广州市流溪河林场公益林涵水能力及其补偿的研究

公益林是指以森林涵养水源、保持水土、改善环境等公益效益为经营目标的林分。文中针对广州市流溪河林场公益林涵养水源的公益效益进行计量和评价，进而提出公益林涵养水源效益补偿方法。经分析测定：全场公益林区森林土壤贮水能力为１２４６．４万ｍ３，森林调蓄率为４２．２６％。林区年迳流量７３７３．４万ｍ３，其中森林调蓄量为３１１６万ｍ３。涵养水源效益补偿值为２１９—３１２万元。     

湖南省生态公益林效益评价

通过对湖南生态公益林涵养水源、土壤保育、固碳、释氧和生物储能等生态效益的进行计算,结果表明:湖南省公益林生态效益总价值为2 861.72亿元,其中涵养水源蓄水总量135.55亿t,价值为117.48亿元,不同林分类型中,涵养水源的能力有差异,强弱顺序为阔叶林＞马尾松林＞杉木林＞灌木林＞竹林＞疏林地；减少水土流失14 0...     

江苏省重点生态公益林涵养水源功能评估研究

以江苏省森林资源二类调查资料为基础,采用水量平衡法对江苏省重点生态公益林的涵养水源功能进行了评估及分析。结果表明:江苏省重点生态公益林年涵养水源总量为1.485×109m3/a。其中,徐州市、无锡市、南京市是涵养水源量较大的城市;不同区域表现为苏北苏南苏中;在不同林分类型中,涵养水源量较大的是杨树、硬阔林类、混交林和竹林。全省重点生态公益林年单位面积涵养水源量为4 936.33 m3/(a·hm2),南通市、镇江市、无锡市分别排在前列;不同区域排序为苏南苏中苏北;单位面积涵养水源量较大的林分分别为硬阔林类、混交林、栎类、软阔林类和竹林。     

生态公益林效益评价研究综述

概述了当前国内外对生态公益林效益评价的研究概况、评价方法、评价模型、评价指标体系等,认为在具体评价生态公益林生态效益时,通常分水土保持、涵养水源等各单项进行效益评价,总体生态效益为各单项生态效益价值之和,但如何界定公益林的主导效益与其它效益的关系是今后生态公益林效益评价的重点和难点．     

慈利县重点公益林生态系统服务功能评估

研究以慈利县重点公益林为研究对象,基于森林生态连清技术体系,利用慈利县 2013 年森林 资源二类调查数据以及湖南慈利森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站长期监测的数据以及研究成果,对慈 利县重点公益林生态系统服务功能进行评价。结果表明：慈利县重点公益林生态服务功能总价值按大小 排序为涵养水源（23.70 亿元 / a）＞生物多样性保护（12.36 亿元 / a）＞固碳释氧（6.68 亿元 / a）＞净化 大气环境（2.46 亿元 / a ＞保育土壤（2.07 亿元 / a）＞林木营养积累（0.30 亿元 / a）,涵养水源功能是森 林最重要的生态服务功能,其价值量约占总价值量的 50%。按不同优势树种组分,栎类、灌木林生态服 务功能价值量相比于其他树种组较大,而针叶类树种虽然面积相对来说较小,但是它们的生态服务功能 价值并不低,可以考虑将部分阔叶林分改造为针阔混交林,以提升慈利县重点公益林生态服务价值。慈 利县重点公益林生态服务功能总价值为 47.57 亿元 / a,相当于当年慈利县财政总收入 9.01 亿元的 5.28 倍,表明公益林在改良生态环境、维持社会经济可持续发展中可以发挥巨大的作用。     

嵊州市公益林生物量及生态效益价值评价

在调查嵊州市公益林生物量的基础上,采用影子工程法、工业生产成本法、碳税法、工业制氧法等方法,对嵊州市公益林的涵养水源、固碳释氧、森林储能效益进行了评价。结果表明:嵊州市公益林总生物量374.55万t,单位面积生物量平均为98.57t/hm2;涵养水源、固碳释氧、储能的总量分别为4 407.63万m3/a,4.78万t/a和63.55万MJ/a,总价值分别为3.6亿元、8.52亿元和36.05亿元。并在此基础上为嵊州市今后的公益林建设提出了意见和建议。     

本溪公益林涵养水源与固碳释氧效益评价

文章从公益林所产生的生态效益和价值出发,参照国家林业行业相关标准,依照生态公益林系统长期定位监测数据和辽宁省公益林管理中心提供的2014年公益林资源清查数据,对本溪地区公益林涵养水源和固碳释氧功能进行评价,结果表明:2014年本溪地区生态公益林涵养水源功能价值量合计为81.63亿元·a-1;固碳释氧价值总量为75.88亿元·a-1。水源涵养功能中,栎(柞)类、硬阔类和软阔类树种组三者的生态效益价值量合计占总体的86.99%,是该地区公益林水源涵养功能的主要贡献树种组。栎(柞)类和落叶松组是固碳制氧功能价值量的主要输出树种组,二者合计占总体的89.82%。     

辽西山地油松混交林和纯林生态经济效益比较

根据生态经济学、环境经济学和资源经济学的原理,使用替代和模拟评价方法初步估算辽西山地油松混交林和纯林的生态经济效益.结果表明,辽西油松混交林生态经济效益之和为30.03亿元,辽西油松纯林生态经济效益为17.49亿元.油松混交林各项生态效益、经济效益均高于油松纯林.其中油松混交林比纯林涵养水源效益增加5.82亿元,保肥效益增加3.00亿元,制氧效益增加1.79亿元,防治病虫害效益增加0.02亿元.混交林各项生态效益之和较纯林增加10.82亿元,经济效益之和较纯林增加1.72亿元.     

杭州城市森林水土保持功能及效益评价

本文阐述了杭州市"森林城市"在涵养水源、保土以及防淤功能方面的作用,并对其经济价值进行评价。结果表明:杭州城市森林生态系统每年蓄水15.39亿m3,蓄水经济效益为46.18万元;每年调节径流、滞洪蓄洪能力约为7.18亿m3,防洪经济效益达21.57亿元;每年有效减少土壤流失1 541万t,保持土壤效益约为5.50亿元;每年减少河流、湖泊淤积770.5万t,防淤价值为1.93亿元。     

浙江省遂昌县公益林生态效益评价初步研究

采用两阶抽样法,在生物量调查基础上,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,对遂昌县226个公益林小班进行了实物量与价值量评价。结果显示:遂昌县公益林2010年总生物量1 395.80×104t,生态效益总价值90.59亿元。生物量大小依次为针阔混交林杉木林阔叶林松木林毛竹林灌木林杂竹林,不同服务功能价值量排序为涵养水源生物多样性保护固碳释氧固土保肥森林旅游净化大气森林防护积累营养。研究表明,遂昌县公益林生态效益显著,间接价值远大于直接价值。研究认为生态系统各服务功能内在关系和量化指标选取对公益林生态效益评价有重要影响;加强公益林可持续管理,防止退化,是公益林生态效益下一步研究重点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.