Feeding Habits of the Bush Squirrel Paraxerus Cepapi Cepapi (Rodentia : Sciuridae)

Information on feeding habits and ecology of the bush squirrel,Paraxerus cepapi cepapi. in the Transvaal was obtained both from analyses of 82 alimentary tracts and by direct observation of animals. Bush squirrels were found to be insectivorous as well as herbivorous, feeding on seeds, leaves, berries and flowers. They preferred ground cover which was not too dense and fed both on the ground and in trees depending on food availability.     

ARIMA模型在大熊猫取食行为研究中的应用

应用ARIMA模型（差分自回归移动平均模型）对圈养亚成体大熊猫24h的取食行为节律时间序列进行分析和预测。根据序列图判断时序数据的平稳性,结合自相关及偏自相关函数确定分析模型为ARIMA（p,d,q）（P,D,Q）~8模式。基于Expert Modeler模块和AIC信息评判原则筛选ARIMA模型的最佳阶数组合为ARIMA（0,0,1）（1,1,0）~8。模型参数估计均通过显著性检验,预测值的置信区间包括所有实际观测数值。预测值残差的自相关与偏自相关函数值均在置信区间内,残差为白噪声,模型的检验结果比较理想和有效。     

Notes on the diet of Pterogymnus laniarius (Cuvier) (Pisces: Sparidae)

Stomach contents of fish taken between Mossel Bay and Algoa Bay were analysed. Prey associated with both hard and soft substrates were present in the diet although the latter were more Important. The mouth structure Is shown to be well adapted to feeding over soft substrates.     

Observations on the Behaviour and Feeding Habits of the Springbok,Antidorcas Marsupialis

The stance and attitudes of the springbok are found to be similar to those of other gazelles. Gaits used are a rack-like walk (passgang), a trot and a gallop; display trot, the stott and the pronk are considered to be ritualised gaits of increasing intensity. Urination and defecation and comfort behaviour are described. Social behaviour is discussed and mixed herds, bachelor herds and solitary territorial males are shown to occur. Territorial marking is performed by taking up conspicuous positions, horn sweeping and ritualised defecation-urination. Mating behaviour resembles that of other gazelles and harem herds are common although some copulation was seen in larger groups. Agonistic behaviour involves little ritual display. Females and young form temporary herds; the young lie out and thereafter associate in “kindergarten” groups. Communication is by various calls and by visual signals of which the erection of the dorsal fan is the most striking. Morning and evening peaks of activity occur.

Previous studies of food eaten are reviewed and the results of rumen sample analysis presented. Karroid shrubs and the leaves of several bushes and trees were found to be the dominant food in June and July. Springbok drink but can survive in waterless areas. Open or semi-open habitats are preferred and the factors influencing the preference are discussed.     

Food Habits of Aubria Subsigillata in Gaboon (Anura: Ranidae)

In Gaboon, the frog Aubria subsigillata, at least at certain periods of the year, eats fishes of the genus Epiplatys. The fish are caught when they jump out of the water to escape their aquatic predators, or to look for different surroundings.     

大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔喂养方式及护理探讨

为探讨1只患先天性心脏病的大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔的饲喂方式及护理方法,在使其吸氧的同时采用奶瓶饲喂、奶瓶滴入饲喂和胃管插管饲喂3种饲喂方式,较好地解决了大熊猫唇腭裂幼仔在不同条件下的喂养及护理问题。     

Larval development of Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1914) (Pisces: Clupeidae) from southern Africa

The larval development ol the southern African endemic clupeid Gilchristella aestuaria is described and illustrated from specimens collected in the Swartvlei and Sundays estuarine systems of the Cape Province. Free embryos have no visible gut, unpigmented eyes and bodies, and are dependent on the yolk sac contents for nutrition. This stage lasts until about 4 mm body length (BL) when the eyes become pigmented and a gut becomes visible. Between 4 mm and 7 mm BL melanophores on the ventral aspect of the body form, and the dorsal and caudal lin anlagen develop. Between 7 mm and 8 mm BL the swimbladder lorms, flexion occurs and the anal fin anlage develops. By the 10 mm BL stage most of the skeletal elements have begun to differentiate, with the vertebral centra already showing signs of ossification. General ossification commences between 12 mm and 13 mm BL. All unpaired fins have the adult complement of rays by 15 mm BL. Scalation starts between 16 mm and 17 mm BL and is complete by 20 mm BL. Body depth increases gradually, from about 5% of BL in the early larval stages to >14% of BL in the juveniles. The pre-anal length decreases from about 87% of BL in the larvae to approximately 69% of BL in the juveniles. Head length increases from approximately 11% of BL in the larvae to 24-29% of BL in the juveniles. The larval snoui is initially 2% of BL, increasing to 7% of BL in the juvenile stages owing to the development of jaw elements.     

Feeding of the chewing louse Damalinia ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera:Trichodectidae) on sheep

The possibility that Damalinia ovis ingests intact epidermis could explain economically important irritation behaviour by infested sheep. To test this, feeding lice were observed on sheep by hand lens and macrophotography and on light and scanning electron microscope preparations. Aspects of feeding behaviour were described, particularly an epidermal ingestion posture. Louse ingesta were examined in paraffin and frozen sections. Lipid-covered stratum corneum squames were identified in crop, midgut, rectum and faeces. Nucleated keratinocytes from inner epidermal strata were not seen, neither were wool fibres. Vertical frozen sheep skin sections, with feeding lice cryofixed by liquid nitrogen, showed mandibles engaged in the outer stratum corneum of the epidermis. The epidermal origin of some ingesta was confirmed by confirming lice over sheep whose skin was stained with Oil Red O, whose colour was seen in crop, midgut, rectum and faeces of harvested lice. Lipase was found in louse midgut. It was concluded that sebaceous secretions may form an important component of the D. ovis diet. The relative contribution from loose scurf or from stratum corneum squames was not determined. Mechanical stimuli by feeding lice did not seem to be the source of host irritation. The role of sensitising agents in louse brei filtrates was investigated with inconclusive results. Intradermal injections of louse faeces did not elicit a demonstrable response.     

青贮皇竹草饲喂奶牛效果分析

本试验选取体重、胎次、泌乳阶段、产奶量基本相近的健康中国荷斯坦产奶牛26头,配对分成两组,即对照组和试验组,进行青贮皇竹草替代青贮玉米秸的饲喂试验。对照组按原日粮不变,试验组用5 kg青贮皇竹草替代10 kg青贮玉米秸。预试期7 d,正试期21 d。结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,日均产奶量相对提高0.73 kg,差异显著(P<0.05);乳蛋白相对提高0.05个百分点,乳脂率相对提高0.03个百分点,总固体物相对提高0.06个百分点,差异均不显著(P>0.05);从经济效益比较,试验组每头牛日均收益相对提高2.21元。     

Larval development of Spondyliosoma emarginatimi (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pisces: Sparidae) from southern Africa

The larval development of the southern African endemic sparid Spondyliosoma emarginatum is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Algoa Bay and the Swartkops, Sundays and Swartvlei estuaries of the Cape Province. S. emarginatum has demersal eggs. Preflexion larvae are moderately elongate (BD = 18–23% BL) with body depth increasing to 31 % BL in postflexion stages. The head is rounded and the snout blunt but becomes more elongate in postflexion stages. There are short spines on the preoperculum. Flexion occurs at about 6 mm BL and postflexion larvae are characterized by distinct medio-lateral pigmentation. Osteological development is described from a series of cleared and stained specimens. All fins have the adult complement of spines and rays by 12 mm BL. The larvae of S. emarginatum are compared with those of the European S. canthurus and other southern African sparids.     

黑龙江省东南部林区6种啮齿动物食性分析

为了准确掌握黑龙江省东南部地区对农林危害比较严重的啮齿动物的食性及食物量,以便更好地、有针对性地灭鼠,从而为林业部门预防鼠害提供科学依据,于2010年3月—2011年1月通过实地考察,对捕获的鼠进行解剖,并结合实验室喂养进行食物量测定。结果表明,种子和浆果是树栖型种类啮齿动物的主要食物,约占70%左右;而地栖型种类啮齿动物的食物存在明显的季节性和地域性差异。     

Contributions to the Biology of the Panga Pterogymnus Laniarus (Pisces : Sparidae): Age,Growth and Reproduction

All the fish used in this investigation were caught by commercial side trawlers along the eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Age and growth of P. laniarius was determined from otoliths collected monthly from April 1974 to September 1975. The validity of annuli was proved by monthly edge examination of the otoliths. There is no difference in growth between the sexes. The Von Bertalanffy equation L_t = 48,1 (l-e^{-0,10(e + 0.22)}) was found to describe the growth of the panga in length. Some fish become sexually mature at a total length of 26 cm. Fifty percent maturity is attained at a length of 28 cm, between the ages of 4 and 5 years. All fish are sexually mature at a total length of 32 cm, at an age of 6 years. The spawning season of the panga extends from mid-September to May.     

Note on artificial fertilization and early development of Synodontis nigromaculatus (Pisces: Mochokidae)

Eggs obtained from β wild gravid spotted squeaker (Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger, 1905) were (entitled and incubated in plastic containers. Eggs are non-sticky, negatively buoyant and hatcn afier 35 h at water temperatures between 24 and 27°C. Development up to 226 h is described.     

一例三胞胎大熊猫的喂养护理体会

对初生三胞胎大熊猫幼仔进行喂养护理,其中2只体质较虚弱,采用在育幼箱内双手覆盖幼仔人工增温、全身温水棉球按摩和诱导进食等措施,辅以人工近距离采集足量母兽初乳,巴氏消毒后分别饲喂3只幼仔。再根据幼仔个体情况决定由母兽喂养或者放置育幼箱进行人工喂养,最后轮换由母兽喂养。较好地平衡了3个幼仔的个体差异,使3个幼仔都顺利存活且生长发育良好,为大熊猫的喂养护理积累了经验。     

Early development and larval behaviour of a minnow,Barbus anoplus (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

The chubbyhead barb, Barbus anoplus, underwent a population explosion in the early phases of filling of Lake be Roux on the Orange River. This successful colonization was possibly related to the survival strategy of the young stages of this minnow. It is suggested that some of the development traits of B. anoplus enabled it to become the most widespread freshwater fish species south of the Limpopo River. The development and behaviour of embryos and larvae of B. anoplus are described and discussed with reference to their survival strategy and potential colonizing ability. Some of the protolarvae were pelagic and the relevance of this behaviour is noted.     

The Biology of Alestes Imberi Peters (Pisces:Characidae) in Lake McIlwaine,Rhodesia

The population of Alestes imberi in Lake Mcllwaine increased greatly in late 1974, but the species is of little economic importance in the lake. The breeding season is short and coincides with the main river floods. Females are larger than males and fecundity is extremely high. Like other ,4/M/W species it is a very versatile feeder, and utilizes mainly insect alates from April to November, and chironomid larvae and pupae from December to March. It is able to takeadvantage of periodic insect emergences and to utilize some plant material. Zooplankton and fish are not important food items. Condition factors appear to be related to spawning. Growth rates could only be assessed indirectly but appear to be more rapid in Lake Mcllwaine than in Lake Kariba.     

北美浣熊的饲养管理和繁殖

动物园饲养的浣熊科动物经常出现异常的繁殖行为:食仔和弃仔现象,而随后的人工哺育需要耗费大量时间和精力.2011年上海动物园新引进3对亚成体浣熊,在参考国内外文献资料中浣熊的野外繁殖习性的基础上,在圈养条件下探索降低异常繁殖行为的方法,于2012年首次使3对浣熊成功繁殖和育幼.本文就北美浣熊的野外习性、饲养管理、繁殖特性等,结合观察到的-窝幼仔的发育情况和行为表现做初步小结,以期为今后的繁殖工作打下基础,减少动物的异常繁殖行为.