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不同青菜品种吸锌能力差异及与根系分泌物的关系 总被引:20,自引:4,他引:20
青菜 [Brassica campestris var. chinensis(L.)Makino]不同品种对土壤中锌的累积吸收有明显差异[1] ,我们推断根系分泌物在青菜吸收锌的过程中可能起着重要作用。因此在本项研究中 ,对 2个不同锌利用效率的青菜品种的根系分泌物组成、数量及其与锌吸收的关系进行了探讨。结果表明 ,2种锌水平下 ,五月慢根系分泌物中低分子量有机酸及氨基酸的总量均明显高于黑油白菜 ,缺锌时品种间差异达 0.05显著水平 ;缺锌条件下 ,五月慢根系分泌物中草酸、丙氨酸的含量同样显著高于黑油白菜。五月慢在缺锌时有较高的根系分泌物总量及其草酸、丙氨酸含量都显著增加 ,这可能是五月慢具有较高累积吸锌量及锌利用效率的重要原因之一。 相似文献
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锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在锌铬复合胁迫下,随着土壤中锌、铬浓度的增加,水稻干物质积累量降低,根冠比及根系可溶性糖含量呈增加的趋势,而茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量呈降低的趋势;根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性蛋白含量和全氮含量则呈高低起伏的变化。偏相关分析表明,土壤中锌、铬浓度与水稻根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量,水稻根系可溶性蛋白含量均产生了Zn-Cr协同效应,而与全氮含量未产生复合效应。这说明在重金属胁迫下,水稻通过协调自身源流库的关系,提高其对逆境的生态适应能力。 相似文献
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不同种类绿肥翻压对土壤肥力的影响 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
通过模拟试验,研究了旱地翻压箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)、苕子(Vicia villosa Roth. Var.)和山黧豆(Lathyrus palustris l. Var. Pilosus ledeb)三种绿肥对土壤肥力特性的影响。试验结果表明,在绿肥翻压腐解过程中,土壤pH(原始pH值为5.95)均呈现出先升高后降低最后趋于平缓的趋势,在翻压0~25 d内高于不翻压绿肥对照,之后始终低于对照。翻压绿肥处理的土壤有机碳含量均高于对照,增幅为1.6%~6.2%。土壤无机氮含量显著高于对照,无机氮形态0~20 d以铵态氮为主,30~70 d以硝态氮为主,翻压70 d时,硝态氮含量较对照增加了15倍以上。翻压绿肥后土壤速效磷的含量均高于对照,增幅为11.9%~37.7%。翻压绿肥的土壤速效钾含量在翻压15 d时达最高且均比对照增加1.5倍以上。不同绿肥对土壤养分特性的影响不同,山黧豆处理的土壤pH变化幅度最大,土壤有机碳和无机氮含量最高,箭筈豌豆处理的土壤速效钾和速效磷含量最高。本试验条件下,三种绿肥翻压均能够改变土壤pH值,提高土壤硝态氮和速效钾含量,土壤有机碳和速效磷含量略有增加。 相似文献
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旱地不同绿肥品种和种植方式提高土壤肥力的效果 总被引:21,自引:4,他引:17
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绿洲盐化潮土施镁对玉米幼苗生长、活性氧自由基代谢和锌营养的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】甘肃河西走廊绿洲盐化潮土地玉米缺锌现象非常普遍,土壤镁含量高通常被认为是造成土壤和作物缺锌的重要因素之一,本文探讨了绿洲盐化潮土锌、镁之间的关系。【方法】采用盆栽模拟试验方法,以硫酸镁为原料,设加入Mg2+0、74、147、221、515 mg/kg,形成交换性Mg含量分别为287.3、349.2、411.6、487.9、755.2 mg/kg的混合土壤,来模拟绿洲盐化潮土含镁量低、较低、中等、较高、极高5种类型。在玉米生长期间浇灌去离子水,用重量法控制水分的供应。玉米生长45 d收获,测定株高后,采集心叶下第二个叶片鲜样用于测定叶绿素含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。植株分地上部和根系,烘干粉碎后用于测定锌的含量。【结果】1)较高和极高的土壤交换性镁抑制玉米幼苗的生长。镁加入量为22l mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到487.9 mg/kg时,玉米植株矮小,生长已受到胁迫,加入量为515 mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到755.2 mg/kg时,玉米株高显著降低了14.5%,植株叶缘焦枯,个别植株叶片出现白色条纹,表现出明显的镁中毒症状和典型缺锌症状。2)随施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,玉米地上部和地下部的干重分别降低了11.9%~38.3%和4.6%~23.0%,茎叶干重的降低幅度明显高于根系。3)随施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,玉米叶片叶绿素含量降低了9.4%~45.9%,用量达到515 mg/kg时几乎降低了一半,导致地上部叶片出现枯黄。叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性都是先升高再迅速降低,峰值分别出现在147 mg/kg、74 mg/kg和147 mg/kg,用量达到515 mg/kg时分别降低了49.75%、48.06%和32.21%;MDA含量始终呈增加趋势,增幅在20.39%~183.58%。4)施镁显著降低了玉米幼苗的锌含量和吸收量,但对茎叶和根系的抑制程度不同。与不施镁处理相比,茎叶锌含量降低了4.05%~57.09%,吸收量降低了15.41%~73.55%;根系锌含量降低了7.55%~18.99%,吸收量降低了11.62%~37.40%,不管是锌含量还是吸收量,根系的降低幅度都明显低于茎叶。这也导致锌从根系向地上部的转运显著降低,施镁147 mg/kg时锌的转运率还有46.60%,施镁515 mg/kg时只有34.55%,仅达到不施镁水平的62%。5)随着施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,土壤有效锌含量也显著降低,降幅在11.4%~46.6%,特别是施镁515 mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到755.2 mg/kg时,土壤有效锌含量已降至0.47 mg/kg,超过了土壤缺锌临界值(DTPA-Zn0.5 mg/kg)。【结论】绿洲盐化潮土上的玉米缺锌问题与土壤含镁量水平密切相关,随着施镁量的增加,玉米幼苗的生长受到抑制,株高、干重、叶片中的叶绿素含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性都显著降低,MDA含量显著增加。施镁抑制了玉米幼苗对锌的吸收,对茎叶的抑制程度明显高于根系,导致锌从根系向地上部的转运率显著降低。施镁降低了土壤有效锌含量,用量达到515 mg/kg时,土壤有效锌含量已低于缺锌临界值。 相似文献
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豆科绿肥替代化学氮肥促进柑橘幼苗生长和氮素吸收 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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分层供水和表层施锌对玉米植株生长和锌吸收的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
进行分层水分隔离盆栽试验,模拟田间不同层次土壤中水分含量分布不均条件,研究表层土壤施锌情况下,玉米植株生长和锌吸收以及根系在表层和底层土壤中的分配。结果表明,施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长。在土壤表层水分充足时,施锌对植株增长效果较明显,有利于玉米利用土壤水分。缺锌条件下,改善土壤水分并未显著提高玉米生物量。表层土壤干旱时,上下层土壤中根系干物重之比减小,底层土壤中根系分布相对增加,当表层土壤水分增加时,根系在表层土壤中干物重显著增加,分布相对增多。施锌并没有影响根系在不同层次土壤中的分配。表层土壤水分对苗期玉米植株锌吸收总量有显著影响,干旱条件下,玉米植株锌吸收总量下降;底层土壤水分供应状况对玉米锌浓度影响不大,但植株中锌向地上部运转增加。尽管施锌没有提高生长早期玉米根系生长和对底层土壤水分的利用,但本研究表明缺锌旱地土壤上如通过灌溉等措施增加了耕层土壤水分,应该注意施用锌肥,否则严重影响玉米生物量和玉米对土壤水分的利用效率。 相似文献
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为明确温室土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)和无机氮(Nmin)对夏闲绿肥措施的响应特征,选取豆科(绿豆、田菁、印度豇豆)、禾本科(甜玉米、高丹草)和苋科(籽粒苋)6种绿肥,研究了不同夏季填闲绿肥种植、翻压对温室土壤DOC,DON和Nmin含量及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明,种植不同绿肥品种均增加了土壤DOC含量,0~40 cm土层增加显著;减少了土壤DON及无机氮含量。绿肥全量还田后,土壤剖面DOC含量均有所增加,苋科处理低于豆科和禾本科处理;土壤DON及Nmin含量较绿肥翻压前均有不同程度增加,不同处理间表现有所差异,总体表现为豆科处理对照处理禾本科、苋科处理。绿肥根茬还田时,土壤DOC、DON及Nmin含量均低于不种绿肥处理。本研究为温室夏闲绿肥的应用提供了参考:低肥力土壤建议采用生物量适中的豆科作物并尽可能全量还田,以发挥其固氮效果及对土壤的养分供应能力;而高肥力温室土壤中要着重考虑环境风险,应当选择籽粒苋、高丹草等根系较深、生物量大的夏季绿肥作物作为填闲作物,同时结合后茬蔬菜的施肥措施来决定绿肥还田量。 相似文献
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为探讨禾本科绿肥对设施大棚草莓产量和品质的影响及机制,于2017-2021年选取玉米、高粱和高丹草绿肥进行还田试验,设置休闲农田-草莓、玉米-草莓、高粱-草莓和高丹草-草莓4个处理,测定草莓盛果期的植株生长及生理指标、果实产量及品质、土壤化学特征、细菌群落结构及代谢组。结果表明,不同绿肥处理均促进后茬草莓生长、产量形成及品质提高。其中,玉米绿肥的效果最为明显,该处理下草莓植株干重、根表面积、根长、根平均直径、根尖数、根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量分别较休闲对照显著增加53.4%、34.4%、40.0%、21.0%、94.7%、36.0%和7.8%。同时,玉米绿肥处理下果实单株产量、总糖含量、维生素C含量和可溶性固形物含量分别显著增加44.6%、13.9%、14.4%和12.8%。此外,玉米绿肥处理下土壤pH、阳离子交换量、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性和脲酶活性均显著增加。绿肥介导了草莓根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度增加,有益细菌如黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)和鞘氨醇杆菌属(Pedobacter)显著富集。绿肥对有益细菌的招募可能与之介导的土壤中糖类代谢物(如山梨糖、甘露糖和果糖)相对丰度显著增加有关,而脂类代谢物(如棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸)相对丰度的显著降低缓解了草莓自毒作用。因此,禾本科绿肥引起土壤特定代谢物变化通过招募有益菌并缓解自毒作用提高草莓产量和品质,以玉米为主的禾本科绿肥适用于设施大棚草莓生产。 相似文献
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不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
[目的]研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础.[方法]供试有机物料包括粪肥类(猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类(豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类(小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆).分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性(LOP)... 相似文献
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以赤峰市敖汉旗水平梯田土壤为研究对象,选取玉米、谷子、高粱、绿豆4种当地多年主栽作物的表层(0~20 cm)土壤216个样品,通过方差分析方法探究梯田4种作物表层土壤有机碳含量的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区梯田表层土壤有机碳含量平均值为6.34 g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。不同作物土壤有机碳含量由高到低表现为绿豆谷子高粱玉米。在0.01显著性水平下,绿豆地土壤有机碳含量显著高于玉米、高粱、谷子地(P=0.000 6)。玉米、高粱、绿豆地土壤有机碳含量均随坡位的上升而减少,谷子则相反。4种作物土壤有机碳含量大小在两个坡向上都表现为阴坡阳坡。下坡位以及阴坡的土壤有机碳含量比较高。人为因素是通过不同的耕作制度和管护措施来影响梯田土壤有机碳含量的,免耕、秸秆还田、绿豆种植等措施能提高梯田土壤有机碳含量。 相似文献
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设施农业不同种植模式系统生产力与土壤生物特性研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
依据在陕西延安日光温室内的田间试验,对黄瓜与不同作物建立的种植模式系统生产力与土壤生物特性进行了研究。结果表明,冬春茬黄瓜收获后采用不同的种植模式,其系统生产力与土壤生物特性发生明显变化。由小青菜、豇豆与黄瓜组成种植模式的系统产品生产力和经济生产力最高,翻青玉米、四季豆与黄瓜组成的模式次之。豇豆作为前茬处理的土壤呼吸强度最高,翻青玉米、四季豆、翻青黑豆和CK处理的土壤呼吸强度次之,番茄和小青菜处理的土壤呼吸强度较低。黄瓜收获后利用夏季休闲3~4个月对降低土壤细菌和真菌数量的效果最好,其次是种植豇豆或与豆科作物轮作。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1887-1896
ABSTRACTPhytoremediation is a promising technique to clean up toxic heavy metals including lead (Pb). A greenhouse trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of citric, succinic, malonic and oxalic acids on micronutrient uptake and phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil by maize under different Pb levels. Mean root and shoot dry weights of maize decreased with increasing Pb levels. At the lowest Pb level, application of citric and oxalic acids caused increase effects on root and shoot dry weight, respectively, as compared to the absence of organic acid. As Pb levels increased, micronutrient uptake in maize shoot decreased. Among the studied organic acids, only the application of oxalic acid increased uptake of all micronutrients in maize shoot as compared to control at the lowest Pb level. Mean root and shoot Pb concentration and uptake and also uptake index noticeably increased at the highest Pb level. All tested acids increased Pb concentration and uptake in maize root. At the highest Pb level, organic acids, except for citric acid, significantly increased shoot Pb uptake and uptake index as compared to the absence of organic acid. Translocation factors less than 1, demonstrated that most of Pb taken up by maize accumulated in root as compared to shoot. According to results reported herein, application of malonic, succinic and oxalic acids is a good strategy to enhance phytostabilization potential of Pb by maize in pb-polluted soils. 相似文献
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David D. Tarkalson Von D. Jolley Charles W. Robbins Richard E. Terry 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1985-1999
Dry bean yields (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were raised to similar levels as the topsoil by manure application to eroded or leveled Portneuf silt loam soil (coarse‐silty mixed mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid). Only soil organic matter and zinc (Zn) content of leaf tissue were correlated with improved yields. Manure application increased mycorrhizal colonization and Zn uptake in pot experiments with dry bean which would explain the increased yields in the field. A field study was conducted to see if similar effects of manure and mycorrhizal colonization could be observed in field grown spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.). This study was conducted on existing experiments established in the spring of 1991 at the USDA‐ARS farm in Kimberly, Idaho, to study crop rotation/organic matter amendment treatments on exposed subsoils and focused on mycorrhizal colonization as related to topsoils and subsoils treated with conventional fertilizer (untreated) or dairy manure. Mycorrhizal root colonization was higher with untreated than with manure‐treated wheat and sweet corn. Root colonization was also higher in subsoil than in topsoil for wheat, but there were no differences between soils for sweet corn. Shoot Zn and manganese (Mn) concentrations generally increased with increased root colonization for both species (except between soils with corn Mn contents). Wheat shoot potassium (K) concentration was increased by manure application, but the affect declined with time, was the opposite of colonization and was not observed with sweet com. Phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) concentrations either were not influenced or were erratically affected by mycorrhizal colonization. Yields of wheat were highest for manure‐treated subsoil and topsoil compared to untreated soils. Mycorrhizal colonization was different between conventional and manure‐treated soils and between topsoil and subsoil and these differences increased Zn and Mn uptake, but they did not explain the improvement in wheat yields obtained with manure application. 相似文献
17.
不同种类有机肥施用对黑土团聚体有机碳及腐殖质组成的影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
以吉林省农业科学院黑土有机培肥定位试验基地为平台,研究了不同种类有机肥(堆腐肥、鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪)施用对土壤及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)相比,有机肥配施化肥显著(P0.05)增加了土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳(HAC)和胡敏素碳(HUC)含量;同时,有机肥配施化肥也增加了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,其中施用堆腐肥显著增加了各粒级团聚体中有机碳、HAC和HUC含量。不同种类有机肥相比,施用堆腐肥处理的土壤有机碳、HAC和HUC含量均高于其他有机肥处理,并与牛粪处理之间差异显著;施用堆腐肥和牛粪后,0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量高于其他有机肥处理,且2~0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于鸡粪处理;从不同粒级团聚体中腐殖质组分的分布来看,施用堆腐肥后,2~0.25mm粒级团聚体中HAC和HUC含量显著高于猪粪处理,而0.25~0.053,0.053mm粒级团聚体中HAC含量显著低于鸡粪处理。上述结果说明,有机肥配施化肥提高了土壤团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,但不同有机肥的效应不同。 相似文献
18.
有机肥的碱度及其减缓土壤酸化的机制 总被引:21,自引:2,他引:19
采用元素分析法计算了我国主要有机肥种类的平均碱度,并与相关文献进行对比,讨论了有机肥碱度的影响因素及其减缓土壤酸化的机制。结果表明,不同种类的有机肥碱度范围为58.1~372.8 cmol/kg,碳酸钙当量为29.0~186.4 g/kg,其大小顺序为:谷物秸秆 豆科秸秆 绿肥 新鲜粪便 普通堆肥 高温堆肥 厩肥。有机肥的碱度与其钙含量呈极显著正相关(r =0.98, P 0.001,n =32),与其碳含量呈显著负相关(r =-0.64, P 0.001,n =32),主要取决于其中有机酸盐的当量浓度。农产品移除和有机肥投入对于农田土壤酸化是互逆的两个过程,长期有机肥投入可弥补农产品移除引起的土壤盐基矿物损失。施用碱度较高的有机肥(如高温堆肥或厩肥)可有效控制农田土壤酸化,并可节约施用成本,提高有机肥的资源利用率。 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(22):2836-2847
ABSTRACTSoil fertility and water use are two important aspects that influence rice productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of in-situ (sesbania and rice bean) and ex-situ (subabul) green manuring along with zinc fertilization on water productivity and soil fertility in rice under rice–wheat cropping system at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Sesbania incorporation recorded higher total water productivity (2.20 and 3.24 kg ha?1 mm?1), available soil nutrients, organic carbon, alkaline phosphatase activity, microbial biomass carbon and increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 39.6 and 26.8% over subabul and rice bean respectively. Among interaction of green manures and zinc fertilization, subabul × foliar application of chelated zinc-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded highest total water productivity (2.56 and 3.79 kg ha?1 mm?1). Foliar application of chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded significantly higher water productivity than other Zn treatments, however it was statistically similar with foliar application of zinc at active tillering + flowering + grain filling. Sesbania × 5 kg Zn ha?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA, recorded highest available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron than other green manure and Zn fertilization interactions, although it was statistically similar with rice bean × 5 kg Zn ha?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application. Sesbania × foliar application of 5 kg Zn ha?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application recorded highest soil enzymatic activities and microbial biomass carbon. 相似文献