硬质小麦籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传变异研究

为了更好地理解环境和基因型对小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的影响,为小麦品质改良提供科学依据,采用比色法测定了美国西部51个硬质小麦品种的阿拉伯木聚糖组分含量,这些小麦品种包括冬小麦和春小麦,分别被种植在3个不同的地点.结果表明,参试冬小麦品种水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异范围分别为0.39%～0.81%和3.09%～4.04%,春小麦品种这两种木聚糖含量范围分别为0.48%～0.92%和3.94%～4.70%.小麦籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异同时受品种、环境及其互作效应的显著影响,环境效应太于品种效应.小麦品种间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异主要表现在水溶性组分上.就不同组分而言,基因型对水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分的影响相对较大,环境则分别对冬小麦水不溶性、春小麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分有较大的影响.品种间和环境间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异,冬小麦大于春小麦;水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传型方差春小麦大于冬小麦.冬、春小麦的水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的广义遗传力均大于95%,通过遗传育种的方法改良小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量是可行的.冬小麦与春小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的平均值之间无明显差异.     

小麦膳食纤维含量研究及优异资源筛选

为了解小麦膳食纤维含量的变异特点及分布规律,选用不同种植区的79份和175份小麦品种(系)分别研究了小麦总膳食纤维含量和总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量及其关系。结果表明,79份参试材料膳食纤维含量的变异系数为10.2%,175份参试材料的总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异系数分别为12.06%、26.88%和14.62%;品种对4个目标指标均有极显著影响(P<0.01);麦区对总膳食纤维和水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响不显著,对总阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响显著(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量与总膳食纤维含量、总阿拉伯木聚糖含量分别呈显著、极显著正相关,与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量呈极显著负相关。筛选出9个高膳食纤维含量的小麦优质资源,推荐毕2008-1和丰德存1号(膳食纤维含量高于12.0%,面团稳定时间高于20 min)作为小麦品质育种的优良亲本材料。     

冬瓜种子千粒重主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对冬瓜组合B214(小籽粒)×B227(大籽粒)的6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2及F2)种子千粒重进行遗传分析.结果表明,冬瓜组合B214×B227种子千粒重性状为1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主要受主基因和多基因的加性效应控制,不存在杂种优势.主基因+多基因在B1、B2及F2群体的遗传率分别为68.82％、75.70％和76.29％.因此,可通过选择较高千粒重的材料为亲本,利用加性效应对冬瓜种子千粒重性状进行品种改良.     

玉米乳熟期茎秆木质素含量的遗传分析

以WBA31×K4138构建的DH群体及其亲本为试验材料,采用P1、P2与DH群体3世代主基因+多基因联合分离分析模型,对玉米乳熟期茎秆木质素含量进行遗传分析,探讨玉米茎秆木质素含量的遗传基础。结果表明,玉米茎秆木质素含量遗传符合3对加性-上位性主基因+多基因模型遗传,主基因遗传率为44.91%,多基因遗传率为43.94%,多基因效应比较明显,主基因总加性效应小于主基因间互作效应。因此,在育种时既要注重基因间的加性效应,又要考虑基因间的互作,同时要加强微效多基因的效应累加。     

玉米雄穗抽雄至散粉间隔时间主基因+多基因遗传模型及遗传效应

以短抽雄至散粉间隔时间玉米自交系WZ08X38和长抽雄至散粉间隔时间玉米自交系BS1074杂交获得的6个世代(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2)株系为材料,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传模型,对玉米抽雄至散粉间隔时间进行遗传分析。结果表明,春播和夏播玉米的抽雄至散粉间隔时间的最适遗传模型分别是E-0和E-3,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因和2对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因。春播结果中,2对主基因加性效应值均为-0.831,显性效应值分别是-0.679和-0.025,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别为40.955%、60.657%和52.325%,多基因遗传率分别为0.002%、14.298%和25.642%,环境方差占表型方差的比例分别为59.03%、25.03%和22.02%;夏播结果中,2对主基因加性效应值分别为0.180和-0.651,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别是27.295%、26.997%和39.052%,多基因遗传率分别为0.001%、0.001%和0.001%,环境方差占表型方差的比例分别为72.74%、72.95%和60.91%。     

玉米子粒油分含量的遗传模型分析

玉米子粒油分含量直接影响着深加工品质,研究子粒油分含量的遗传模型,可以为遗传育种中进一步提高玉米油分含量提供参考。以3个玉米组合济533/PH6WC、济533/H5818和2394/PH4CV的亲本构建各自的六世代群体(P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F_2),利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析玉米子粒油分含量的遗传特性。结果表明,3个组合油分含量均符合D-2模型(1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),主基因+多基因遗传率均以F_2代较高,表明玉米子粒油分特性在F_2世代选择时效率较高。     

大麦籽粒淀粉含量的主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

为了解大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律,以Noso Nijo×泰兴9425杂种F1花药培养的191个DH系及其亲本为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律。结果表明,2010和2012年大麦直链淀粉含量分别符合两对连锁抑制作用主基因模型(B-2-9)和两对连锁互补作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-7),支链淀粉含量分别符合两对抑制作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-1-9)和两对连锁显性-上位性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-4),支/直比均符合两对抑制作用主基因模型(B-1-9),总淀粉含量均符合三对等比例加性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(G-2)。     

苦瓜叶片叶绿素响应白粉病菌侵染的遗传分析

为了探索苦瓜苗期叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素响应白粉病菌侵染的遗传规律,以苦瓜高代自交系09-a与09-b为亲本构建的170个F₂个单株和140个F_2:3家系作为材料,利用植物数量遗传的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分别对2个地点的2个群体进行基于单个分离世代群体的遗传分析。结果表明,白粉病菌胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均会降低,感病品系降低幅度显著大于抗病品系,降解量与病情指数呈正相关,且降解量在2个群体中均呈正态分布。F₂和F_2:3群体中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的降解量均由一对加性主基因决定,2个群体控制叶绿素a降解量的1对主基因加性效应分别为0.3151、0.1670,控制叶绿素b降解量的1对主基因加性效应分别为0.1333、0.1670。总叶绿素降解量受2对加性–显性主基因控制,2对主基因在F₂群体中加性效应分别为0.2601、0.3184,显性效应为?0.3452、?0.2221,在F_2:3群体加性效应分别为0.1892、0.1624,显性效应分别为?0.0465、?0.0897,2对主基因的加性和显性效应共同发挥着重要作用。3个性状的加性效应均为正值,且控制总叶绿素降解量的2对主基因均以加性效应为主。F₂和F_2:3群体中叶绿素a降解量主基因遗传率为76.40%、62.68%。叶绿素b降解量主基因遗传率分别为72.99%、62.86%,控制叶绿素降解量的2对主基因遗传率为65.25%、95.36%,遗传率均大于60%,表明白粉菌胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素的降解主要受主基因的控制,但也受部分环境的影响。在苦瓜白粉病抗性育种实践中,可将叶绿素相关性状的降低量结合病情指数在早期世代进行选择。本研究为探索苦瓜白粉病抗病机理和抗病育种提供了理论依据。     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以低芥酸油菜品系APL01与高芥酸品种M083杂交所获得的6个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2）为材料，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对油菜主要脂肪酸进行遗传分析，结果表明：棕榈酸和廿碳烯酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制，棕榈酸的主基因以显性效应为主，加性效应较小，廿碳烯酸的主基因加性效应与显性效应并重。硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制，硬脂酸的主基因以加性效应为主，显性效应较小，主基因的遗传率为75.00%~92.45%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制油酸的2对主基因的加性效应值分别为14.38和9.92，显性效应值分别为-2.24和-0.44，上位性效应以加加上位为主，主基因的遗传率较大，为81.93%~92.68%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制亚油酸及亚麻酸的主基因加性效应均大于显性效应，上位性效应中以加加上位和显显上位为主。芥酸由2对加性-显性主基因控制，加性效应为-12.27和-8.83，显性效应值较小，分别为0.35和1.69，无上位性效应，也无多基因存在，主基因的遗传率较大，为92.54%~96.72%。     

甘蓝型油菜DH群体种子活力性状的遗传分析

高种子活力是决定后期植株优良形态建立和作物高产的基础。为明确甘蓝型油菜种子活力的遗传规律,本研究选用两个发芽势差异较大的甘蓝型油菜中双11号和R11配制杂交组合,构建了包含280个株系的甘蓝型油菜DH群体。利用建立的室内种子萌发检测系统,对4个种子活力评价指标,包含萌发曲线下面积（area underthe germination curve AUC)、平均发芽时间（mean germination time MGT)、发芽率达到50%所用的时间（time taken for 50% seeds to germinate, T50）、发芽率从16%至84%所用的时间（time between 16% and 84% germination, U8416）,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及偏度和峰度分析方法对种子活力评价指标进行遗传分析。结果表明,萌发曲线下面积受3对主基因+9对微效多基因控制,决定该性状的基因间存在着重叠作用,主基因的遗传率达74.88%,受环境影响较小;平均发芽时间和T50均受2对主基因+微效多基因控制,微效基因的数目分别为13和14对,主基因的遗传率分别为64.20%和64.53%,受环境影响偏大;U8416受4对主基因+8对微效多基因的控制,4对主基因的加性效应均表现为正效应,且决定该性状的基因间存在着互补作用,表明当这些基因同时存在时,基因的加性效应可以增强。主基因遗传率高达87.57%,表明主基因的遗传效应明显,受环境影响较小。研究表明,决定种子活力水平各萌发性状均是由主基因+多基因调控,并且各萌发性状的基因间均表现互作效应,为了使互作的基因间有更多的重组机会,在低世代的选择强度均不宜太大。     

Molecular properties of arabinoxylan fractions isolated from rye grain of different quality

Content, structure and molecular dimensions of arabinoxylan in rye grains influence dramatically the bakery process and the quality of products. Under this aspect, relationships between rye grain quality and properties of arabinoxylan fractions are very important. For detailed information about molecular characteristics, water extractable (WEAX) and water unextractable (WUAX) arabinoxylan fractions from three different varieties of rye during 3 seasons were investigated. Moreover, our research focused on establishing relations of grain quality, indicated by mass of 1000 kernels, to quantity and structure of arabinoxylans. These results help to predict water binding capacity of rye flour in relation to grain quality.     

小麦农艺性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为明确小麦重要农艺性状的遗传组成,并筛选适于QTL的性状,以西农817和中国春为亲本,构建F2、F3群体,采用P1、P2、F1、F2、F3五世代联合分析方法,研究了株高、有效分蘖、小穗数、穗粒数、穗长、穗下节间距、小穗着生密度等产量相关性状的遗传模型.结果表明,7个性状不仅受基因的控制,同时也受到不同程度的环境影响.其中,穗长、穗粒数符合多基因遗传模型,无主基因存在;株高、小穗数、小穗着生密度符合一对加显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型;穗下节间距符合一对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型;有效分蘖符合一对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型.     

粳稻叶片茸毛和谷壳稃毛的分布特征及毛数的遗传分析

在光学显微镜下观察了粳稻叶片茸毛在叶面上的分布特征和谷壳稃毛在谷壳上的分布特征。调查了粳稻3个杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、B1（F1/P1)、B2(F1/P2) 和F2共6个世代的叶片茸毛数和谷壳稃毛数,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型6个世代联合分析的方法,对这两个性状进行了遗传分析。结果发现,叶片茸毛有规律地分布在叶面的暗绿条带和淡绿条带的交界线上,形状是基部膨大,顶端细小;谷壳稃毛无规律地分布在整个谷壳上,长短不一。在泗稻10号A/武育粳3号R与武育粳3号A/泗稻10号R正反交组合中叶片茸毛数均受1对加性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制,在六盐189A/HR 122组合中叶片茸毛数受1对加性 显性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制; 在3个杂交组合中谷壳稃毛数均受1对加性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制;叶片茸毛数和谷壳稃毛数都以主基因遗传为主。     

Effect of enzymatic and technological treatments on solubilisation of arabinoxylans from brewer's spent grain

Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product, has hidden and underexploited nutritional potential. In order to valorize BSG, the effects of three commercial xylanases and a peptidase on water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) were studied. Comparing all treatments, higher addition of xylanase resulted in an increase in water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). In the most efficient treatment, xylanase alone was able to solubilise 23.7% of WUAX, while the peptidase showed no effect. However, when added together with xylanase, peptidase increased the solubilisation of WUAX up to 1.6 folds. A positive correlation between particle size reduction and solubilisation of WUAX was also proved through milling BSG. These results suggest that access to xylan backbone increases with proteolytic activities, proving a synergistic effect of these specific enzymes. Therefore, if properly treated before being added as ingredient, BSG could add health functionalities to foodstuff while reducing the environmental impact of brewing industries.     

Use of a global wheat core collection for association analysis of flour and dough quality traits

Flour and dough quality are very important breeding traits for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) the selection of which would benefit from linked molecular markers. Association analysis allows the identification of genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to target traits. The effectiveness of this approach depends on the availability of a densely genotyped population with large genetic variability for the traits of interest. Our objective was to identify chromosomal regions associated with flour and dough quality traits using a core collection built by maximizing the genetic diversity and phenotypic variability. We investigated the association of DArT, SSR and SNP markers with grain protein content, grain hardness, water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) viscosity, wholemeal flour color and dough rheology.Out of 803 markers tested, 130 markers spread over the genome were associated with at least one trait, varying from 20 associated with WEAX viscosity to 60 associated with dough quality. Most chromosome regions known to determine wheat quality from the study of several bi-parental recombinant inbred lines were confirmed here and some new regions were identified. Associations were found for each trait studied, demonstrating that the core collection is a useful tool for QTL association mapping of these and other traits of interest.     

Genetic Analysis of Stripe Disease Resistance in Rice Restorer Line C224 Using Major Gene plus Polygene Mixed Effect Model

The inheritance of stripe disease resistance in a rice restorer line C224 was analyzed using the mixed effect model of major gene plus polygene for quantitative traits.In addition,the resistance was investigated in seven crosses of C224 with maintainer lines.The results showed that the stripe resistance of C224 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance effects (E-1 model).These two genes had additive effects of-12.47% and-24.75%,respectively,showing negative dominance effects.There were significant epistasis and interaction effects between the two major genes.The heritability of the two major genes was 92.12%,while that of polygenes was 2.74%,indicating that the stripe resistance had dominant major gene effect.Of the seven crosses,five displayed high or medium resistance to the stripe disease.     

东乡野生稻育性恢复性的鉴定与遗传分析

以东乡野生稻水桃树、东塘上2个居群与不同细胞质来源的5个水稻不育系(B06S、珍汕97A、协青早A、中97A和粤泰A）配组,根据F1结实率的高低对东乡野生稻育性恢复性进行鉴定。建立了10个组合的P1、F1、P2、F2群体,利用混合模型理论的Akaike信息准则(AIC),在F2代中鉴定影响数量性状的主基因存在与否,主基因存在时通过分离分析估计主基因和微效基因的遗传效应以及所占总变异的分量。F1代的结实率变化范围为45.98%~76.57%,表明东乡野生稻具有一定的育性恢复性。F2代中该性状符合1对主基因+多基因的遗传模式,主基因遗传率为56.63%~88.29%,多基因遗传率为2.74%~30.97%,总基因型遗传率为63.17%~94.01%。中9A /东塘上居群杂交组合的F2代中,主基因是加性遗传,无显性效应,其他9个组合主基因是完全显性遗传。     

玉米品种先玉335的血缘系谱及主要农艺性状遗传分析

利用先玉335品种(PH6WC×PH4CV)P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F2共6个世代,运用主基因+多基因遗传模型和六世代联合分析方法,进行农艺性状株高、穗位高、穗重、穗粒重、穗轴重、穗长、穗行数、秃尖长、百粒重、出籽率的遗传分析。结果表明,株高、穗重、穗粒重、穗轴重、穗长、穗行数6个性状均为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显混合遗传模型;秃尖长、百粒重两个性状为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显、上混合遗传模型;穗位高为1对主基因加性+多基因加、显混合遗传模型;出籽率为多基因加、显、上遗传模型。株高、穗轴重、百粒重以主基因遗传为主、多基因遗传为辅。穗重、穗粒重、穗行数以主基因遗传为主;穗长主基因遗传、多基因遗传同等重要;秃尖长以多基因遗传为主,主基因遗传为辅;穗位高、出籽率多基因起决定作用。     

Identification and Genetic Analysis of Fertility Restoration Ability in Dongxiang Wild Rice(Oryza rufipogon)

Two populations of Dongxiang wild rice(Oryza rufipogon),Shuitaoshu and Dongtangshang,were crossed with five male sterile rice lines with different cytoplasmic backgrounds(B06S,Zhenshan 97A,Xieqingzao A,Zhong 9A,and Yuetai A),and the seed setting rate of the F1 was used to judge the fertility restoration ability in the Dongxiang wild rice.With P1.F1,P2,and F2 populations as materials,the Akaike's Information Criterion(AIC)was used to identify the major genes affecting quantitative traits,and when the major genes existed,the genetic effects of the major gene and the polygene and their genetic variance were estimated through segregation analysis.The seed setting rates of the F1 generation varied from 45.98%to 76.57%,suggesting that the Dongxiang wild rice had the fertility restoration ability.One major gone plus polygene mixed inheritance model was the most fitted genetic model for this trait in all the F2 populations.The heritability values of the major genes varied from 56.63%to 88.29%and those of the polygenes from 2.74%to 30.97%,and the total heritability values were from 63.1 7%to 94.01%.The major gone inheritance of the combination Zhong 9A/Dongtangshang was controlled by the additive effect without dominant effect,and the other nine combinations were by the completely dominant inheritance.