根径材积外业调查的蓄积误差

1问题产生的原因在森林资源蓄积调查时,一般采用胸径测量法,然后根据一元立木材积表的对应数值计算立木蓄积。1986年12月,黑龙江省森工总局又编制了黑龙江省森工林区根径立木材积表,目的是在森林采伐更新和林政管理中,准确估测采伐量,特别是盗伐、滥伐和误差量。森林采伐规程中规定,采伐时,被伐木伐根的高度一般不允许超过10 cm,但超过10 cm的伐根数量在15%以内也视为合格,而且按此伐根所测得的蓄积,与采代前利用胸径测得的立木蓄积的误差不大。然而,随着天然林资源保护工程的施实和伐区质量管理的加强,新规程对伐根的采伐高度要求为0 cm,也…     

海南森工采伐企业天然阔叶林林分状况的评价分析

海南森工采伐企业天然阔叶林是海南天然阔叶林的主要组成部分,面积约216万亩,分布在琼南的东西两面。经过三十余年的开发采伐,海南森工采伐企业的天然阔叶林受到很大的破坏。本文根据海南森工采伐企业1990年的二类调查资料,对海南森工采伐企业天然阔叶林的林分状况进行分析评     

伐木剪Ⅴ型刀片对树木的劈裂影响

在采伐作业中,劳动成本的提高促进了工业对机械化投资的加强.例如,在采伐方面已经采用在拖拉机上装置伐木剪取代链锯伐木,因为这样能较快地使他们自己更好的适应自动化. 在采伐中一个主要目标是减少伐木作业中,特别是在严寒季节里产生的大量木材劈裂损伤现象;另一个考虑是在设计轻型伐木剪装置的允许设计范围内,减少切削刀.在     

常绿阔叶林择伐伐区作业综合评价优化模型

以最大净收益与对林地破坏最小为目标 ,综合考虑了采伐作业对林地破坏、林木损伤、生产成本等因素 ,建立常绿阔叶林最优择伐模型。     

故意毁坏自己所有的林木该如何处罚？

2006年3月，在林业产权制度改革中，某村分给刘某一块毛竹山归其经营管理，刘某发现山上的一些阔叶林木占据空间，遮蔽阳光，影响毛竹生长，认为这些阔叶林木留在山上没有什么效益，便想将这些阔叶林木砍伐掉。但由于全县禁止砍伐天然阔叶林木，林业部门不会批准林木采伐许可证。于是，刘某便环砍阔叶林木树干一周，深达树干木质部，致使这些阔叶林木不能吸收养分和水分而全部死亡，数量共13棵，立木蓄积为5．238m^3。[第一段]     

阔叶林采伐更新技术调查

本文通过系统调查分析三种阔叶林采伐更新方式所形成的林分外貌特征和效益，总结阔叶林采育技术，为科学经营提供依据。     

次生阔叶林不同更新方式对林分组成及土壤肥力的影响

我国南方林区的采伐迹地大都采用人工造林方式更新 ,砍阔造针是营造杉木马尾松等速生丰产林的主要方法。随着大量采伐天然阔叶林 ,导致阔叶林面积锐减 ,原始阔叶林已极少 ,大部分阔叶林已被人工针叶林取代 ,而营造的人工林树种单一 ,针叶化明显 ,导致林分抗逆性差 ,林内野生动植物资源锐减 ,物种多样性降低 ,极易发生病虫害 ,并出现多氏经营导致林地退化 ,特别是杉木连栽造成的弊端已引起许多学者的极大关注4)～ 6 ) 。如何保护和发展阔叶树资源是当今林业面临的重大问题。本文根据作者1 6ａ的研究 ,探讨了次生阔叶林采伐迹地不同更新方式对…     

常绿阔叶林迹地炼山营造杉木林群落演替趋向调查初报

据样地调查，该２５年生杉木人工林群落的植物有４１科８４属１２０种，群落的外貌特征以包括藤本在内的高位芽占绝对优势，叶特征以革质，单叶，中小型叶为主，由于该群落的幼树层以米储和木荷等占优势，若让其自然发展或杉木林采伐后不炼山，并排除其它人为干扰，该群落将向与常绿阔叶林采伐前的群落类型相似的方向演替。     

人工促进天然更新培育菇木林效果调查

对造林后４年林分调查表明，在具有天然更新能力的阔叶林采伐迹地中开展人工促进天然更新培育菇木林比同期在相同条件下开展的人工造林具有保存率高、生长快、投资省的良好效果，是恢复阔叶林资源的有效途径。同时提出了在类似条件下通过人工促进天然更新培育阔叶林和针阔混交林的设想。     

三项作业误差产生的原因及改进对策

三项作业在生产中的问题,集中表现在设计产材与实际产材的误差上。在实际生产中,往往都超过或低于有关规定的允许值。产生误差的原因很多,诸如生产过程中对造材的管理、采伐时伐根高度、造材时后备长度的控制等,都会影响木材的产材量。笔者认为,这些不是产生误差的主要原...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.