不同施氮量对皂荚幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以长势一致的2年生皂荚嫁接苗为试验材料,研究不同施氮量对2年生皂荚幼苗生长、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以期找出适合2年生皂荚嫁接苗快速生长的最适施氮量。结果表明：(1)施氮肥显著提高了皂荚树幼苗株高、地径、刺长及刺茎的净增长量,并且均在N3(纯氮90 g/株)处理下达到最大值,试验结束后,与CK相比,株高和地径增长量分别提高了59.71%和50.10%;(2)N3处理下可以较大幅度的促进皂荚叶片叶绿素的合成,增大叶片净光合速率和气孔导度等,进而提高皂荚幼苗的光合能力。(3)随着施肥量的增加,皂荚叶片最大荧光(F_m)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)随施氮肥量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而初始荧光(F_o)与二者变化趋势相反,并且均在N3处理下达到极值。(4)在PSⅡ反应中心活性方面,合理施氮肥可以使得单位反映中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、捕获的光能(TRo/RC)和用于传递电子的能量(ETo/RC)上升,降低用于热耗散的能量(DIo/RC)。综合各参数来看,适宜2年生皂荚嫁接苗生长的最适施氮...     

不同基质配比对温室番茄幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以番茄品种"福美十号"为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长与叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:采用A3[V(草炭)∶V(玉米秸秆)∶V(牛粪)∶V(食用菌下脚料)∶V(蛭石)=1∶2∶0.5∶0.5∶1]的基质配比,幼苗在出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶片数和根冠比等性状上表现最优,分别为98.25%、44.60 cm、0.50 cm、9.12片与7.95;叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSIⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值在幼苗生长前期、中期和末期也均为最高,Fv/Fm值分别为0.82、0.74和0.79,Fv/Fo值分别为3.92、2.97和3.23;其叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量最低为6.02μmol/g,其根系活力最强、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与可溶性蛋白含量等指标最高,分别为158.26μg/(g·h)、386.23 U/g、6.26 U/(g·min)和0.203 mg/g,显著高于其他处理。说明采用处理A3的基质配比更适宜于番茄幼苗的生长。     

施氮水平对2年生嘎拉/M9T337苹果苗木生长的影响

以2年生矮化自根砧M9T337嘎拉苹果苗木为试材，研究了施氮量对其生长指标、生物量、叶片质量、光合特性和根系的影响。结果表明：每667 m²施氮量为0.4 kg时，嘎拉/M9T337苗木株高、叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)均高于其他氮肥处理，其中，叶绿素含量高达1.52 mg/g；每667 m²施氮量为0.8 kg时，苗木分枝粗度、叶面积和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、净光合速率(Pn)均高于其他氮肥处理，而MDA含量低于其他处理，其中叶面积高达7 427.11 mm²；每667 m²施氮量为1.0 kg时，苗木鲜重、地上部干重、根表面积、总根长、总根尖数、叶片可溶性糖含量均达到最大，其中地上部鲜重达617.44 g，地上部干重达330.78 g；不同处理间苗木茎粗、有效分枝数、分枝长度和分枝开张角度差异不大。根据隶属函数综合得分，每667 m²施氮量为0.8 kg时，2年生嘎拉/M9T337苹果苗木质量最...     

根域蓄水调控对苹果叶片光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以14年生盛果期红富士/平邑甜茶(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’/M.hupehensis Rehd.)为试材,研究"埋砖蓄水"根域调控处理对根域土壤环境和苹果树叶片生长、光合性能特性、抗氧化酶活力等的影响,为进一步优化有限灌溉条件下的果树栽培管理技术提供理论依据。试验结果表明:根域蓄水调控能显著提高不同深度土层含水量,增加苹果植株叶片含水量及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn);使叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和性能指数(PIABS)提高,Tfm值降低,即提高了光能转化为化学能的转化速率;叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量均显著低于对照。根域蓄水调控改善了根际土壤水分环境,提高了植株光合碳同化速率和电子传递速率,显著减少活性氧的产生,延缓叶片衰老,延长了叶片功能期。     

不同施氮水平对‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片氮素化合物及关键酶活性的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为供试材料,于开花前、果实膨大期分2个时期对‘赤霞珠’植株分别进行10、20、30、40g/株施氮处理,以不施肥为对照,研究不同氮素水平对葡萄叶片氮素化合物含量及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,4种施氮处理均使葡萄叶片硝态氮、氨态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量增加,同时硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性也升高,依次为40g/株30g/株20g/株10g/株,且40g/株处理显著高于对照及其它处理。     

施氮量对荒漠区‘蛇龙珠’葡萄叶片质量的影响

【目的】探讨干旱荒漠区滴灌条件下尿素施入量对葡萄叶片氮素代谢和果实发育的影响,为合理施用氮肥和提高氮素利用率提供科学依据。【方法】本试验以10 a(年)生‘蛇龙珠’(Vitis vinifera L.cv. Cabernet Gernischet)为材料,分别施入尿素0 kg·hm~(-2)(CK)、150 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N2)、450 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)和600 kg·hm~(-2)(N4),测定了不同发育时期叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积、净光合速率(Pn)、全氮与可溶性蛋白含量、氮代谢关键酶活性与相关基因表达水平、以及果实品质相关指标。【结果】施氮处理显著提高了叶片净光合速率,N2处理较对照促进叶面积增加,同时显著提高了花前5 d、花后50 d和80 d叶片全氮含量。在0～300 kg的施氮范围内,叶片的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性随着施氮量的增加而升高,N2处理能够显著提高叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,N2和N3处理能显著提高整个生育期叶片谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性。花前5 d、花后20 d和80 d,N2处理VvNR1表达水平显著高于对照和其他施氮处理。花前5 d,N1和N2处理VvGS1明显上调表达,分别较对照上调142.33%和283.47%。施氮后VvGDH1在整个生育期均上调表达。N2处理果实可溶性糖、糖酸比、单宁、花青素均达到最大值,可滴定酸含量最小,产量居于中等水平。【结论】不同施氮量影响叶片VvNR1、VvGS1、VvGOGAT1和VvGDH1基因的表达,从而改善叶片氮代谢水平,N2处理有利于葡萄生育后期叶片中氮素的积累,同时促进叶片生长和净光合速率的增加,提高了果实品质。     

氮肥施入量对油松幼苗生的影响

为探索氮肥施用量对油松移植幼苗生长的影响，以不施氮肥为对照，设置5个氮肥用量，分别为4g/株(N₁)、6g/株(N₃)、8g/株(N₃)、10g/株(N₄)、12g/株(N₄)。研究了油松幼苗生长特性、根系形态、生物量和氮代谢关键酶的变化特征。结果表明，施氮肥显著增加了油松幼苗株高、地径、冠幅、根长、表面积、体积、根尖数和生物积累量及提高了油松幼苗NR、GS、GOGAT活性，且随着氮肥用量的增加呈先升高、后降低的趋势。在施氮量为8g/株时，油松的根系形态和氮代谢关键酶最高，地上部形态较佳，是较为合适的施氮量。     

5个越橘品种光合作用特性比较研究

以5个越橘品种为试材,对叶片的叶绿素含量、光合作用参数及叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,并进行相关性和差异显著性分析。结果显示,不同越橘品种叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均存在一定差异,其中‘布里吉塔’和‘密斯梯’的净光合速率(Pn)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)和实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)明显高于其他品种。相关性分析表明,叶绿素a/b值与净光合速率(Pn)呈极显著正相关,叶绿素b含量和叶绿素(a+b)含量均与最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)值呈显著正相关,叶绿素a/b值与实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)呈极显著正相关,净光合速率(Pn)和有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)均与实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)呈显著正相关。     

不同pH的ALA处理对葡萄叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以日光温室栽培的"克瑞森"无核葡萄为试材,在其果实膨大期(6月18日)、转色期前(7月2日)、转色期(7月12日)对叶片进行清水和不同pH(5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0)的ALA喷施处理,研究不同pH的ALA处理对葡萄叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:不同pH的ALA处理均会不同程度地提高光合参数包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和荧光参数包括最大荧光(Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))、光化学猝灭系数(qP),非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),降低最小荧光(Fo),其中以pH 5.5的ALA处理作用效果最为显著。     

低温胁迫对凹叶厚朴光合特性和相关生理指标的影响

以2年生凹叶厚朴幼苗为试材,研究了在不同低温胁迫(-5、0、5、10、15℃,以25℃为对照)下凹叶厚朴生理指标和光合特性的变化。结果表明:随着胁迫温度降低,凹叶厚朴幼苗叶绿素含量下降,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)逐步降低,光合PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、光合量子产额(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)总体呈现递减趋势,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞质膜透性、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)呈上升趋势,质膜在-5℃时受损最严重,大量离子外渗。低温使叶绿素显著降低,PSⅡ反应中心受损,对凹叶厚朴幼苗产生显著光抑制,导致光合作用能力降低。     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

Ozone forming potential of tropical plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted by many plants. In this study, sixty common plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India were examined for VOC (isoprene and monoterpene) emissions. Plant species VOC emission rates ranged from undetectable to 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Dalbergia sissoo exhibited a maximum VOC emission rate of 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) of the sixty plant species were also estimated using the method of Benjamin and Winer (1998). Maximum ozone forming potential of 77 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1 was observed in the case of Mangifera indica. Out of 60 species, 26 species (43.3%) had low OFP (less than 1 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1), 18 species (30%) had medium OFP (less than 1–10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1) and 16 species (26.7%) had high OFP (more than 10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1).     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

京白梨等品种S 基因型鉴定及新基因S28 和S30 的核苷酸序列分析

 根据梨S基因高度保守区C1和C3区, 设计1对引物P1和P2, 对梨品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、测序, 并在GenBank中BLAST比较, 确定S 基因特异性片段, 对京白梨等6个供试自交不亲和品种的S基因型比对结果为: 白梨中的‘库尔勒香梨’为S₂₁ S₂₈ , ‘苹果梨’为S₁₇S₁₉ ; 砂梨中的‘台湾蜜梨’为S₁₁ S₂₂ ; 西洋梨中的‘葫芦梨’为S_a S_b; 秋子梨中的‘京白’为S₁₆ S₃₀ , ‘早梨18’为S₄ S₂₈。其中S₂₈和S₃₀为首次登录的新S 基因, 在GenBank的登录号分别为AY562394 (库尔勒香梨) 和AY876945 (京白) 。     

Analyses of pollen-tube growth and biological action of S-RNase in the style of self-compatible Japanese pear

The Japanese pear ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄^SM) (SM = stylar-part mutant) is a self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄). The S₄-allele of the pear is deleted and it shows unilateral incompatibility to cultivar with an S₂S₄ genotype. However, when pollen-tube growth was compared between cross-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Okusankichi’ (S₅S₇)], unilateral-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Kikusui’ (S₂S₄)], self-compatible (‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), and unilateral-incompatible pollination (‘Kikusui’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), pollen-tube growth clearly showed the following order: cross-compatible > unilateral-compatible > self-compatible > unilateral-incompatible. This indicates that the ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ style produces specific inhibitor(s) not only to S₂- and S₄-pollen but also “self-pollen”, because the phenotype of S₄^SM-pollen is the same as S₄-pollen. Stylar protein analysis demonstrated that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ produces S₂-RNase (RNase associated with S₂-allele) together with a small amount of S₄-RNase. The purified S₄-RNase possessed almost the same inhibitory action on the growth of S₄-pollen-tubes in vitro at 1 μg μl⁻¹ as that from original ‘Nijisseiki’. These results suggest that the depressed growth of unilateral-compatible and self-pollen-tubes in ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ is due to this biologically active S₄-RNase. Growth of self-pollen-tubes may also be depressed by inhibitor(s) specific to “self-pollen” unrelated to S-alleles.     

化学药剂对香椿休眠解除的影响及其机理

 采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计, 探索6-BA、GA₃ 、(NH₂) ₂CS、ZnSO₄ 、KNO₃ 对香椿休眠解除的影响, 5 种化学药剂解除休眠的作用依次为ZnSO4 > (NH₂) ₂CS > GA₃ > 6-BA > KNO₃ 。打破香椿休眠的最佳药剂组合是: 6-BA 20 mg/L + GA₃ 180 mg/L + (NH₂) ₂CS 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % + KNO₃ 2 %。用上述药剂处理可以使香椿提早23 d 萌芽。     

Analysis of the effect of EC and potential transpiration on vegetative growth of tomato

This paper analyses the response of vegetative growth of greenhouse tomato to both root-zone salinity and shoot-environment (potential transpiration), with the purpose of explaining the observed lack of effect on dry matter yield. A reference salinity (EC) of 2 dS m⁻¹ was compared in three experiments with, respectively, 6.5, 8 and 9.5 dS m⁻¹. Another experiment investigated specific effects of sodium chloride, by comparing two high-EC treatments (both 9 dS m⁻¹), one with a high concentration of nutrients and one with addition of sodium chloride to a normal nutrient solution. The shoot-environment was either a “normal” climate regime or the same regime but with depressed potential transpiration, mainly by adaptation of the humidity set point. There was no detectable effect of the potential transpiration treatment, neither of the sodium chloride. Salinity effects on vegetative growth only showed up at EC exceeding 6.5 dS m⁻¹. The most evident EC effect was a reduction of leaf expansion; individual leaf area was reduced by 8% per dS m⁻¹ exceeding 6.5. This was partly compensated by a slight increase (2% per unit EC) in the number of leaves, which explains why cumulative plant leaf area decreased by about 7% per unit EC in excess of 6.5 dS m⁻¹. Therefore, leaf area index (LAI) at the highest EC was reduced by some 20% compared to the LAI at an EC of 2 dS m⁻¹. It is estimated that this would cause a reduction of less than 8% in light interception, and thus in dry matter produced. Indeed, differences observed in dry weight between the EC treatments were never significant.     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.     

5种国兰( Cymbidium ) 的光合特性

 通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光分析等方法研究了5种国兰(Cymbidium ) 的光合特性。其光饱和点、光补偿点、CO₂ 补偿点和CO₂ 饱和点表明它们具有C3 植物特征; 光合速率在3.0 ～5.9 μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 在低于2 000 μmol·mol^{- 1} CO₂ 浓度下, 光合速率受CO₂ 浓度影响较大; 5种国兰的光合能力、表观量子效率、羧化效率等都有所差异; 光饱和点在350～650μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 属于喜阴植物,其中春兰、建兰耐阴性相对较低, 墨兰、春剑耐阴性相对较高, 蕙兰居中。从暗处暴露到强光下, 5种国兰的光化学反应启动差异较大, 启动后的光化学效率差异也较大, 这可能与国兰不同种起源地的生态环境,适应性及进化有关。