浅谈利用高效氯氟氰菊酯防治樟叶蜂实验

采用250、500、1000、1500、2000倍5种浓度的高效氯氟氰菊酯喷雾进行了防治樟叶蜂幼虫实验,结果表明:5种浓度的高效氯氰菊酯防治效果均达到了72%以上,其中250、500倍的高效氯氰菊酯防治效果达90%以上,且0.5h就可以控制虫害,在生产上大面积推广应用以500倍为佳。     

几种杀虫剂对落叶松球蚜毒力测定及田间防效

应用7种杀虫剂对落叶松球蚜若虫进行室内毒力测定、5种杀虫剂开展田间防治试验,结果表明:供试杀虫剂对落叶松球蚜的毒力大小依次为:0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂>1%苦参碱可溶性液剂>4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油>10%联苯菊酯乳油>1.8%阿维菌素乳油>20%马拉·高氯氟乳油>4%甲维·氟铃脲微乳剂。在田间防治球蚜若虫时,施药48h后,10%联苯菊酯乳油0.025%药液、1%苦参碱可溶性液剂0.033%药液和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油0.050%药液防治效果均达90%以上。     

三种杀虫剂防治云斑天牛的林间药效试验

摘要：本文研究比较了三种杀虫剂防治杨树云斑天牛的试验效果。结果表明,48％噻虫啉悬浮剂、10％高效氯氟氰微囊悬浮剂和8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂对云斑天牛都具有较好的防治效果。药后3天,48％噻,虫啉悬浮剂的防效为72．5％～77．5％;8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂的防效为70．0％～72．5％。药后14天,48％噻虫啉悬浮剂的防效为89．9％～96．2％;10％高效氯氟氰微囊悬浮剂防效为73．8％～95．0％;8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂的防效为88．6％～91．1％。因此,这三种杀虫剂均可用于杨树云斑天牛的防治。     

广西灰象生物学特性及防治技术研究

于2014年4月至2015年4月,采用室外定点观察与标准地调查相结合的方法对危害油茶的广西灰象生物学特性进行了研究;并分别利用40%氧化乐果、2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油、2.2%甲维盐乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油和50%杀螟松乳油对广西灰象成虫进行防治试验。结果表明:广西灰象在湖南省醴陵市油茶林1年发生1代,以蛹在油茶树附近土壤中越冬。成虫发生期较长(4—9月),主要为害期集中在每年的4月底至5月初。1 000倍2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油和500倍40%辛硫磷乳油具有强烈的触杀作用,防治1天后校正虫口减退率均达90%以上,施药后期前者2 000倍剂与1 000倍剂防治效果无显著差异,后者随着防治时间的延长,防治效果逐渐减弱;800倍2.2%甲维盐乳油具有较好的持续性效果,施药后第5天防效达到近80%。针对广西灰象的化学防治药剂,推荐使用2 000倍2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油,或者与2.2%甲维盐乳油混合使用。     

刺槐蚜对常用杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用微量点滴法测定了山西省晋中地区刺槐蚜Aphis robiniae Macchiati种群对常用10种杀虫剂的敏感性.以LD50值为标准进行比较,刺槐蚜对供试杀虫剂的敏感性依次为:甲维盐>氯氟氰菊酯>高效氯氰菊酯>啶虫脒>阿维菌素>联苯菊酯>丁硫克百威>灭多威>辛硫磷>敌敌畏.其中对甲维盐的敏感性最高,LD50值(μg/头)为0.000 029;其次为氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯,其LD50值分别为0.000 401和0.000 544;对有机磷类药剂的敏感性最低,辛硫磷、敌敌畏的LD50值分别为0.004 89和0.010 3.根据试验结果提出治理对策.     

不同机理的17种杀虫剂对椰心叶甲的室内毒力测定

选取4类不同作用机理共17种化学药剂对椰心叶甲成虫进行室内毒力测定。通过筛选,敌百虫、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、灭多威具有优良的毒杀效果,处理24h后,每种药剂3种浓度的校正死亡率均达90%以上;而高效氯氟氰菊酯、氧乐果、丙溴磷.辛硫磷、丁硫.啶虫脒、氯氰菊酯.三唑磷、吡虫啉.三唑磷6种农药药效较差,难以有效防治椰心叶甲。噻嗪酮.异丙威、哒螨灵、杀虫双、三氯杀螨醇、异丙威、三唑磷、乙酰甲胺磷对椰心叶甲没有毒杀作用。     

10种杀虫剂对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的毒力测定

为了筛选出对红棕象甲高龄幼虫防治较好的杀虫剂,在室内采用浸泡法测定了啶虫脒、三唑磷等10种杀虫剂对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的毒害作用。结果表明:啶虫脒对红棕象甲高龄幼虫致死作用最强,其次是三唑磷、高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏3种杀虫剂,除虫脲、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、吡虫啉、甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的致死效果较差;啶虫脒、三唑磷、高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏这4种杀虫剂可能在田间防治红棕象甲有较好的应用前景。     

马尾松毛虫抗药性监测及增效磷与3种菊酯混配的增效作用

对江西高安等16个县、市林区的马尾松毛虫用溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯用点滴法进行毒力测定，结果表明，江西林区马尾松毛虫对溴氰菊酯的耐药力有明显提高，其中高安、贵溪林区马尾松毛虫的抗数达到了低抗水平，马尾松毛虫对氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯尚未产生抗性，室内用以上3种拟除虫菊酯与增效磷（SV1）按1：0．5、1：1、1：3、1：5T 1：10的比例混配，用点滴法对马尾松毛虫进行毒力测定，结果表明，增效磷与拟除虫菊酯混配有明显的增效作用，并且随着SV1比例的提高，增效作用增强，用4种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂（2．5％溴氰菊酯、20％ 酯、2．5％三氟氰菊酯和10％氯氰菊酯）加增效磷按不同混配比进行林间防马尾松毛虫试验，结果表明，增效与拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂混配有极显著的增效作用，林间防治松毛虫以溴氰菊酯＋SV1（1：5）、氰戊菊酯＋SV1（1：3－1：5）、三氟氰氯菊酯＋SV1（1：3－1：5）以及氯氰菊酯＋SV1（1：5）稀释8000倍效果最佳。     

三种药剂林间防治麻疯树柄细蛾试验

麻疯树柄细蛾是攀西地区麻疯树主要害虫。试验利用2%阿维菌素乳油、25%三氟氯氰菊酯乳油和40%杀扑磷乳油进行了林间防治麻疯树柄细蛾试验。结果表明3种药剂中,2%阿维菌素乳油1 000倍液最为有效,防治效果为89%。40%杀扑磷乳油表现出较好的持效性。     

栎线小卷蛾初步研究

栎线小卷蛾危害梨树花和嫩叶，系国内新记录种。在临夏１年发生２ 代，以卵在枝条上越冬。经室内药效测定和田间防治试验结果表明，采用８０％ 敌敌畏１ ０００ 倍、或２５％ 溴氰菊酯２ ０００ 倍、２５％ 三氟氯氰菊酯３ ０００～４ ０００倍、３０％ 赛丹３ ０００倍，防效显著。     

溴氰菊酯和灭铃皇防治油松毛虫的药效分析

溴氰菊酯的 5、1 0、1 5 ml/ kl和灭铃皇以 1 0 0、1 5 0、2 0 0 ml/ kl浓度 ,林间防治油松毛虫 ,药后 7天平均死亡率均为 1 0 0 %。用 L SR法检验 ,与对照药的差异显著性在 1 %水平上与功夫菊酯差异不显著 ;与敌敌畏和辛硫磷的差异显著性均极显著     

两种危害松类的新叶蜂(膜翅目, 广腰亚目, 松叶蜂科)

本文记述了中国松叶蜂昆虫两新种,马尾松吉松叶蜂和油松吉松叶蜂。文中附有形态特征图4幅。     

Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents

Saponins are a group of naturally occurring plant glycosides, characterized by their strong foam-forming properties in aqueous solution. The presence of saponins has been reported in more than 100 families of plants out of which at least 150 kinds of natural saponins have been found to possess significant anti-cancer properties. There are more than 11 distinguished classes of saponins including dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes and steroids. Due to the great variability of their structures, saponins always display anti-tumorigenic effects through varieties of antitumor pathways. In addition, there are a large amount of saponins that still either remain to be trapped or studied in details by the medicinal chemists. This article reviews many such structures and their related chemistry along with the recent advances in understanding mechanism of action and structure–function relationships of saponins at the molecular and cellular levels. These aglycones have been described and their classification and distribution have been listed in the review. Some special saponins with strong antitumor effects have also been exhibited. Ginsenosides, belonging to dammaranes, have been found beneficial targeted on inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by suppressing its inducer in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, and then on prevention of adhering, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Dioscin, one of the steroidal saponins, and its aglycone diosgenin also have been extensively studied on its antitumor effect by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Other important molecules discussed include oleanane saponins such as avicins, platycodons, saikosaponins, and soysaponins along with tubeimosides.     

Decomposition and nutrient release in needle litter from nitrogen‐fertilized scots pine (pinus sylvestris) stands

Decomposition of Scots pine needle litter originating from five stands treated with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer was measured over a 4‐year period in a mature Scots pine forest. The litter types, which differed in initial concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur, but not in gross organic composition, were studied with respect to mass loss, ingrowth of total fungal mycelium, and net release of nutrients. During the first year of decomposition, rates of mass loss and ingrowth of fungal mycelium were highest in the nutrient‐rich litter. Phosphorus concentration was found to be the main factor affecting mass‐loss rate, and the rate of fungal ingrowth was positively correlated with initial nitrogen concentration. After this initial period, decomposition rates decreased, and after 4 years, accumulated mass loss and amounts of fungal mycelium were similar in all five litter types. These findings may be due, in part, to a lower rate of lignin decomposition in nitrogen‐enriched litter. Of the elements, potassium and magnesium were most rapidly lost from the litter, and their release was most pronounced during the first year. Calcium release was proportional to the loss in organic matter. Initially, the release of nitrogen and phosphorus was positively related to their concentrations in litter, however, during later stages of decomposition the differences among litter types levelled out. There was a tendency for concentrations of all elements, except nitrogen, in the different litters to approach similar levels as decomposition proceeded. Thus, after 4 years the nutrient composition of the various litter types was very similar, except for higher nitrogen concentrations in the originally most nutrient‐rich litters. The importance of the results in terms of substrate quality in fertilized as well as in non‐fertilized forests is discussed.     

一个世纪来黑龙江省森林景观动态研究

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO,ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS,the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896,1949 and 1981.Using total area,mean patch size,patch density,coefficient of patch size variation,mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index,we studied the change of forest landscape pattem and the change of each patch types in this region.As a result,the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply,the quantity and density of patches increased,the juxtaposition of patches weakened,the shape of patch tended to become regular,and the border of patch simplified.All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually,and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest.the diversity of whole forest landscape and the eveness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually.Human impact,instead of climate change and forest community succession,is the most important reason for such dramatic chages.     

桂北速生桉无性系栽培试验

对桂北全州县咸水镇种植的尾赤桉、尾巨桉等6个速生桉无性系的生长表现、寒害状况进行了调查分析,结果表明：不同速生桉无性系间生长差异显著,以无性系3（尾巨桉）、5（尾巨桉）、6（尾赤桉）3个无性系号生长最好,1号（柳窿桉）无性系生长最差。冻害是检验速生桉无性系能否适应的关键指标,所种植的速生桉无性系受冻严重,在冰雪袭击下所有试验树木均被全部压断,部分树木还被冻死而不能萌芽。类似全州县成水镇的气候条件不适宜种植尾巨桉、尾叶桉、柳窿桉等速生桉无性系。     

五味子种籽性状与种仁含油特性的个体变异规律

采用典型样株和随机取样的方法,对五味子种耔性状进行系统研究．结果表明:无性系间的种籽横径、种籽纵径、种籽厚度、种籽千粒重、种仁千粒重、种仁含油率等性状的差异达极显著水平;在供试的20个无性系中,9911、9907、9913、9919、9918、9914等6个无性系种仁含油率较高,分别为70．17％、69．77％、68．99％、67．51％、65．97％、64．15％;五味子种油的形成、积累与无性系的种籽千粒重、种仁千粒重、种籽横径、种籽纵径等指标关系不密切,而与种耔厚度关系密切,相关系数为0．670,相关关系达极显著水平．本研究结果可为以高含油率为目标的五味子品种选择提供依据．     

福建省樟树溃疡病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了明确福建省樟树溃疡病的病原菌种类,对福建省福州市仓山区、三明市明溪县、南平市建阳区和顺昌县4个地区采集的樟树枝干溃疡样本进行分离、纯化和致病性分析,将病原菌进行系统形态学观察,并结合代表菌株的核糖体基因内转录间隔区(ITS)、翻译延伸因子(EF-1α)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ大亚基(RPB2)和β-微管蛋白(BT)基因序列进行同源性分析,构建进化树,最终确定病原菌种类。结果表明,在福建省不同地区内采集到的75份樟树溃疡样本,经过组织分离、纯化和致病性检测,得到43个病原菌株,根据观察病原菌的菌丝生长状态和孢子特征,并结合系统进化树的结果,得到小新壳梭孢(Neofusicoccum parvum)、可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)、假可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)和Lasiodiplodia iranensis 4种类型菌株。接种菌株后发病症状与野外发病症状相同,但致病程度不同,其中小新壳梭孢最强,可可毛色二孢次之,L.iranensis最弱。     

Estimation of genetic variances in flood tolerance of poplar and selection of resistant F1 generations

Five Aigeiros section poplar clones were adopted as parents to produce five full-sib families through cross-breeding. Morphological, ecophysiological, and growth characteristics of the five parents and their 15 superior F1 generations were investigated during 45 days of flooding followed by a 10-day recovery period. Cuttings were subjected to two treatments: watered (control) and flooded to 10 cm above the soil surface. Results showed that flooded cuttings showed significant reduction in growth of height, root-collar diameter and leaf area, and root and total biomass yield. All 20 clones formed hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots by day 6–14 of flooding. In flooded cuttings, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence were decreased significantly compared with the control. After flooding ended, all plants recovered rapidly. Generally, progenies showed higher growth of height, root-collar diameter, root biomass and leaf area than their parents both under flooding and control conditions, showing that heterosis existed in F1 generations, regardless of flooding. However heterosis was lower under flooding conditions than in the control. Under flooding, the highest heterosis of higher-parent in height and root-collar diameter were 68.63 and 20.83%, respectively. Variability of flood tolerance among progenies was clear in growth of height and root-collar diameter. Selection criteria for parents in cross-breeding were different between control and flooding. Relative effect values of the specific combining ability (SCA) and relative effect values of the general combining ability (GCA) of parents were more important than their flood tolerance. Progenies with a higher level of flood tolerance could be obtained, even from parents intolerant to flooding. In terms of breeding, height growth would be most important characteristic to measure in flooding conditions, and root-collar diameter growth was also very useful. Based on all measured values, the tested 20 clones were classified into three groups using hierarchical cluster analysis. Clones Lu, E4, E9, E29, A2, A8, A9, B1, B3, B4, and D8, were flood-tolerant. Clones Lf, Ha, Lm, D1, D7, F9, and F21 were moderately flood-tolerant. Clones Sm and F13 were flood-susceptible.     

四川西部甘孜、凉山地区鱼类多样性及保护研究

本文利用现有资料以及实地调查,对川西地区(甘孜、凉山)的鱼类多样性进行了分析研究。结果表明:①川西地区共有鱼类9目19科82属148种和亚种,分别占整个四川(含重庆)鱼类的61.16%和整个中国鱼类的6.15%;②各科鱼类的种数分布为鲤科最多,为82种,占整个川西鱼类总数的55.41%,其次为鳅科,占14.19%。③川西地区是鲤科鱼类的东亚类群向西扩布的西缘地带,是青藏高原鱼类区系向东延伸的东缘地区,同时是南亚鱼类向北分布的北缘区域;④川西鱼类的垂直分布状况因地貌、海拔高度变化以及生态环境的差异等呈现出一定的规律性。此外,本文还对川西鱼类资源的保护提出了建议和对策。