人工清除流脂防治萧氏松茎象试验研究

研究了人工清除萧氏松茎象寄主流脂对其种群密度的影响,结果表明:该方法对萧氏松茎象的种群密度有明显的影响,试验区的有虫株率平均下降了37.2%,平均相对防治效果达49.1%。防治后试验区和对照区有虫株率差异极显著。     

无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象试验

2010-2011年在信丰林区开展了无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象成虫试验。结果表明,2010．2011年试验区萧氏松茎象当年肴虫株率平均分别下降71．2％和76．7％;相对防治效果平均分别为75．0％和78．9％。这说明无纺布白僵菌条能明显抑制萧氏松茎象种群的上升。     

人工捕捉法防治萧氏松茎象效果初探

本文对萧氏松茎象的生活史及习性作了系统的观察，并对该虫的人工捕捉法防效进行了研究。结果表明，萧氏松茎象在德兴市2年发生1代，以幼虫和成虫越冬，成虫平均产卵量27粒，采取人工捕捉法防效在21.3%-100%之间。     

萧氏松茎象在广西的危险性分析与工程治理

利用“有害生物危险性综合评价公式”对广西湿地松和马尾松林发生的萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang进行了危险性分析,R=1．911,属于接近高度危险的森林有害生物。发现阿维菌素和吡虫啉2种杀虫剂室内对萧氏松茎象接触毒性均较低,死亡率仅比对照高21．5％。林间药剂防治试验,平均防效仅为35．5％,表明化学防治不适宜作为调控的主要措施。采取人工抚育（疏伐）、化学除草、人工捕捉除治萧氏松茎象的生态调控和工程治理措施,从2004年到2006年,已经基本控制了萧氏松茎象在桂林湿地松上的蔓延危害。     

萧氏松茎象对不同地理种源马尾松危害情况调查

本文就萧氏松茎象对不同地理种源的马尾松试验林危害情况作了调查。结果表明,萧氏松茎象在不同种源马尾松试验林上危害程度存在着明显差异,为制订防治规划和防治该害虫提供科学依据。     

萧氏松茎象在江西的发生及防治

本文论述了萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang在江西的危害、发生与分布概况,并对影响江西萧氏松茎象发生的环境因子进行了分析,同时提出了适合江西萧氏松茎象防治的有效方法.     

萧氏松茎象的发生与防治

萧氏松茎象是严重危害湿地松的钻蛀性害虫。本文系统综述了萧氏松茎象的生活史及其生物学特性、分布范围、危害特点,并提出了萧氏松茎象的防治办法。     

萧氏松茎象的发生与防治

萧氏松茎象是严重危害湿地松的钻蛀性害虫。本文系统综述了萧氏松茎象的生活史及其生物学特性、分布范围、危害特点,并提出了萧氏松茎象的防治办法。     

萧氏松茎象补充营养特性研究

在25℃恒温、RH90%的条件下,用湿地松、火炬松、马尾松、黑松、雪松、杉木、金钱松、罗汉松等8种植物对萧氏松茎象成虫补充营养特性进行研究。结果表明：成虫取食湿地松的量最大,为83.9mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,其次是马尾松、黑松和火炬松;取食金钱松和罗汉松的量最小。雌雄成虫取食量之间差异不明显。萧氏松茎象成虫选择取食马尾松次数最多,为40次;取食量也最高,为53.75mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,与其他树种差异显著。萧氏松茎象成虫的日平均取食量随体重的增加而增加,但差异不显著。     

虫道注药防治萧氏松茎象幼虫试验初报

应用虫线清、敌杀死、氧乐果、保绿宁和吡虫啉等5种农药注射防治萧氏松茎象幼虫,结果表明：对于老熟幼虫,吡虫啉和保绿宁效果较好,均达到了50％,对于第2代幼虫,保绿宁效果最好,虫线清、敌杀死和吡虫啉次之,都在80％以上。对第2代幼虫的药效明显高于老熟幼虫。综合以上结果,保绿宁和吡虫啉是具有推广应用前景的药剂。5种农药对不同林龄湿地松的萧氏松茎象幼虫效果差异不明显。     

Tree Mortality by the Bark Beetle Ips typographus (L.) in storm-disturbed stands

To maintain biodiversity in forests more wind-felled trees must be left. However, there is concern among forest owners that this may result in higher tree mortality caused by the spruce bark beetle (SBB). Data from six studies on number of trees killed by the SBB in storm-disturbed stands was analysed. The studies include 16 areas, 2–346 ha in size, where wind-felled spruce trees were left. In one of the studies also stands where all wind-felled trees were removed directly after the storm were included. Few trees were killed in the first summer following the storm disturbance. In most stands the tree mortality peaked already in the second or third summer following the storm. But in five of the stands tree mortality peaked later. The number of trees killed per ha by the SBB varies much between the studied stands. There was a trend that the larger areas experienced on average higher tree mortality per ha than the smaller areas. One of the studies, including six stands, demonstrated an almost perfect correlation between the number of colonised wind-felled trees and the number of killed trees in a 4-year period following the storm disturbance. In the same study the removal of wind-felled trees resulted in a 50% reduction in number of trees killed per ha in the 4-years following the storm.     

Prediction and Mapping of the Impact of Winter Temperature on the Development of Phytophthora cinnamomi-Induced Cankers on Red and Pedunculate Oak in France

ABSTRACT Phytophthora cinnamomi is the causal agent of a perennial canker that develops on the lower bole on northern red oak and pedunculate oak. The disease has a limited range in Europe, being reported only in southwest France. This limited distribution is probably linked to the susceptibility of P. cinnamomi to frost. A model was developed in previous work to estimate the impact of temperatures of <0 degrees C on the winter survival of P. cinnamomi in trunk cortical tissues and on the subsequent development of cankers. In this article, we report the use of this model to simulate canker development in 503 locations across France during a 30-year period. The predicted canker extension decreased sharply when the median P. cinnamomi winter survival index decreased from 0.95 to 0.65, with cankers that poorly developed when the median survival index was lower than 0.5 to 0.6. The actual incidence of the disease in 192 stands located across southwest France was compared with that of the model outputs. Both presence of disease in stands and frequency of cankered trees in infected stands, but not canker size on infected trees, were strongly related to the median P. cinnamomi survival index. No disease was present in stands with median survival index lower than 0.65, and the frequency of cankered trees in infected stands remained very low in stands with a median survival index between 0.65 and 0.70. Aspect was an additional factor explaining disease incidence, while the effect of elevation was likely due to its effect on winter temperatures. Maps of winter suitability to P. cinnamomi-induced cankers on oaks in France are presented.     

释放花绒寄甲和设置诱木防治松褐天牛对松材线虫病的控制作用研究

松材线虫是我国林业重大外来有害生物,松褐天牛是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫。本研究通过在松材线虫病疫区布设诱木引诱松褐天牛成虫集中产卵,翌年在下一代松褐天牛成虫羽化出孔前清理林中诱木和枯死木,以及在诱木布设区同时释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲等措施,探讨对松材线虫病的控制作用。研究结果显示,林间设置诱木和释放天敌的样地内枯死木和衰弱木数量较对照显著下降,防治效果分别为71．27％和90．25％。防治后诱木处理区和释放天敌的样地内携带松材线虫的病木数量以及松褐天牛的虫口密度也显著降低。释放天敌的样地和未释放天敌的样地内松褐天牛的寄生率分别为38．34％和3．92％,二者差异明显。室内人工接种天敌的测定结果表明,天敌与害虫数量比例为1：1～4：1的寄生率为12．5％～40％,不同比例的处理寄生率无显著差异。每根木段释放10头花绒寄甲成虫比释放4头成虫的处理松褐天牛的寄生率明显要高,分别为19．45％和4．11％。表明天敌在林间对松褐天牛种群起到重要的控制作用,从而阻止天牛对松材线虫病的扩散传播。     

Relationships between health of Quercus robur, occurrence of Phytophthora species and site conditions in southern Sweden

The effect of Phytophthora species, soil chemistry, precipitation and temperature on the vitality of oak was evaluated in 32 oak stands in southern Sweden. In addition, the relationship between the occurrence of Phytophthora species and soil conditions was determined. The results showed that there was a weak association between the presence of P. quercina , the most frequently recovered Phytophthora species in southern Sweden, and the vitality of the oak stands (determined from estimates of crown defoliation of individual trees). The pathogens occurred more frequently in clayey and loamy soils that were less acidic and which had higher base saturation. However, they were found in all but the most acidic soils (pH < 3·5). In stands where Phytophthora species were not present, positive correlations between the average crown defoliation and proportion of damaged trees with average summer precipitation and average annual precipitation were found. There were no significant differences in soil chemistry between healthy and declining stands included in this study, and no significant correlations were found between any soil parameter and crown vitality. Based on the results from these 32 oak stands, it is likely that the decline of oaks in southern Sweden can be attributed to several different site-specific factors, such as infection by P. quercina or unusual weather events, which interact with a number of biotic and abiotic factors, leading to oak decline.     

Pathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae on Austrocedrus chilensis and its relation with mal del ciprés in Patagonia

Field observations, isolations and pathogenicity tests were performed on Austrocedrus chilensis (Cupressaceae) trees to determine the pathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae and its role in the aetiology of the cypress disease mal del ciprés (MDC) in Argentina. It was found that P. austrocedrae is a primary pathogen of A. chilensis. It was isolated from large necrotic lesions in the inner bark, and superficially in the sapwood, at the root collar and stem, in most of the MDC‐affected stands surveyed along the range of A. chilensis in Argentina. The main symptom in naturally infected trees was a necrotic lesion extending from killed roots up to 1 m up the tree bole. Seedlings, saplings and adult trees were all susceptible to inoculation with P. austrocedrae. Under favourable experimental conditions (flooding), inoculated seedlings suffered massive mortality in less than a month. The importance of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. in South American forests is discussed.     

Types of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestation in spruce forest stands affected by air pollution, bark beetle outbreak and honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)

583 spruce stands in an area affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak in Eastern Slovakia were studied in 1996. According to bark beetle infestation of dominant and codominant trees, stands were classified into following types of spruce stand decline:Ips typographus-A,Ips typographus-B,Polygraphus poligraphus, I. typographus/P. poligraphus—A,I. typographus/P. poligraphus—B. The presence of attacked trees in forest edges, bark beetle spots and forest interior was the key important factor for the classification. Data from forest inventory and forest management evidence together with data on types of spruce stands decline were used in further analyses. Results shows that the distribution of forest stands classified into different types or uninfested stands is related mainly to host size and site quality. The percentage of spruce, exposition of stands and stand density showed significant effects. The mechanisms of spreading of studied bark beetle outbreak could be explained by direct effects of stress of trees caused by an abrupt increase of level of solar irradiation and by weakening of trees by the honey fungus.     

Monitoring of Bark and Wood-Boring Beetles in France after the December 1999 Storms

After the December 1999 storms, two networks were set up over 2 years (2000 and 2001) to assess the scale and type of insect colonisation on storm damaged trees and to interpret these events for the future. The Level 1 network, was a large-scale survey that covered the entire storm area and provided qualitative observations on its 898 plots in which every major tree species was assessed. The Level 2 network, was a regional survey set up only in two regions: the 'Landes' region and the Northeast of France. The observations were intensive and quantitative, devoted only to maritime pine in the 'Landes' region and to Norway spruce in the Northeast of France. The Level 1 network indicated that less than 40% of the storm damaged trees were colonised by bark beetles in September 2000. No attacks were observed on standing trees in 2000 but many occurred during 2001 in spruce and maritime pine stands. The Level 2 network in the Vosges mountains showed a late colonisation in October and November 2000. The emerging population of Ips typographus on attacked trees reached 25 000–30 000 insects/m³. This huge population combined with the low rate of parasitism in 2001 leads to the expectation of increasing damage in spruce stands next year.     

Host switching between native and non‐native trees in a population of the canker pathogen Chrysoporthe cubensis from Colombia

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Chrysoporthe cubensis on native trees in South America could be the source of the pathogen that causes severe stem cankers and often mortality in commercially propagated Eucalyptus trees. This was done by investigating populations originating from two adjacent Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) plantations in Colombia, and wild Miconia rubiginosa trees (Melastomataceae) growing alongside these stands. Polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to quantify allele sizes in 20 and 39 isolates from the two Eucalyptus stands and 32 isolates from adjacent M. rubiginosa trees. Gene and genotypic diversities were calculated from these data, and population differentiation and assignment tests were performed to ascertain whether the populations were genetically different. Results showed that there were no differences between any of the populations using these techniques, and that they can be treated as a single population. Therefore, the results support the hypothesis that host switching has occurred in C. cubensis in Colombia.     

陇东地区苹果园应用生物活性素的效应

连续2 a在甘肃陇东地区苹果园进行化肥提质增效试验,研究施用生物活性素提高肥料利用效率的可行性,并探讨减施化肥对果园土壤肥力、树体生长发育和苹果产量及品质的影响。2018年在G1、G2两个试验果园设置常规施肥（CK）、常规施肥配施生物活性素（B）两个处理,并在2019年增设G3、G4试验果园,每个果园设置常规施肥（CK）、常规施肥配施生物活性素（B）、减施化肥30%配施生物活性素（RB）和减施化肥30%（R）4个处理。结果表明：2018年施用生物活性素（B）后,G1、G2果园土壤全氮含量有所下降,而叶片含氮量分别提升了11.2%、4.9%,树体的花芽量较对照组分别提高了65%、45%,果实可滴定酸含量降低,果实香气提升;减施化肥30%处理（R）,降低了土壤的pH值,除G1果园外叶片氮素含量均有所上升,其中G2、G3分别提高6.9%、12.9%;在成龄树果园中可提高产量,G1、G3两果园分别提高了35.8%、40.6%,但对施肥量较少的幼龄果园会产生一定的影响;减施化肥30%配施生物活性素（RB）技术应用后,土壤全氮含量和有效磷含量除G4外均略有下降,叶片氮素含量除G2果园外分别提高了15.0%、6.4%、3.0%,且其余树体指标的表现基本优于减施化肥30%处理（R）。在陇东地区果园施用生物活性素可显著促进幼树成花成果,并提高果实香气,减施化肥后总体未对成龄树果实品质产生影响。