去盲肠与正常黄羽肉鸡对大米粉氨基酸消化率的比较研究

试验旨在测定大米粉氨基酸消化率的同时,探讨去盲肠与正常黄羽肉鸡对大米粉氨基酸消化率的影响。结果表明:大米粉中氨基酸表观消化率去盲肠鸡普遍高于正常鸡,丙氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸差异显著(P<0.05);大米粉中氨基酸的真消化率亦普遍表现为去盲肠鸡高于正常鸡,丙氨酸差异显著(P<0.05),酪氨酸差异极显著(P<0.01)。大米粉的总氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率在两种试鸡间差异不显著(P>0.05)。去盲肠鸡的内源氨基酸排泄量大多数测值高于正常鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。本试验建议用正常鸡的测定值表示黄羽肉鸡对大米粉的氨基酸消化率。     

去盲肠鸡与正常鸡对大米粉氨基酸消化率的比较研究

选择18周龄黄羽肉鸡,去盲肠成年公鸡和正常成年公鸡各9只,探讨去盲肠与正常黄羽肉鸡对大米粉氨基酸消化率的影响。结果表明,大米粉中氨基酸表观消化率去盲肠鸡普遍高于正常鸡,丙氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸差异显著(P<0.05);大米粉中氨基酸的真消化率亦普遍表现为去盲肠鸡高于正常鸡,丙氨酸差异显著(P<0.05),酪氨酸差异极显著(P<0.01)。大米粉的总氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率在两种试鸡间差异不显著(P>0.05)。去盲肠鸡的内源氨基酸排泄量大多数测值高于正常鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。本试验建议用正常鸡的测定值表示黄羽肉鸡对大米粉的氨基酸消化率。     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定大豆粕,棉仁粕,菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕的氨基酸消化率。试验结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）；在大豆粕中，胱氨酸、苏氨酸等５种氨基酸的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）；在棉仁粕和菜籽粕中，除个别氨基酸外，大多数氨基酸及氨基酸总和的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５），可见，饲料种类、试鸡有无盲肠均影响饲料ＡＡＡ     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定大豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕的氨基酸消化率。试验结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在大豆粕中，胱氨酸、苏氨酸等５种氨基酸的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在棉仁粕和菜籽粕中，除个别氨基酸外，大多数氨基酸及氨基酸总和的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５），可见，饲料种类、试鸡有无盲肠均影响饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ。盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化，氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。因此用去盲肠公鸡测定的饲料ＡＡＤ值更接近氨基酸在消化道内消化吸收的真实情况。     

65%赖氨酸硫酸盐在肉鸡中消化率的测定

试验选用64羽平均体重为(3.73±0.10)kg健康爱拔益加成年肉公鸡,测定了赖氨酸硫酸盐和赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率。将试验鸡随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4羽。处理1为绝食组;处理2为酪蛋白组;处理3为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸硫酸盐组;处理4为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸盐酸盐组。分别采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定氨基酸的内源损失。结果表明:①利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的内源损失差异不显著(P>0.05);②赖氨酸硫酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率为87.75%,利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.34%和98.64%;③赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率为87.81%,利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.37%和98.67%。综上可得,采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的氨基酸内源损失无显著性差异;赖氨酸硫酸盐与赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率差异不显著。     

豌豆在肉鸡日粮中的应用效果研究

选取3 240只AA肉仔鸡随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复90只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在饲养的前、中、后期添加10%、20%、30%的豌豆来研究在肉鸡日粮中添加不同水平的豌豆对肉鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:在试验前期,不管日粮中添加10%、20%、30%的豌豆,均可极显著(P<0.01)降低肉鸡的日采食量,但从肉鸡全程的饲养数据看,即使前、中、后期日粮中的豌豆添加比例均达到30%,对肉鸡全程的生产性能(成活率、末重和肥育指数)和全净膛率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

高消化率高粱在猪和肉鸡上的营养价值评价

本研究共进行两个试验,通过与玉米进行比较,评价两种Purdue高消化率高粱(PHD1和PHD2)以及一种普通高粱在猪和肉鸡饲料中营养价值。试验1,采用12头安装了回肠T型瘘管的猪(平均体重55kg)用来测定营养物质和能量的表观回肠消化率或总肠道消化率。试验采用2阶段交叉设计(即每头猪在2周的试验阶段中分别饲喂2种日粮,每个重复包括6头猪)。试验中分别饲喂4种不同日粮,即玉米或试验高粱(PHD1,PHD2和普通)946g/kg。试验1结果表明,在不同日粮处理中,干物质、能量、P、Ca和N的回肠或总肠道消化率没有明显差异。试验2采用192只肉鸡,根据体重分成8组,每组4笼,每笼饲养6只鸡。4种日粮随机分配给每组的不同鸡笼。饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮(SBM)或高粱-SBM型日粮21d,测定表观总肠道存留率。然后,试验改变日粮,饲喂肉鸡玉米或高粱,含量为935g/kg的日粮,饲喂7d,测定表观回肠消化率和总肠道存留率。试验2结果表明,干物质、P以及能量的表观回肠消化率没有明显差异。在玉米日粮组中,干物质、能量和N的表观总肠道存留率比高粱组高(P<0.05)。虽然玉米的表观代谢能比PHD1和普通高粱高(P<0.01),但与PHD2的差异并不明显。肉鸡的表观总肠道存留率在玉米-SBM组和PHD-SBM组之间没有明显差异,但在玉米-SBM组的结果比普通高粱组高(P<0.05)。N在PHD1-SBM组中的表观总肠道存留率低于(P<0.05)其在玉米-SBM组,但高于(P<0.05)普通高粱-SBM组。表观代谢能在玉米-SBM组和PHD2-SBM组之间没有明显差异,但其在玉米-SBM组的结果高于PHD1-SBM和普通高粱-SBM组。增重、采食量和料肉比在玉米-SBM组或高粱-SBM组中都没有明显区别。因此,高粱可以替代玉米添加到猪和肉鸡谷物-SBM型日粮中。     

肉鸡盲肠球虫病的诊治

肉鸡盲肠球虫病是鸡球虫病的一种，常发生于雏鸡和青年鸡，发病急，死亡率高，病情不易控制，应引起重视。近期我市部分养鸡场相继发生此病，在对其进行防治，取得了明显效果。     

紫花豌豆热处理对育肥猪营养和能量消化率的影响

本研究是探讨紫花豌豆热处理对育肥猪粗蛋白质、氨基酸、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和能量消化率的影响。日粮包括6个处理组,其中5组为豌豆日粮:未热处理组、75℃膨化组、115℃膨化组、155℃膨化组以及75℃制粒组;另外一组是无氮日粮组。无氮日粮组用来评估内源蛋白和氨基酸损失。试验采用6×6拉丁方设计,选用6头育肥猪(初重:69.3±2.9kg),在每头猪回肠末端安装一T型瘘管用来收集回肠食糜。每个试验期9d,在试验第6和7d收集粪样,在试验第8和9d收集回肠食糜。计算蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和能量表观回肠消化率以及蛋白、氨基酸校正回肠消化率,同时也计算中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和能量的表观全消化道消化率。结果显示:随着膨化温度的增加,蛋白质和氨基酸(脯氨酸除外)的表观回肠消化率和校正回肠消化率都二次显著增加。与对照组相比,75℃制粒组有相似的蛋白质和氨基酸(精氨酸和脯氨酸除外)表观回肠消化率和校正回肠消化率,但表观回肠消化率低于75℃膨化组。随着膨化温度的增加,淀粉和能量的表观消化率线性显著增加。75℃制粒组和对照组有一致的淀粉和能量表观消化率。在各膨化组中,淀粉的表观全消化道消化率没有差异(98.6%～99.7%)。然而,随着膨化温度的增加,能量的表观全消化道消化率线性和二次显著增加;75℃制粒组能量的表观全消化道消化率高于对照组。结果表明,紫花豌豆膨化提高了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和能量的表观消化率和能量的表观全消化道消化率。制粒对养分的表观消化率没有影响,却增加了能量的全消化道消化率。     

添加乳酸菌对肉鸡日粮养分消化率的影响

为了探讨乳酸菌对日粮养分消化率的影响,本试验选用96只AA肉鸡随机分为四组。口腔灌服乳酸菌菌液0μL、100μL、200μL、400μL,饲养至20日龄和40日龄时分别用全收粪法测定日粮粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和灰分的消化率。结果表明,灌服不同剂量的乳酸菌菌液对20日龄和40日龄肉鸡日粮常规成分的消化率有明显的影响。     

谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能和盲肠沙门氏菌定植的影响

文章旨在研究谷氨酰胺对肉鸡生长性能和盲肠沙门氏菌水平的影响。试验1选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡234只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复26只鸡,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮,处理1组饲喂基础日粮(在3日龄感染3.6×10^6cfu沙门氏菌),处理2组饲喂基础日粮+10g/kg谷氨酰胺(在3日龄感染3.6×10^6cfu沙门氏菌)。试验2选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡312只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复26只鸡,对照组和处理1组同试验1,处理3组同试验1的处理2组,但肉鸡感染7.5×10^6cfu沙门氏菌试验2处理2组饲喂基础日粮+10g/kg谷氨酰胺(不感染沙门氏菌)。两个试验均开展14d。试验1:日粮添加谷氨酰胺对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。试验2:处理2组较其他组显著提高了1~7d肉鸡的体重和日增重(P<0.05)。肉鸡感染沙门氏菌4或10d后,日粮添加谷氨酰胺对盲肠沙门氏菌含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:日粮添加1%谷氨酰胺可以提高肉鸡生长性能,但并没有降低盲肠沙门氏菌水平,这说明日粮中添加1%谷氨酰胺不足以达到降低盲肠沙门氏菌的最佳水平。     

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysate of locust bean gum on digestibility,intestinal morphology and microflora of broilers

To investigate the effects of different levels of enzymatic hydrolysate of dietary locust bean gum on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and microflora of broilers, a total of 768 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 16 birds per replicate. The treatments were as follows: (1) CON, basal diet; (2) ANT, basal diet +62.5 mg/kg flavomycin; (3) LBG, basal diet +0.1% locust bean gum; (4) ELBG-0.1, basal diet +0.1% enzymatic hydrolysate of LBG; (5) ELBG-0.2, basal diet +0.2% enzymatic hydrolysate of LBG; and (6) ELBG-0.3, basal diet +0.3% enzymatic hydrolysate of LBG. The digestibilities of ether extract, crude protein and dry matter were increased (p < .01) in broilers fed the ELBG-0.3 diet compared with the CON and LBG diets on day 21. Duodenal villus height and the ratio of the villus height to crypt depth were greater (p < .01) in broilers fed the ELBG-0.3 diet than the CON, ANT and LBG diets. Jejunum villus height was higher (p < .05) in broilers fed the ELBG-0.2 and ELBG-0.3 diets than the CON diet. The number of caecal Escherichia coli was reduced (p = .01) in broilers fed the ELBG-0.2 and ELBG-0.3 diets compared with the CON diet. The number of caecal Lactobacilli was greater (p < .05) in broilers fed the ELBG-0.3 diet than the CON and ANT diets. In summary, the addition of 0.3% locust bean enzymatic hydrolysate can increase the surface area of intestinal villi and the number of beneficial bacteria, inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, maintain the balance of intestinal microflora and improve the digestibility of nutrients.     

Physiological stress in broilers: Ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses

Physiological stress is one of many concerns facing the modern broiler producer. Research has yet to reveal mechanisms that would allow the producer to efficiently minimize the detrimental impacts of physiological stress on broiler performance. One possible approach for improvement in this area is to elucidate the effects of different nutrient regimens on stressed broilers. Sufficient prior knowledge of the effects of stress on metabolism and nutrient digestibility, as well as effective stress induction models, is essential to any researcher interested in delineating the effects of nutrients on stressed broilers. This review examines the physiological mechanisms that activate and control stress, as well as the effects of stress on immunity, metabolism, and broiler performance. Validation procedures for stress induction models are also examined. Additionally, this review examines available research focused on amino acid digest-libility in the presence of stress, digestibility assays necessary for this research, and nutrients that have been shown to have the potential for stress reduction or amelioration.     

Effect of Phytase Supplementation in Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Performance in Broiler Chicks

A performance trial was conducted with broiler chicks to study the effect of phytase (PHY) supplementation in diets formulated with reduced AME, Ca, and P. The nutrient digestibility was determined during the 14- to 21-d and 28- to 35-d periods. The treatments consisted of 3 diets (NC1, NC2, NC3) differing in nutrient content and each diet with or without supplemental PHY (NC1, 0 or 500; NC2, 0 or 750; NC3, 0 or 1,000 U of PHY/kg feed) and 1 positive control diet (PC). Compared with the PC diet, negative control diets (NC) resulted in lower AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for some amino acids. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets increased AME, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, and apparent ileal crude protein digestibility. Phytase addition also increased mineral absorption in 21- and 35-d-old broilers fed NC diets. Reduced nutrient digestibility appears to be a factor in the weight gain and feed intake results. Reducing Ca and P content reduced feed intake in a stepwise fashion in the NC diets. Phytase increased feed intake and generally improved nutrient digestibility, which resulted in an increase in digestible nutrient intake. Averaged across NC diets, PHY improved body weight. Bone-breaking strength was the most consistent predictor of Ca and P reduction. All NC diets had significantly lower bone-breaking strength than the PC. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets gave bone-breaking strengths that were comparable to the PC. Diets with PHY had the highest bioeconomic index.     

高剂量植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能和消化率的影响

文章旨在研究植酸酶对1~42日龄肉鸡生长发育的影响。采用完全随机试验设计,试验共分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复24只鸡,各组分别为阳性对照组、负对照、负对照日粮+1000、2000和3000IU/kg植酸酶,试验结束后测定各组对骨功能、骨质量和血液矿物质的影响。随着日粮植酸酶添加水平的升高,显著改善了1~21d肉鸡日增重、采食量和料比(P<0.05),而1~42d肉鸡生长性能表现为显著二次曲线效应(P<0.05),其中负对照组肉鸡日增重和采食量最低(P<0.05),料比最高(P<0.05)。对照组较负对照组显著提高了42d肉鸡胫骨干物质含量(P<0.05)。随着植酸酶添加水平的升高,21d肉鸡血钙浓度表现为显著线性降低(P<0.05),而血磷浓度先升高后降低,负对照日粮+1000IU/kg植酸酶组最高(P<0.05)。42d肉鸡血磷浓度随日粮植酸酶水平的升高表现为二次曲线效应。对照组和负对照组较处理组显著提高了42d肉鸡血钙浓度(P<0.05)。与对照和负对照组相比,负对照添加植酸酶组显著降低了矿物质回肠表观消化系数(P<0.05),而负对照组+3000IU/kg植酸酶较对照组显著降低了能量回肠表观消化系数(P<0.05)。植酸酶在回归分析的基础上提高了肉鸡生长性能,添加高剂量植酸酶3000IU/kg显著提高21d肉鸡日增重。试验为期42d,日粮添加2000IU/kg植酸酶对肉鸡的增重和饲料转化率效果较好。     

复合酸化剂的日粮酸化作用及对营养物质表观消化率的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡450只,随机分成6组(对照组和5个试验组),研究不同添加水平复合酸化剂的日粮酸化作用及对营养物质消化率的影响,5个试验组日粮中的酸化剂添加量分0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%和0.3%。结果表明:添加复合酸化剂复合酸化剂显著降低了日粮的pH及系酸力,显著提高了各阶段日粮蛋白、能量、干物质、钙和磷的表观消化率,且以添加0.15%的作用效果最好。     

枯草芽胞杆菌B7对肉鸡生长性能和蛋白消化率的影响

为了探讨肉鸡日粮中添加枯草芽胞杆菌B7对其生长性能、饲料蛋白消化率的影响,选取7日龄健康肉鸡180只,随机分成3个处理组。每个组设4个重复,分别为对照组（CK组）、枯草芽胞杆菌1组（Y1组）和枯草芽胞杆菌2组（Y2组）,试验期为42d。研究各试验组日耗料、日增重、料肉比、胃蛋白消化率、回肠蛋白消化率。结果表明,与CK组相比,Y2组肉鸡日耗料提高了5．81％,日增重提高了7．29％,料肉比降低了2．43％,且三者差异均显著（P〈0．05）;此外,在14日龄时,Y2组的饲料胃蛋白消化率和肠蛋白消化率分别提高了28．07％和21．29％,且两者差异显著（P〈0．05）。肉鸡日粮中添加适量的枯草芽胞杆菌能显著提高其生长性能和饲料利用率。     

枯草芽胞杆菌B7对肉鸡生长性能和蛋白消化率的影响

为了探讨肉鸡日粮中添加枯草芽胞杆菌B7对其生长性能、饲料蛋白消化率的影响,选取7日龄健康肉鸡180只,随机分成3个处理组,每个组设4个重复,分别为对照组(CK组)、枯草芽胞杆菌1组(Y1组)和枯草芽胞杆菌2组(Y2组),试验期为42d。研究各试验组日耗料、日增重、料肉比、胃蛋白消化率、回肠蛋白消化率。结果表明,与CK组相比,Y2组肉鸡日耗料提高了5.81%,日增重提高了7.29%,料肉比降低了2.43%,且三者差异均显著(P<0.05);此外,在14日龄时,Y2组的饲料胃蛋白消化率和肠蛋白消化率分别提高了28.07%和21.29%,且两者差异显著(P<0.05)。肉鸡日粮中添加适量的枯草芽胞杆菌能显著提高其生长性能和饲料利用率。     

Effect of inert fillers with changing energy-protein ratio on growth performance and energy digestibility in broilers

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using sand or diatomaceous earth (DIAE) as an inert filler while changing the energy-to-protein ratio in broilers, and therefore to evaluate if doing either will confound the results in energy enzyme efficacy studies by reducing the difference observed between the standard and low energy control diets. The dietary treatments consisted of one control treatment (3,050 ME kcal/kg, 220 CP g/kg) and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with 2 energy-to-protein levels (2,850 ME kcal/kg, 205 CP g/kg or 2,850 ME kcal/kg, 220 CP g/kg) and 2 inert fillers (sand or DIAE), each with 9 replicates. Each replicate pen included 5 straight-run broilers fed for a period of 21 d with weekly pen BW and feed intake measured. Ileal contents were collected on d 21 for ileal digestible energy (IDE), with 0.2% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. According to the main effect for inert filler, BW was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in treatments with reduced energy on d 21. Compared with the control group, no differences were observed among the reduced energy treatments for FCR and productivity index. Both IDE and ileal energy digestibility coefficient (IEDC) were decreased in the treatments formulated with reduced energy. Among reduced energy treatments, diets containing sand had significantly higher IDE and IEDC than the ones with DIAE. This study confirms that reduced dietary energy negatively influences broiler performance. Adding sand as the inert filler had an independently beneficial effect, and therefore DIAE may be a more appropriate source of inert filler to replace fat in a diet with a disrupted energy-to-protein ratio, which is the typical methodology in energy enzyme efficacy studies.