process of raptor rehabilitation.     

Avipoxvirus infection in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from a reintroduction programme in Germany

Poxvirus infections are common in domestic birds in Germany, but they are rare in birds of prey. Only species of falconidae imported from Arabian or Asian countries have so far tested positive for poxvirus, and, among these, only raptors kept for falconry. As part of a reintroduction programme in the northern county of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea, 21 young peregrine falcons were released into the wild; six of them died and one was examined postmortem, its tissues being examined by light and electron microscopy. In addition, an ELISA for fowlpox, pigeonpox and canarypox was applied. No virus could be isolated and propagation in culture failed, but virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in lesions from its skin and tongue.     

Feeding behaviour of the caracal Felis caracal Schreber 1776 in the Mountain Zebra National Park

A total of 21 caracal kills were recorded in the Mountain Zebra National Park of which 15 were mountain reedbuck. In 200 scats analysed, mammals made up 93,8% of the prey species identified, birds 5,3% and reptiles 0,9%. Cape dassies (53,3%) and mountain reedbuck (19,6%) were the most common prey items in the scats. The way in which prey is eaten, food consumption and hunting behaviour are discussed.     

The Feeding of Live Food to Exotic Pets: Issues of Welfare and Ethics

Live food items are often fed to exotic pet species whether they are birds, amphibians, reptiles, or mammals. This raises issues of welfare, both of the animals fed live prey items and the prey itself. Concerns over live food welfare are particularly marked in the feeding of vertebrate prey items and evidence presented here shows the prolonged time taken for rodents to die. However, the welfare of all exotic pets relies both on providing optimal nutrition to the predator and ensuring, as much as possible, that their natural behaviours can be expressed. Does that mean that predatory species must be fed live prey? This article discusses this problem and seeks potential solutions.     

PET AND CAPTIVE BIRDS AS POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS OF ZOONOTIC BACTERIA

Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are zoonotic bacteria, commonly harbored in the enteric tract of avian species. This survey aimed at verifying the presence of these microorganisms in a heterogeneous Italian population of pet birds and captive birds of prey (e.g., Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes) that live in close contact with humans. A total of 151 individuals were tested for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and 444 for Salmonella spp. Six C. jejuni and one S. Livingstone were isolated from birds of prey: 4 Accipitriformes (2 Buteo regalis, 2 Parabuteo unicinctus), 1 Falconiformes (Falco peregrinus) and 1 Strigiformes (Strix aluco) were positive for C. jejuni, and 1 Falconiformes (Falco peregrinus) for S. Livingstone. Five C. jejuni strains were genotyped by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and identified as ST 2116, assigned to ST-353 CC. Results of this study suggest that these microorganisms are not common inhabitants of the digestive tract of pet birds and captive birds of prey, but occasional findings. However, as potential reservoirs of zoonotic bacteria, pet birds should be monitored in order to preserve human health.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter from wild birds of prey in Spain

Wild birds have been identified as a relevant reservoir of Campylobacter spp., therefore, a potential source of infection in humans and domestic animals. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. on birds of prey in Spain. In addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were evaluated. A total of 689 specimens of 28 raptor species were analyzed, with a resulting individual prevalence of 7.5%. C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated species (88.5%), followed by C. coli and C. lari (3.8% each). The occurrence of Campylobacter was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in nocturnal birds of prey (15.3%), in spring season (12.2%) and in carnivorous species (9.4%). Isolates displayed a remarkable resistance to nalidixic acid (69.9%), ciprofloxacin (69.9%), and tetracycline (55.6%), and a low resistance to streptomycin (6.7%).Our findings highlight the importance of birds of prey as reservoirs of Campylobacter strains and their significant role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance.     

Bacterial and fungal flora in healthy eyes of birds of prey.

Birds of prey are often affected with external ocular injuries that are routinely treated with antimicrobial agents used for small animals. The resident ocular bacterial and fungal flora is still unknown in birds of prey and this knowledge would be very useful in assessing the accuracy of treatments. In a study involving 65 raptors with healthy eyes, swabs were taken from both eyes to identify the resident bacterial and fungal flora. Fifty-five birds had a positive culture in one or both eyes. Both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were isolated, with a predominance of Staphylococcus spp., which were found in 52.3% of cultures. Only two fungal species, Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp. were found. The overall results of this study are similar to previous studies carried out in humans and other animals.