The impact of a national mass media campaign in The Netherlands on the prevention of weight gain

OBJECTIVE: A 5-year nationwide mass media campaign aimed at prevention of overweight was organised from 2002 onwards. The present study evaluates the first campaign, which was aimed primarily at increasing awareness of weight gain. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Data were collected by telephone interview in four independent cross-sectional surveys among non-obese Dutch adults aged 25-35 years (total n = 1,949) for statistical analyses. Awareness of personal body-weight status, overweight-related risk perceptions, attitudes towards weight-gain prevention, motivation to prevent weight gain and self-reported body mass index (BMI) were measured in each survey. Campaign exposure was assessed in the post-intervention surveys. To identify intervention effects over time multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used, adjusted for secular time effects and age. RESULTS: After the campaign about 65% of the respondents knew about the campaign. The campaign was associated with more positive attitudes towards the prevention of weight gain (beta = 0.16; P < 0.01) and higher self-reported BMI (beta = 0.14; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the first campaign reached a large proportion of the population and initiated some positive change in attitudes, but did not achieve significant improvements in other determinants of weight-gain prevention among non-obese young adults.     

Comparison of strategies for extraction of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from drinking waters

Simple, rapid, and inexpensive methods have been developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking waters without interferences from other chemical contaminants by use of two different extraction techniques and analysis by an optimized reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography followed by fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. The feasibility of SPE (solid-phase extraction) and SPME (solid-phase microextraction) for the determination of PAH in drinking water samples has been evaluated. Several parameters have been studied and optimized for both extraction procedures. The relationship between the nature of the fibers and the quantity of extracted compounds and the effects of organic solvent, salt addition, sampling temperature, and sampling time was studied for SPME. Acetonitrile percentage added to the sample, sample storage conditions (temperature and time), and type of organic elution solvent and elution volume were evaluated for SPE. The results show that both extraction procedures can be used to determine PAHs in drinking waters, but SPE gives better performance (recovery, precision, and quantification limits) for the determination of PAHs in drinking water at the levels established by the legislation.     

The lack of effect of isoflavones on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in adolescent boys: a 6-week randomised trial

BACKGROUND: A substantial fall in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) during puberty in boys, but not girls, has been reported in Western populations. The fall in boys is believed to be due to hormonal changes - androgens have been shown to be associated with lower HDL-C, whereas oestrogens are associated with higher HDL-C. The fall in HDL-C during puberty was not observed, however, in a study of Moslem boys in Israel, nor in a group of Japanese boys. A diet high in phyto-oestrogens may account for the lack of a fall in HDL-C in these populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of dietary supplementation with phyto-oestrogens on the HDL-C concentration of adolescent boys from a Western population. We hypothesised that dietary supplementation of 50 mg of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein would produce a 12% higher HDL-C concentration than in controls at the end of a 6-week intervention period. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Hellyer College in Burnie (Tasmania, Australia). SUBJECTS: Adolescent boys (aged 16-18 years) were recruited through a letter sent to parents. A total of 132 eligible participants enrolled and five subjects withdrew from the trial. RESULTS: No significant increase in HDL-C was observed in the treatment group (-0.02 mmol l-1, standard error (SE)=0.03, P = 0.53) or the placebo group (0.05 mmol l-1, SE = 0.03, P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Factors other than isolated dietary isoflavones may be responsible for the lack of fall in HDL-C during puberty in Japanese and Moslem boys.     

低分子量岩藻聚糖酶法制备工艺

为了获得分子量集中,生物活性显著的岩藻低聚糖片断,该试验从九孔鲍肝胰腺中分离纯化出岩藻聚糖裂解酶裂解岩藻聚糖。通过等电点法、硫酸铵分布盐析法及Sephadex G-150柱分离纯化出2种底物酶(岩藻聚糖酶、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶),同时采用黏度和还原糖法作为酶活的评价指标评价酶的作用特点。结果表明:等电点法中pH值4.5、5.0时的沉淀物酶活最高,且pH值4.5的沉淀物在硫酸铵质量分数为30%时分离纯化出岩藻聚糖酶,而pH值5.0的沉淀物在硫酸铵质量分数40%时分离纯化出α-L-岩藻糖苷酶。此种工艺方法能得到2种岩藻聚糖裂解酶,底物降解率为8%～15%,获得硫酸基团破坏性小的低分子量岩藻聚糖。因此,九孔鲍岩藻聚糖裂解酶可作为酶法制备低分子量岩藻聚糖的工具酶,具有重要的开发应用价值。     

The impact of food supplementation on infant weight gain in rural Bangladesh; an assessment of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutritional Program (BINP)

OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficiency of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutritional Program (BINP) in identifying which infants should be supplemented, whether full supplementation was given for the stipulated period of time, and whether the correct exit criteria from the supplementation programme were used. To test whether targeted food supplementation of infants between 6-12 months of age resulted in enhanced weight gain. SETTING: Mallickbari Union, Bhaluka, a rural area located about 100 km north of Dhaka, Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and twenty-six infants followed for 6 to 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 526 infants studied, 368 should have received supplementation based on BINP criteria but only 111 infants (30%) did so, while a further 13% were incorrectly given supplementation. So in total over half (52.8%) of the sample was incorrectly identified for supplementation. In addition, less than a quarter of the infants received the full 90 days of supplementation and close to half of the infants exited the programme without the requisite weight gain. Infants were assigned to one of four groups: correctly supplemented, correctly non-supplemented, incorrectly supplemented or incorrectly non-supplemented. This classification provided natural controls; the correctly supplemented infants versus the incorrectly non-supplemented infants, and the correctly non-supplemented infants versus the incorrectly supplemented infants. There were no significant differences in weight gain between the correctly supplemented group and the incorrectly non-supplemented group or between the correctly non-supplemented and the incorrectly supplemented groups, nor was there any evidence of growth faltering in the incorrectly non-supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS: This study found serious programmatic deficiencies - inability to identify growth faltering in infants, failure to supplement for the full time period and incorrect exit procedures. There was no evidence that food supplementation had any impact on improving infant weight gain.     

日光温室山墙对室内太阳直接辐射得热量的影响

该文计算了日光温室室内各个面的太阳直接辐射，结果表明：山墙内侧的太阳直接辐射日变化规律不同于室内其它各个面。对于长度较短的温室，如果忽略山墙的作用，将会忽略山墙内外侧太阳辐射对室内得热的影响，同时忽略山墙在室内各个面产生的阴影，从而高估了室内其它面的太阳辐射得热，高估值随着温室长度的递减而递增，给日光温室热环境的分析带来误差。该文还测量了日光温室各个面的热流量，分析了山墙的蓄热放热过程及其随温室长度变化对室内得热的影响。因此，对长度较短的温室，必须考虑山墙对室内得热的影响。同时也为日光温室长度的确定和室内作物布局提供理论依据。     

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机磷活化的作用

采用室内模拟试验研究了低分子量有机酸,如草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸在红壤无机磷活化中的作用。结果表明,相同浓度下,有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸酒石酸苹果酸。低浓度(0.5mmolL-1)时,草酸活化能力最小;高浓度(≥5mmolL-1)时,其活化能力最大。对同一种有机酸而言,土壤各无机磷形态活化量均随pH的升高而降低;且在同一酸度下,其活化量以铝磷(Al-P)为最多,铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)次之,闭蓄态磷(O-P)则最少。有机酸活化土壤无机磷酸盐应该是质子酸效应和有机酸阴离子络合效应共同作用的结果,且与磷酸盐的溶度积常数密切相关。研究结果对根系土壤无机磷素循环研究有着重要的意义。     

超声气力喷雾对稻飞虱防治试验

为系统研究超声气力喷雾对稻飞虱的防治效果,该文利用自制的超声气力喷雾系统,搭建稻飞虱超声气力喷雾试验平台,模拟水稻稻飞虱的生长环境。研究药液浓度、喷雾高度、移动速度、气力值不同作业参数对超声气力雾化幅宽、雾滴粒径的影响规律,并试验验证超声气力喷雾稻飞虱防治效果。试验结果表明:当喷头移动速度160 mm/s、流量5.5 mL/min时,其雾化率高,雾化效果更好,并且流量为5.5 mL/min时,农药利用率更高;通过统一其他参量发现:不同气力值下,粒径的平均值基本相同,都在25 um左右,并且在气压值为20 kPa,雾化宽幅达到240 mm;雾滴形成后,在叶片上的附着效果受到喷雾流量、雾滴直径、风速以及叶片倾斜角度的影响;对比普通喷雾,超声气力喷雾的农药利用率提高了35%~45%,对稻飞虱的控制效果提高了10%~36%。该项试验研究结果对于改进施药机具和技术却相对落后的现状,提高机械化化学农药防治技术具有指导意义和实际利用价值。     

微生物腐熟菌剂对牛粪堆肥产品中低分子量有机物的影响

利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱(SPME-GC-MS)技术对奶牛粪堆肥产品中的低分子量有机物质进行了定性分类和定量分析,结果表明奶牛粪堆肥产品中含有大量的低分子量有机物质,其中低分子量有机酸多达16种,并且还含有醛、醇、酮、呋喃和吡嗪等低分子量有机物质。研究证实添加微生物腐熟菌剂的奶牛粪堆肥产品中醛类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类、呋喃类、吡啶类和含硫类等低分子有机化合物的相对含量比未添加NMF微生物腐熟菌剂分别增加6.5%、9.2%、5.7%、15.6%、9.8%、11.3%和28.6%,而酮类、脂肪族碳氢化合物的相对含量则分别减少11.4%和15.5%。添加NMF菌剂比未添加NMF菌剂的奶牛粪便堆肥产品中低分子有机化合物总量增加42.8%。为考察有机肥品质的客观指标和应用微生物调控有机肥对植物有正、负面影响的低分子有机物种类和含量提供基础资料。     

油松林枯落物层防止溅蚀的研究

28年生油松人工林内天然降雨的溅蚀试验结果表明,当I₃₀为0.07mm/min或P0为3.57mm时,无枯落物层覆盖的林地发生溅蚀,当I₃₀为0.25mm/min或Po为45.8mm时,具1cm枯落物层的林地不发生溅蚀。从溅蚀月动态看出,7、8月份占全年溅蚀量的70%以上。在同一土壤和同一坡度条件下,I₃₀、P₀、H₁是溅蚀发生的主要因素,且溅蚀量与其呈二次多项式回归关系。但当枯落物层具有一定厚度时溅蚀与其它因素无关。具有1cm厚的枯落物层即可防止土壤溅蚀量的79.7%.     

不同分子量风化煤腐殖酸对玉米植株主要代谢物的影响

【目的】腐殖酸的分子量决定了其功能特性,研究不同分子量腐殖酸对玉米生长发育的影响,可为腐殖酸资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】选用‘郑单958’为供试玉米品种,以霍格兰营养液为基础溶液进行水培试验。选择分子量为> 50 kDa (HA_H)、10 kDa～50 kDa (HA_M)和<10 kDa (HA_L)三种腐殖酸,添加量均为碳10 mg/L,以不添加腐殖酸为对照(CK),共四个处理。幼苗生长20 d后收获,分为根、茎和叶样品,烘干称重,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(型号VERTEX 70,德国Bruker公司)检测玉米植株根、茎和叶的光谱特征。【结果】腐殖酸处理玉米根、茎和叶的干物质重较对照分别显著提高了91.07%、89.27%和88.53%。三种腐殖酸处理,以小于10 kDa分子量腐殖酸(HAL)对玉米植株生长的促进作用最大,根、茎和叶的干物质重分别提高了143.14%、123.41%和150.54%,其次为10～50 kDa分子量腐殖酸(HA_M),大于50 kDa分子量腐殖酸(HAH)效果又次之。腐殖酸处理的玉米根系FTIR光谱在3420 cm^–1和1655 cm^–1波数附近的透射率均低于对照,茎FTIR光谱在3420 cm^–1和1655 cm^–1波数附近的透射率均高于对照,表明腐殖酸处理能增加玉米根系碳水化合物、蛋白质、多肽和氨基酸类物质的含量,减少其在茎中的积累,腐殖酸各处理玉米叶片在3420、2920、1735、1655、1518、1380、1250和1050 cm^–1波数附近的透射率均低于对照,小于10 kDa分子量腐殖酸表现尤为明显。这表明不同分子量(尤其是小于10 kDa分子量)腐殖酸能够增加玉米叶片碳水化合物、脂类物质、蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸类物质和核酸等的含量。【结论】外源添加腐殖酸能够增加玉米干物质重,引起玉米植株不同器官中碳水化合物、脂类物质、蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸类物质及核酸发生变化,小分子量(<10 kDa)的腐殖酸对玉米植株生长的促进作用大于大分子量的,在生产中应尽量选择小分子腐殖酸产品,以充分发挥其促生作用。     

重度盐碱化草地混播牧草对绵羊采食量、日增重、消化率和屠宰性能的影响

试验选用24只3月龄、体重23.1±0.62kg的德国肉用美利奴杂交一代绵羊,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂精料补充料+玉米青贮,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在对照日粮基础上以重度盐碱化草地混播牧草(披碱草、碱茅和沙打旺)替代1/3、2/3和3/3玉米青贮,研究重度盐碱化草地混播牧草对绵羊采食量、日增重、消化率和屠宰性能的影响。结果表明:随着日粮重度盐碱化草地混播牧草比例增加,各组绵羊日增重差异不显著(P0.05)。处理Ⅲ组饲料采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05);处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ组绵羊饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。处理组日粮干物质、有机物质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率线性降低(P0.05),日粮可消化氮、沉积氮和沉积氮/可消化氮均随着日粮重度盐碱化草地混播牧草比例升高而线性下降(P0.05),处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ组屠宰率和净肉率显著高于处理Ⅲ组和对照组(P0.05),处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ组肉骨比显著高于对照组(P0.05),处理组眼肌面积差异均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。以上结果说明饲喂不同比例重度盐碱化草地混播牧草不影响绵羊日增重,但降低了饲料消化率和氮的利用率,而重度盐碱化草地混播牧草和玉米青贮混合饲喂提高了绵羊屠宰率、净肉率和眼肌面积。     

基于变量选择的蚕茧茧层量可见-近红外光谱无损检测

以蚕茧茧层量为研究对象,研究了基于可见-近红外光谱技术的蚕茧茧层量无损检测方法。采用最小二乘支持向量机（least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM）建立可见-近红外光谱模型。采用无信息变量消除算法（uninformative variable elimination, UVE）与连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm, SPA）相结合选取光谱有效波长。结果表明,基于UVE-SPA法进行变量选择,最终将原始光谱的600个光谱变量减少到了8个（673,937,963,982,989,992,995和1 008 nm）。基于此8个变量建立的LS-SVM模型得到了预测集的确定系数（Rp2）为0.5354,误差均方根（RMSEP）为0.0373的预测结果。表明可见-近红外光谱可以用于对蚕茧的茧层量进行无损检测,同时UVE-SPA是一种有效的光谱变量选择方法。     

灰化温度及热解气氛对生物质灰灼烧失重特性的影响

应用热重-差热分析法研究了空气和氮气气氛中2种灰化温度(600和815℃)下制得的稻壳和稻秆等生物质灰的灼烧失重特性。结果表明:不同飞灰在空气中灼烧的质量损失均可分为剩余水分的蒸发、有机成分的快速热裂解以及无机成分的缓慢挥发等阶段,而氮气中飞灰的质量损失并未出现明显的分段热解规律;空气中600℃生物质灰的主要质量损失发生在300~550℃之间,而815℃稻壳灰的主要质量损失区间为200~600℃,815℃稻秆灰在300~550℃之间的质量损失只有1.76%;灰化温度升高,飞灰的总质量损失明显降低。空气中不同灰化温度下的稻壳灰在950~1 050℃之间都出现放热峰,但该温度区间并无明显质量损失;815℃的稻秆灰在750℃附近则存在由于KCl熔融吸热引起的吸热峰,而600℃稻秆灰的热解过程则未出现明显的吸热峰;氮气中生物质灰的热解存在2个分隔明显的质量损失速率峰,这是由2种质量损失机制单独作用而成:600~800℃之间的质量损失主要是由不稳定的碳酸盐(Ca CO3、Ma CO3等)受热分解造成,而在800~1 200℃之间的质量损失则主要是由灰中活泼的碱金属氯化物(KCl、Na Cl等)受热进入气相所致;相同灰化温度下的稻壳灰或稻秆灰在空气中热解的总质量损失明显高于氮气。     

Influence of glycosidic linkages and molecular weight on the fermentation of maltose-based oligosaccharides by human gut bacteria

A structure-function study was carried out to increase knowledge of how glycosidic linkages and molecular weights of carbohydrates contribute toward the selectivity of fermentation by gut bacteria. Oligosaccharides with maltose as the common carbohydrate source were used. Potentially prebiotic alternansucrase and dextransucrase maltose acceptor products were synthesized and separated into different molecular weights using a Bio-gel P2 column. These fractions were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. Nonprebiotic maltooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) from three to seven were commercially obtained for comparison. Growth selectivity of fecal bacteria on these oligosaccharides was studied using an anaerobic in vitro fermentation method. In general, carbohydrates of DP3 showed the highest selectivity towards bifidobacteria; however, oligosaccharides with a higher molecular weight (DP6-DP7) also resulted in a selective fermentation. Oligosaccharides with DPs above seven did not promote the growth of "beneficial" bacteria. The knowledge of how specific structures modify the gut microflora could help to find new prebiotic oligosaccharides.