蒙古栎乙醇原料林不同种源橡实成分分析

通过对黑龙江省各种源蒙古栎橡仁淀粉、可溶性糖、粗纤维、单宁、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和橡壳中糠醛和活性炭等成分含量的比较分析,结果表明:不同种源蒙古栎橡实各物质成分含量存在显著差异,综合比较,初步确定林口、绥阳和桦南等种源橡实中可制乙醇物质含量高,为优良种源。     

蒙古栎乙醇燃料林不同家系橡实商品性状分析

以蒙古栎非粮乙醇燃料林培育为目的,对收集的66株蒙古栎优树的橡仁淀粉、可溶性糖、粗纤维、蛋白质、脂肪、单宁和灰分,橡壳糠醛和活性炭等成分指标进行分析,结果表明:不同家系蒙古栎橡实各项成分指标存在着显著的差异.以可制乙醇物质总量、单宁、脂肪含量、橡壳单位重量可制活性炭重量为主要考核指标对各家系进行聚类分析,初步确定TL-...     

黑龙江国有林区橡实乙醇原料林生产基地规划

根据黑龙江国有林区现有蒙古栎资源状况,开展具有区域特色的蒙古栎橡实乙醇原料林产业布局和生产基地总体规划研究,结果表明:(1)黑龙江国有林区发展蒙古栎橡实乙醇原料林生产基地规划思路,应以牡丹江林区和合江林区为主,兼顾伊春林区和松花江林区;(2)根据黑龙江国有林区蒙古栎资源分布现状和橡实产量估算,以就近原则在蒙古栎林资源分...     

涝渍胁迫下白桦叶和茎中可溶性糖和淀粉含量相关性研究

为了解涝渍胁迫下白桦体内可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变化,以2a生白桦实生苗为材料,研究了涝渍胁迫对白桦叶片和茎中可溶性糖和淀粉含量的影响及其之间的相关性。结果表明:在渍水处理条件下,叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈上升趋势,处理到第60天,可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著高于对照,分别比对照升高了27.1%和41.6%;在淹水处理条件下,叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈先升高后下降趋势,处理到第60天,淀粉含量显著高于对照,比对照升高了34.1%,而可溶性糖含量与对照差异不显著。在渍水处理条件下,茎中可溶性糖含量呈升高趋势,而淀粉含量呈先下降后升高趋势,处理到第60天,可溶性糖和淀粉含量都与对照差异不显著;在淹水处理条件下,茎中可溶性糖和淀粉含量都呈先上升后下降趋势,处理到第60天,可溶性糖含量显著低于对照,比对照降低了19.5%,而淀粉含量与对照差异不显著。在涝渍胁迫下,叶和茎中可溶性糖含量与淀粉含量均呈显著的正相关,其相关系数分别为0.790和0.623,并且叶片可溶性糖含量与茎中可溶性糖含量也呈显著的正相关,相关系数为0.674。以上结果表明,糖和淀粉的存储和消耗对提高白桦耐涝能力有着积极的生理作用。     

生长调节剂对蒙古栎扦插生根养分含量变化的影响

本文采用蒙古栎浸蘸生长调节剂的方式,通过对生根过程中养分含量的变化探讨对扦插的生根的影响。结果可知,3种生长调节剂处理的插穗可溶性糖的含量呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,可溶性蛋白质含量呈先下降后上升趋势,而可溶性淀粉含量变化不一致,生长调节剂ABT处理在全时期内呈上升趋势,而其它2个处理呈先上升后下降趋势。通过比较,生长调节剂ABT能更好的促进蒙古栎生根。     

我国橡实资源的开发利用

我国橡实资源非常丰富 ,有 7属 3 0 0多种 ,分布广泛 .据统计 ,我国约有橡实林 1.3 3× 10 7～ 1.67× 10 7hm2 ,年产橡实 60～ 70亿 kg.橡实营养丰富 ,橡仁含淀粉 5 0 %～ 70 %、可溶性糖 2 %～ 8%、单宁 0 .2 6%～ 17.74%、蛋白质 1.17%～ 8.72 %、油脂1.0 4%～ 6.86%、粗纤维 1.13 %～ 5 .89%、灰分 1.3 0 %～ 3 .40 % ;橡壳也含有大量的色素和单宁等成分 .橡实全身是宝 ,其开发利用的前景十分广阔 .对橡仁、橡壳进行综合利用 ,可以生产出淀粉、色素及一系列副产品 ,利用率将近 10 0 % ,几乎不产生任何污染 .同时还可以将橡实淀粉加工成变性淀粉等系列产品 ,从而提高产品的科技含量和经济价值 .我国橡实资源的开发利用不容乐观 ,存在资源破坏严重等系列问题 .为此 ,提出了旨在充分发挥资源优势、扩大利用规模、提高经济效益的开发利用的对策 .     

枫香种子成分分析

不同家系枫香种子的粗脂肪、淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质等成分分析结果表明 :不同家系种子内粗脂肪平均含量为31 5 %± 1 3% ,可溶性糖平均含量为 3 34%± 1 0 9% ,淀粉平均含量为 2 33%± 0 30 % ,蛋白质平均含量为 15 7%±2 3%。     

橡籽仁的粽合利用——用提取淀粉后的橡籽仁残渣制酒

上海工人阶级利用橡籽仁提取淀粉,实现了“浆纱不用粮”,并以提取淀粉后的浸渍液生产栲胶和酒精,橡籽仁残渣作饲料,为橡籽仁的综合利用广开了门路。我们在学习上海这一先进经验时,发现提取淀粉后的橡籽仁残渣中,仍合有相当数量可供利用的剩余淀粉,因此我们没有直接用作饲料,而先行用一般的固体麸??发酵法制酒,酒糟再喂猪。试验证明,     

11 种城市木本植物叶片生理物质对遮荫的响应

通过遮光率45%、75%和全光照3种光生境的植物栽培试验,测定了11种城市木本植物叶片叶绿素、花青素、可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质的变化,分析了遮荫对不同木本植物生理物质变化的影响,结果表明,遮荫能增加多数植物的叶绿素含量,明显降低花青素含量,特别是色叶植物,从而影响色叶植物的叶色效果,遮荫可减少色叶植物可溶性糖的含量,而增加非色叶植物可溶性糖含量,但对不同类型植物可溶性糖含量的影响幅度不一;遮荫能减少大多数植物的淀粉含量,但使部分色叶植物的淀粉含量增加,而不同遮荫程度对植物叶片淀粉含量的影响没有明显的规律性;光生境变化对植物叶片蛋白质影响缺乏明显的规律性,影响幅度也不一。     

白骨壤果实的营养成分及含量

白骨壤果实作为民间食物原料具有较高的粗淀粉、可溶性总糖、粗纤维含量,而粗蛋白、粗脂肪、果胶含量较低,同时具有一定含量的单宁成分。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.