奥尼罗非鱼反季节养殖试验

据长江水产研究所(喻清明等，1987)报道：雄性罗非鱼生长速度在4月龄开始明显地比雌性罗非鱼快，而且一直保持着这种差异。罗非鱼绝对增长量以4～8月龄最快，群体生长速度以10～12月龄最快；奥尼罗非鱼是由雄性奥利亚罗非鱼与雌性尼罗罗非     

罗非鱼新添一代“骄子” 养殖业发展前途无量——推广优良养殖新品种奥尼鱼

我国新引进的奥利亚罗非鱼(雄性)与尼罗罗非鱼(雌性)杂交产生的子代鱼——奥尼鱼，它的雄性率为93％以上，即群体中绝大部份为雄鱼。众所周知，一般雄性罗非鱼生长速度均快于雌性罗非鱼，个体也比雌鱼大。因而奥尼鱼亦同样具有这一特性，它的生长速度很快，当年夏花，饲养5-6个月一般可达150克／尾(3两／尾)以上，在1984年与1985年的生长对比试验中，     

饲料中Vc添加量对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼生长的影响

通过研究奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis.niloticus×Oreochromis.aureus)仔鱼的生长和营养利用来探讨其仔鱼阶段Vc的需求量.平均体重为0.006g±0.0005的奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼被放置在50升的塑料桶中,每桶100尾,每个处理设3个重复.在第1、2、3、4和5组中,饲料中Vc多聚磷酸酯的添加量依次为0(对照)、100mg/kg、200mg/kg、400mg/kg和800mg/kg.每天投喂3次,通过其生长和营养利用效率进行生物学评估.结果表明:成活率、增重率、饲料系数在所有组中彼此间都有显著差异.综合所有实验结果看,添加Vc多聚磷酸酯400mg/kg的第4组,仔鱼的生长和营养利用效率最好.     

奥尼罗非鱼池塘养殖试验

经过92d的池塘养殖,12亩池塘共产奥尼罗非鱼5848.0kg,平均亩产487.3kg,最大规格为562g,平均规格为466.7g,平均成活为91%,饵料投喂以颗粒配合饲料为主,米糠、麦麸为辅。投入产出比为1∶1.54。     

奥尼罗非鱼的养殖技术

1奥尼罗非鱼的特点 (1)生长速度快：放养3～10cm的鱼苗，精养4～5个月可达800g以上。(2)抗病力强，极少发生鱼病。(3)对环境的适应力强 ①耐低氧。其窒息点为0．07～43．23mg／l，在溶氧比较低的肥水中也能正常生长。     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长合机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源,评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼（Oreochromis aureus♂×Oreochromis niloticus♀）生长和抗氧化能力的影响。体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中,每箱20尾,每3个箱为1个处理组,分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg•kg^-1的6种饲料投喂,日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%。8周的试验结果表明：20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05),蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组;全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高,但320mg•kg^-1锌饲料组降低;20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组,脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0mg•kg^-1锌饲料组(P＜0.05);20mg•kg^-1与40mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P＜0.05),20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0mg•kg^-1组(P＜0.05),与其它各组没有显著差异;肌肉中,硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid reactive substances)的量,锌为0mg•kg^-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05)。综上所述,饲料中锌添加量为20mg•kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长,使鱼体抗氧化功能增强。     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源,评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochrvmis aureus ♂×Oreochromis niloticus♂)生长和抗氧化能力的影响.体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中,每箱20尾,每3个箱为1个处理组,分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg·kg-1的6种饲料投喂,日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%.8周的试验结果表明:20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组;全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高,但320 mg·kg-1锌饲料组降低;20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组,脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0 mg·kg-1锌饲料组(P<0.05);20 mg·kg-1与40 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P<0.05),20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0 mg·kg-1组(P<0.05),与其它各组没有显著差异;肌肉中,硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid-reactivesubstances)的量,锌为0mg·kg-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05).综上所述,饲料中锌添加量为20 mg·kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长,使鱼体抗氧化功能增强.     

长江沙洲湾网箱养殖奥尼鱼试验

奥尼鱼是由奥利亚罗非鱼父本（Oreochromis oureus♂）与尼罗罗非鱼母本（Oreochromis nilodcus♀）杂交的子一代。关于奥尼鱼的池塘养殖以及利用河道、水库等大型水体开展的网箱养殖,在国内文献屡见报道,而在长江沙洲湾设置网箱养殖奥尼鱼,则报道甚少。为了探讨长江天然水体养殖奥尼鱼的效果。2009年,江苏省如皋市水产技术指导站在长江如皋段胜利沙洲湾开展了网箱养殖奥尼鱼的试验研究,现将试验情况报告如下：     

pH对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼活力及仔、稚鱼生长的影响

研究了不同pH梯度下对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔鱼活力及仔、稚鱼生长的影响.试验设计5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5和9.0共8个pH梯度组对仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(survival activity index,SAI)进行测定,同时比较了在以上pH条件下对仔、稚鱼生长的影响.仔鱼的初始体重在0.008±0.006 g,温度为28±0.5℃,培育周期为28 d.结果表明,SAI与pH呈二次曲线相关,R2=0.9313(P＜0.01);当pH为7.5和7.0时,仔鱼的SAI较高,为33.30和32.85;pH为9.0和5.5时,SAI较低,为18.98和20.04;pH在5.5～9.0,仔、稚鱼生长速度在0.048～0.055 cm·d-1,绝对增重率为0.013～0.014 g·d-1,各组生长速度和绝对增重率之间没有显著差异(P>0.05);pH为7.5和7.0时,仔、稚鱼的存活率较高,分别为89.3%和87.0%.根据试验结果仔鱼生存的适宜pH为6.0～8.5,仔、稚鱼培育适宜pH为7.0～7.5.     

大规格优质奥尼罗非鱼养殖试验

在2.13 hm2的池塘中投放平均体质量370 g的奥尼罗非鱼鱼种34 000尾,经124 d养殖,奥尼罗非鱼平均1.12 kg/尾,最大为1.81 g/尾,平均体长29.3 cm,最大为35.5 cm。奥尼罗非鱼产量38 050 kg,总产值30.9万元,获利9.1万元,经济效益显著。选用良种是基础,投喂优质饲料是关键。     

Detection of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection by PCR in farmed and wild Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Victoria

Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) has emerged to be an important viral disease of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) having the potential to impede expansion of aquaculture production. There is a need for rapid diagnostic tools to identify infected fish to limit the spread in individual farms. We report the first detection of TiLV infection by PCR in farmed and wild Nile tilapia from Lake Victoria. There was no difference in prevalence between farmed and wild fish samples (p = .65), and of the 442 samples examined from 191 fish, 28 were positive for TiLV by PCR. In terms of tissue distribution, the head kidney (7.69%, N = 65) and spleen (10.99%, N = 191), samples had the highest prevalence (p < .0028) followed by heart samples (3.45%, N = 29). Conversely, the prevalence was low in the liver (0.71%, N = 140) and absent in brain samples (0.0%, N = 17), which have previously been shown to be target organs during acute infections. Phylogenetic analysis showed homology between our sequences and those from recent outbreaks in Israel and Thailand. Given that these findings were based on nucleic acid detection by PCR, future studies should seek to isolate the virus from fish in Lake Victoria and show its ability to cause disease and virulence in susceptible fish.     

Ultraviolet-induced androgenesis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and hybrid Nile × blue tilapia, O. aureus (Steindachner)

Fertilization of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated oocytes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), with sperm from O, niloticus or blue tilapia, O, aureus (Steindachner), and subsequent suppression of the first cleavage of fertilized eggs successfully induced androgenesis in Nile and blue tilapia. The optimal doses of UV irradiation to denucleate a female genome of Nile tilapia prior to androgenesis ranged from 5940 to 6930 erg mm^?2 for 54-63 s at a fixed intensity of 110 erg mm^?2 s^?1. Putative androgenetic fish were created from eggs which were irradiated at various times and several durations of heat-shock. Eggs which were treated for 5 min at 41.6 ^oC at 2 7.5 min after fertilization were the most successful at suppressing the first cleavage and producing viable androgenetic diploids in Nile or hybrid Nile X blue tilapia. The maximal survivals of putative androgenetic diploids in relation to the control were 1.60% and 0.90% in Nile and hybrid Nile X blue tilapia, respectively. The androgenetic offspring established exhibited active feeding and normal growth.     

Development of attenuated erythromycin‐resistant Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture

Streptococcus agalactiae is an important pathogen in fish, causing great losses of intensive tilapia farming. To develop a potential live attenuated vaccine, a re‐attenuated S. agalactiae (named TFJ‐ery) was developed from a natural low‐virulence S. agalactiae strain TFJ0901 through selection of resistance to erythromycin. The biological characteristics, virulence, stability and the immunization protective efficacy to tilapia of TFJ‐ery were determined. The results indicated that TFJ‐ery grew at a slower rate than TFJ0901. The capsule thickness of TFJ‐ery was significantly less (p < 0.05) than TFJ0901. When Nile tilapia were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with TFJ‐ery, the mortality of fish was decreased than that injected with TFJ0901. The RPS of fish immunized with TFJ‐ery at a dose of 5.0 × 10⁷ CFU was 95.00%, 93.02% and 100.00% at 4, 8 and 16 weeks post‐vaccination, respectively. ELISA results showed that the vaccinated fish produced significantly higher (p < 0.05) antibody titres compared to those of control at 2 or 4 weeks post‐vaccination. Taken together, our results suggest that erythromycin could be used to attenuate S. agalactiae, and TFJ‐ery is a potent attenuated vaccine candidate to protect tilapia against S. agalactiae infections.     

尼罗罗非鱼卵黄脂磷蛋白的分离纯化与性质鉴定

采用Sephacryl S-300过滤层析和DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析相结合的方法从尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)成熟卵子匀浆液中分离纯化出了一种高分子量的蛋白。该蛋白能被Schiff试剂、甲基绿和苏丹黑B着色,Western blot显示能被金鱼卵黄脂磷蛋白(lipovitellin,Lv)多克隆抗血清特异性识别,在非变性条件下分子量约为560 k D,在SDS变性条件下分子量约为112 k D,结果表明分离纯化的蛋白是一种含有糖、磷、脂基团的蛋白,符合鱼类Lv的性质,且与金鱼Lv有免疫交叉反应,从蛋白的性质和免疫原性以及分子量大小等角度判断,本研究获得的高纯度蛋白为尼罗罗非鱼卵黄脂磷蛋白;纯化的罗非鱼Lv在反复冻融、37℃及60℃处理条件下均未出现降解,表明罗非鱼Lv比鱼类卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin,Vtg)更为稳定。研究结果为罗非鱼Lv抗体的制备奠定了基础。     

Hatchery production of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), in small suspended hapa nets

Abstract Two-year-old blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), were stocked into five replicate breeding hapas (1·2 m × 1·2 m × 2·7 m) at a density of six males and six females per hapa. At stocking, males and females averaged 415 and 225g respectively. During the 50-day trial (July-August), 62900 seed (eggs and sac-fry) representing 78 spawns, were collected from 30 females. In comparative treatments, prestocking surgical removal of the male's maxillary bone did not influence hatchery productivity. However, removal of the female's maxillary bone significantly reduced frequency of repeat spawning and clutch size (P < 0·05). Removal of the maxillary bone also influenced weight gain of broodstock. It is hypothesized that these significant responses were due to the surgical removal of the maxillary bone and the subsequent breakdown in dominance hierarchies.     

Genetic improvement of Israeli blue (Jordan) tilapia,Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), through selective breeding for harvest weight

Genetic parameters and selection responses were obtained for harvest body weight of blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) from data collected over three generations in a selected population. A total of 18 194 records representing 186 sires and 201 dams were used in the analysis. Within generation heritability estimates for harvest body weight ranged from 0.18 to 0.58. When data from more than one generation were included in the analysis, heritability estimates became more stable (0.33–0.40) and it was 0.33 when all data were included in the analysis. The common full‐sib effect accounted for 10% of the phenotypic variance in the full data set. Heritability for survival from stocking to harvest was estimated at 0.01 and 0.09 in actual units (fitting an animal model) and in the logit (sire model) scale respectively. The genetic correlation between harvest body weight and survival was 0.22 and not significantly different from zero. The total selection response for harvest body weight over the three generations of selection measured as the difference between least‐squares means of selected and control lines was 17.7%. The corresponding figure when response was measured as the difference between mean breeding values of selected and control lines was 19.6%. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.003 after three generations of selection. These results indicate that there are good prospects for the genetic improvement of harvest body weight in blue tilapia.     

Sex reversal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) by androgen immersion

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of three androgens applied through immersion treatments on the sex ratio of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry. In experiment 1, 14 days post‐hatching (DPH) larvae were exposed to a single immersion treatment in 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT), 17α‐methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) or 17α‐ethynyltestosterone (ET) at 200, 600 and 1800 μg L^?1 over 4 h (130 larvae per treatment). In experiment 2, Nile tilapia larvae were exposed to the higher androgen concentration (1800 μg L^?1) applied as either a single immersion (14 DPH) or double immersion (10 and 14 DPH) over 4 h (125 larvae per treatment). Change in sex proportion within each experiment as well as between experiments was analysed by the chi‐square test. In experiment 1, MT, MDHT and ET were equally effective in significantly increasing the proportion of males when applied at 1800 μg L^?1 (86.0%, 90.0% and 86.7% respectively). At 200 μg L^?1 none of the androgens altered sex ratio. At 600 μg L^?1, only MDHT slightly, but significantly skewed the sex ratio towards males (73.0%). In experiment 2, a single immersion treatment at 14 DPH (1800 μg L^?1) significantly increased the proportion of males, but at this time the response was significantly hormone dependent (MDHT, 100.0%; MT, 91.6%; ET, 76.9%). When compared with a single immersion, two‐immersion treatments significantly increased the proportion of males in the MT‐treated group (from 91.6% to 98.3%), decreased the proportion of males in the MDHT group (from 100.0% to 93.4%) and had no significant effect the ET‐treated group (change from 76.9% to 82.5%). The overall comparison of the sex ratio among same treatments from different experiments (a single immersion in 1800 μg L^?1) was not significantly different.     

Spermatogenesis in teleost: insights from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) model

The morphometric study of spermatogenic cysts in sexually mature tilapias, during the evolution of spermatogenesis, showed a dramatic increase in both number of germ cells and cyst volume. However, the opposite trend was observed for germ cell size. Nevertheless, the number of Sertoli cells increased gradually up to leptotene/zygotene cysts, stabilizing thereafter. Based on the number of spermatids supported by each Sertoli cell and compared to mammals, Sertoli cell efficiency in tilapias is remarkably high. Sertoli cell proliferation was frequently observed, mainly in spermatogonial cysts, and probably is the major factor related to the testis growth and the increase in sperm production that normally occurs in adult tilapias. The combined duration of spermatocytes (5 days) and spermiogenic (5–6 days) phases of spermatogenesis in fish kept at 25 °C was 10–11 days. Mainly due to acceleration in meiosis, these two phases lasted a total of 6 days in tilapias kept at 30 °C, in the opposite way, at 20 °C spermatogenesis was arrested at pachytene spermatocytes. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive investigation performed up to date on testis morphometry and function in adult tilapias.