苦楝素提取方法的比较研究

对比研究了从苦楝树皮中提取苦楝素的几种方法,通过实验,得出了不同提取方法的最佳条件。超临界CO2萃取在萃取温度45℃、压力20MPa、夹带剂为60%乙醇的情况下萃取2h,苦楝素的萃取率为0.850%;微波辅助提取法,以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1∶9(g∶mL,下同),微波功率340W,辐射时间40s×3次,苦楝素的提取率为0.693%;超声波提取法,以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1∶9,超声波作用时间为30min,超声波功率为200W,苦楝素的提取率为0.715%。将上述3种提取方法与传统的有机溶剂提取法进行详细的比较,结果表明:对于苦楝素提取,超声波提取法最好。     

正交试验法优选沙棘总黄酮的超声波提取工艺

以沙棘叶为原料,用正交试验法优化了沙棘总黄酮(TFH)的超声波提取工艺,考察了超声波作用时间、超声波温度、液料比和提取次数4个因素对沙棘总黄酮提取率的影响,确立了沙棘总黄酮的优化超声波提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂85 %乙醇,液料比25∶1(mL∶g,下同),超声波温度46 ℃,超声波作用时间25 min,提取1次.将该法与索氏提取进行了对比.结果表明,超声波提取沙棘总黄酮的提取率为1.72 %,与索氏提取的提取率相当,但超声波提取所用提取时间短,提取溶剂用量少,因此超声波法具有明显的优势.同时对超声波提取进行了数学模拟,模拟值与试验结果吻合良好.     

超声波提取杜仲皮总黄酮工艺

以杜仲皮为原料,采用单因素和正交试验,探讨了超声波提取杜仲皮内黄酮的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：采用体积分数95%的乙醇为提取液,杜仲皮与提取液的料液比为1∶40（g∶mL）,每次超声波处理时间为30 min,超声波功率50 W为最佳提取条件,在该条件下黄酮提取率为10.01%。     

超声波辅助水提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助提取法,对淡竹叶总黄酮和固形物得率的工艺条件进行研究。以水为提取溶剂,通过单因素试验研究提取温度、提取时间、超声功率、料液比以及提取次数等对淡竹叶黄酮得率和固形物得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺进行优化。结果表明:超声波辅助提取淡竹叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为提取时间40 min,料液比1∶20,超声温度70℃,超声频率40 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下总黄酮得率为1.23%。超声波辅助提取固形物的最佳工艺条件为提取时间50 min,料液比1∶40,超声温度70℃,超声频率50 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下固形物得率为13.15%。     

蚬壳花椒总生物碱的提取工艺

采用回流提取法,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了蚬壳花椒茎中总生物碱的提取工艺,用干重法及酸性染料比色法测定总生物碱含量.结果表明,最佳提取溶剂为乙醇,总生物碱最佳提取条件为:超声波提取1 h,浸泡48 h后,75%体积分数的乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1:25,pH值为2.0,70 C回流提取2 h,蚬壳花椒茎的总生物碱的提取率达5.57%.     

正交设计提取梨皮总黄酮

用正交试验法对梨皮中的黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了优选研究。采用正交表L1 6(4 5 ) ,以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂中乙醇含量以及料液比为因素 ,以总黄酮显色液的吸光度为指标进行试验。得到了最佳提取参数 :温度为 70℃ ,时间 2h ,提取次数 3次 ,提取溶剂为 80 %的乙醇 ,料液比为 1∶7。     

响应面优化无患子皂苷超声辅助提取工艺

采用超声辅助提取法从无患子果皮中提取无患子皂苷,通过单因素试验考察了乙醇浓度、提取时间、料液比以及提取次数4个因素对无患子皂苷得率的影响,并采用响应面法确定无患子皂苷的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数82.2%、提取时间33.75 min、料液比1:28.9、提取次数4次,在此优化条件下无患子皂苷的理论提取率可达到21.52%。依实际试验情况,将其修正为乙醇体积分数82%、提取时间34 min、料液比1:29、提取次数4次,经验证此条件下无患子皂苷提取率为21.48%,与理论值较为接近,表明采用响应面法分析优化无患子皂苷超声辅助提取工艺的方法可行。     

超声波辅助提取白果粗脂肪

以自制白果粉为原料,分析了提取溶剂、粉料粒度、提取温度、超声波功率、料液比、提取时间及提取次数对白果出油率的影响。结果表明:石油醚(沸程60～90℃)是较适宜的提取溶剂,出油率为3.88%。最佳提取工艺为:白果粉粉碎度80目,提取温度25℃,超声波提取功率200 W,料液比1∶25(g/ml),每次提取时间40 min,提取次数2次。最优工艺条件下,出油率为3.86%,较索氏提取法,该工艺对白果粗脂肪的提取率为98.71%。     

用匀浆法提取鲜姜黄中姜黄素

以鲜姜黄为原料,对姜黄素的匀浆提取进行了研究,确定采用75%乙醇为溶剂,匀浆3 min,转速8 000 r/min,料液比为1∶9(g/mL)为最佳提取条件。姜黄素的提取率可达63.45%。相对回流提取法,匀浆提取具有操作简便,提取率高的优点。     

金银花中总黄酮的超声波提取工艺优化

采用超声波法提取了金银花中的总黄酮,通过单因素试验研究了乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、料液比和超声频率等因素对提取效率的影响。在此基础上,选择乙醇体积分数、超声温度、料液比和超声时间进行L9（34）正交试验,得出了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数：乙醇体积分数为70％,超声温度为50℃,料液比为1∶25（g · mL1）,超声时间为2．0h ,超声功率为900W ,最大提取率达到9．37％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.