花生新品种泉花1O号的选育

泉花10号系以广A为母本、粤油92为父本进行杂交,经多代选育而成的花生新品种.经多年试验、示范和推广,表现出高产、稳产、优质、适应性广,中抗青枯病等特点.1995年2月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定,现已成为福建省最主要的花生当家品种.栽培上应注意适时早播、合理密植、科学施肥、抓好田间管理等.     

南方新育成花生品种产量与性状表现

为筛选适宜福建省种植的花生新品种，对从南方花生区引进的9个新育成的品种（泉花6号、泉花8号、龙花163、龙花243、莆花1号、粤油93、粤油45、桂油21和泉花7号）进行比较试验。结果表明，品种间荚果差异不显著，均适宜福建花生区种植。但各品种主要性状存在差异，可根据主要性状以及当地条件因地制宜加以利用。     

花生新品种泉花10号的选育

泉花１０号系以广Ａ为母本、粤油９２为父本进行杂交，经多代选育而成的花生新品种。经多年试验、示范和推广，表现出高产、稳产、优质、适应性广，中抗青枯病等特点。１９９５年２月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定，现已成为福建省最主要的花生当家品种。栽培上应注意适时早播、合理密植、科学施肥、抓好田间管理等。     

2004年全国南方区花生新品种区域试验

2004年全国(南方区)花生品种区域试验共有12个新品种参试,七省区11个试验点承担本年度试验,结果粤油13、湛油62、汕油162、泉花627、粤油29、闽花2号、金花37和湘花120等8个参试品种的荚果产量比对照种汕油523增产。粤油13、湛油62和泉花627参加2005年南方区花生品种生产试验。     

广西审定花生品种系谱及农艺性状演变

为加快花生新品种选育效率,分析了广西1986-2016年审定的51个花生品种系谱及农艺性状的演变。 结果表明,广西审定花生品种共涉及75个直接亲本,其中,主要以广东的育成品种及广西的中间材料为主。杂交育 种是广西花生品种改良的主要手段,并以“育成品种×中间材料”和“育成品种×育成品种”两种组配模式为主。粤油 551、汕油523、粤油223等是广西审定花生品种的骨干亲本。近年以来,广西审定花生品种荚果产量增产显著,但品 质性状没有明显提高,株高、侧枝长、百果重、百仁重对增产贡献较大。因此,加强国内外花生优异种质的引进和利 用,重视品质和抗性改良,是广西花生育种需要完善的地方;在常规杂交育种的基础上,利用分子标记辅助育种等 现代生物技术手段,以实现花生育种更好更快的发展。     

优质花生新品种莆花3号的选育与应用

莆花3号系以粤油5号为母本、金花¨号为父本有性杂交经系谱法选育而成的花生新品种。该品种表现优质、丰产、稳产,适应性广,中抗叶斑病、锈病,抗旱性较强,抗倒性中上,耐涝性中上。2011年3月通过福建省农作物审定委员会认定,适宜福建省花生产区示范推广。     

高蛋白、多抗、高产花生新品种粤油79的选育

粤油79是广东省农业科学院作物研究所采用一粒传法选育而成的高蛋白、多抗花生新品种。粤油79在广东省花生区域试验和国家南方花生品种区域试验中，产量均比对照种汕油523增产，并表现高抗青枯病、抗锈病和叶斑病。粤油79蛋白质含量为32．23％，油酸／亚油酸比值1．67。1999年通过广东省农作物审定委员会审定，2002年通过全国农作物审定委员会审定。     

油用型花生新品种汕油21的选育研究

汕油21是采用汕油71作母本、汕油89-2作父本进行有性杂交选育而成的油用型花生新品种,具有株型矮壮紧凑、高产稳产、高油分、果型美观均一、高抗锈病和叶斑病、适应性较广等特点,含油率54.72%.在广东省区试中荚果产量3 734.40kg/hm2,比对照种粤油256增产21.07%,增产达极显著水平.2003年通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2004年通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

花生新品种粤油13号在龙川县的引种表现及高产栽培技术

粤油13号花生是广东省农业科学院作物研究所采用多种亲本复合杂交育成的珍珠豆型花生新品种[1]，2006年分别通过广东省农作物品种审定和国家品种审定。龙川县于2010年开始引进试种，表现出丰产性好、抗病性好、适应性广等优点，非常适合龙川地区种植。同时根据粤油13号品种特性与龙川的气候、土壤条件等提出配套的花生高产栽培技术。     

抗锈高产花生品种汕油27在育种中的应用

花生品种汕油27具有突出的丰产性与抗锈性、优良的生态株型与广泛的适应性，是珍珠豆型花生抗锈高产育种上可成功利用的中心亲本。我国南方利用汕油27作亲本材料已育成了30多个花生品种，其中通过国家和省级审定品种19个。这些衍生品种主要应用于南方春秋两熟花生区，推广面积较大的品种有汕油523、汕油71、粤油223、粤油79和湛油30等。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.