柑橘黑点病药剂防治试验

田间试验结果表明,2种80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液对柑橘黑点病的防治效果均在94%以上,防治效果高于58.3%可杀得可湿性粉剂1 000倍液和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液。根据调查结果,分析了柑橘黑点病的发生特点,提出防治柑橘黑点病的药剂应选择持效期长的保护性杀菌剂,如80%大生M-45可湿性粉剂、80%必得利可湿性粉剂等。     

不同药剂组合对柑桔黑点病的防治效果

近几年来,柑桔外观品质越来越得到消费者和果农的重视,柑桔黑点病是柑桔上发生最为严重的病害之一,严重影响果实外观品质,给果农造成严重的经济损失。为此,笔者在2014年对该病进行了多种杀菌剂的田间药效筛选试验,最终得出用80%大生M-45(代森锰锌)+绿颖对柑桔黑点病相对防效较高。     

几种杀菌剂对新余蜜桔黑点病的防治效果研究

选用4种药剂7个处理对新余蜜桔黑点病进行防治效果比较试验。结果表明,大生M-45+咪鲜胺、大生M-45+腈菌唑、大生M-45、大生M-45+烯唑醇4种处理对新余蜜桔黑点病均有良好的防治作用,防治效果均在70%以上,其中以大生M-45+咪鲜胺防治效果最好,达76.7%。     

梨树几种杀菌剂的防病试验

以40 %福星乳油等8种杀菌剂为试验药剂,在48年生的酥梨园进行黑星病、黑斑病、轮纹病的防治试验。结果以大生M-45、品润、代森锰锌对三种病害的防治效果好,又很少造成果面污染,为首选药剂。     

几种农药对金柑黑点型柑橘树脂病的田间药效评价

柑橘黑点型树脂病危害柑橘,造成果面、叶面黑点,严重影响了柑橘的商品性,导致果农丰产不丰收。为筛选出较好的药剂,测定了80%代森锰锌WP、25%吡唑醚菌酯EC、60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联WP、25%咪鲜胺EC、250 g/L嘧菌酯SC、10%苯醚甲环唑WDG、30%苯醚甲环唑SC、50%克菌丹WP、70%甲基托布津WP、80%代森锰锌WP、丙硫唑SC共10种农药对柑橘黑点型树脂病的田间防治效果。结果表明:25%吡唑醚菌酯防效达90.96%;10%苯醚甲环唑、60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联防效分别为82.45%和81.15%;克菌丹、代森锰锌、咪鲜胺及30%苯醚甲环唑的药剂防效分别为78.31%、76.09%、73.82%、71.01%;甲基硫菌灵、嘧菌酯和丙硫唑的药剂防效分别为67.54%、67.06%、59.97%。     

浙江临海桔区柑桔黑点病防治研究

为明确浙江临海桔区柑桔黑点病的防治适期和有效药剂,2016年选择80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂、77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂、80%克菌丹水分散粒剂、1∶2∶150石灰倍量式波尔多液(自制)和30%百菌清悬浮剂(自制),于宫川温州蜜柑谢花2/3(4月30日)至果实转色后期(10月27日)进行了田间防治试验,并记录此期的气温和降水情况。结果表明,5—10月的气温和降水条件总体上利于柑桔黑点病发生,但侵染(防治)关键期是谢花至7月底以前;供试药剂中1∶2∶150石灰倍量式波尔多液和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液是防治柑桔黑点病的有效药剂,可在生产中推广应用。     

烯肟·丙森锌等杀菌剂对柑橘黑点病的防治效果比较

为筛选防治柑橘黑点病的有效药剂,选用60%烯肟·丙森锌水分散粒剂、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂、60%唑醚·锰锌水分散粒剂、78%波尔·锰锌可湿性粉剂4种复配药剂与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂进行防效比较,同时分别用500 g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂1 500倍液和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂3 000倍液与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液混用,探索其增效作用。结果表明:80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液对柑橘黑点病的防效好、成本低,仍是防治柑橘黑点病的有效药剂;60%唑醚·锰锌水分散粒剂500倍液同样有较好的防效,但药液成本较80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液增加220元/t。78%波尔·锰锌可湿性粉剂300、500倍液对柑橘黑点病的防效均较低,果实表面黑点多、粗糙,甚至出现果皮较大面积木栓化,不适宜用作柑橘黑点病的防治药剂。80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液中加入500 g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂1 500倍液有极显著的增效作用,但药液成本增加267元/t。80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液中加入325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂3 000倍液增效作用不明显,但使用过的柑橘树果面色泽鲜艳,外观更好。     

枣缩果病高效杀菌剂筛选研究

为有效控制枣缩果病的危害和发展,选用药剂新高脂膜、50%多菌灵S-WP、80%大生M-45代森锰锌SWP、特谱唑12.5%可湿性粉剂、72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂、40%氧化乐果乳油、高效氯氰菊酯,组合成6种药剂配方进行了田间药剂试验。结果表明:在衡水市不同的枣园单独施用新高脂膜、50%多菌灵S-WP和80%大生M-45代森锰锌S-WP中的一种药剂或者综合施用3种药剂,平均每年的病果率可降低20%左右,防效在33%以上。     

30%复方百菌清浓悬浮剂对柑橘黑点病的田间药效试验

正柑橘黑点病是柑橘生产上重要的病害之一,严重影响果实的外观品质,造成巨大的经济损失,近几年已成为柑橘重点防治的病害之一。目前浙江柑橘产区防治柑橘黑点病主要使用代森锰锌类杀菌剂,在发病严重的地区,一年使用代森锰锌6～8次。为减少用药次数,增加药剂附着力,本试验采用一种新的复配药剂30%复方百菌清浓悬浮剂,它是以百菌清为主要活性成     

30%龙灯福连悬浮剂在黄冠、绿宝石梨上应用试验

30%龙灯福连悬浮剂在黄冠、绿宝石梨上应用试验结果表明:喷施30%龙灯福连对绿宝石梨黑点病的防治效果为98.23%,对照药剂的防治效果为94.93%。喷施龙灯福连对黄冠梨黑点病的防治效果为97.46%,对照药剂的防治效果为96.09%。     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

Ozone forming potential of tropical plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted by many plants. In this study, sixty common plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India were examined for VOC (isoprene and monoterpene) emissions. Plant species VOC emission rates ranged from undetectable to 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Dalbergia sissoo exhibited a maximum VOC emission rate of 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) of the sixty plant species were also estimated using the method of Benjamin and Winer (1998). Maximum ozone forming potential of 77 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1 was observed in the case of Mangifera indica. Out of 60 species, 26 species (43.3%) had low OFP (less than 1 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1), 18 species (30%) had medium OFP (less than 1–10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1) and 16 species (26.7%) had high OFP (more than 10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1).     

化学药剂对香椿休眠解除的影响及其机理

 采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计, 探索6-BA、GA₃ 、(NH₂) ₂CS、ZnSO₄ 、KNO₃ 对香椿休眠解除的影响, 5 种化学药剂解除休眠的作用依次为ZnSO4 > (NH₂) ₂CS > GA₃ > 6-BA > KNO₃ 。打破香椿休眠的最佳药剂组合是: 6-BA 20 mg/L + GA₃ 180 mg/L + (NH₂) ₂CS 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % + KNO₃ 2 %。用上述药剂处理可以使香椿提早23 d 萌芽。     

京白梨等品种S 基因型鉴定及新基因S28 和S30 的核苷酸序列分析

 根据梨S基因高度保守区C1和C3区, 设计1对引物P1和P2, 对梨品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、测序, 并在GenBank中BLAST比较, 确定S 基因特异性片段, 对京白梨等6个供试自交不亲和品种的S基因型比对结果为: 白梨中的‘库尔勒香梨’为S₂₁ S₂₈ , ‘苹果梨’为S₁₇S₁₉ ; 砂梨中的‘台湾蜜梨’为S₁₁ S₂₂ ; 西洋梨中的‘葫芦梨’为S_a S_b; 秋子梨中的‘京白’为S₁₆ S₃₀ , ‘早梨18’为S₄ S₂₈。其中S₂₈和S₃₀为首次登录的新S 基因, 在GenBank的登录号分别为AY562394 (库尔勒香梨) 和AY876945 (京白) 。     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。     

The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit

Soil solarization, used to control weeds and soil-borne pathogens in hot climates, has not yet been widely adapted as a commercial practice because of its lack of efficacy. Experiments were carried out in southern Italy over two growing seasons to study the effect of three levels (0, 0.35 and 0.7 kg m⁻²) of organic supplementation of the soil prior to solarization on soil mineral availability and fruit quality attributes. Soil temperature and chemical properties were monitored, together with changes in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of tomato fruits grown under commercial greenhouse conditions. Organic supplementation increased the soil temperature achieved through solarization by 3.9 to 5.5 °C. Organic supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the soil concentration of NO₃⁻-N, exchangeable K₂O, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the level of electrical conductivity in the soil extract. Physical characteristics of tomato fruits were improved by supplementation, with fresh and dry weight enhanced up to 11 and 21%, respectively, mesocarp thickness up to 19%, firmness up to 36% and skin redness (a^*/b^* ratio) up to 24%. As the supplementation rate was raised from 0 to 0.7 kg m⁻², the fruit content of reducing sugars increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1.75 to 2.14 g per 100 g f.w., ash from 0.49 to 0.62%, soluble solid from 5.12 to 6.18 °Brix, titratable acidity from 0.16 to 0.19%, and ascorbic acid from 25.1 to 32.5 mg 100 mL⁻¹. We concluded that organic supplementation appears to be a valuable and environmentally friendly way to improve the mineral availability in the soil and improve fruit quality of tomato.     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.     

Analyses of pollen-tube growth and biological action of S-RNase in the style of self-compatible Japanese pear

The Japanese pear ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄^SM) (SM = stylar-part mutant) is a self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄). The S₄-allele of the pear is deleted and it shows unilateral incompatibility to cultivar with an S₂S₄ genotype. However, when pollen-tube growth was compared between cross-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Okusankichi’ (S₅S₇)], unilateral-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Kikusui’ (S₂S₄)], self-compatible (‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), and unilateral-incompatible pollination (‘Kikusui’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), pollen-tube growth clearly showed the following order: cross-compatible > unilateral-compatible > self-compatible > unilateral-incompatible. This indicates that the ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ style produces specific inhibitor(s) not only to S₂- and S₄-pollen but also “self-pollen”, because the phenotype of S₄^SM-pollen is the same as S₄-pollen. Stylar protein analysis demonstrated that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ produces S₂-RNase (RNase associated with S₂-allele) together with a small amount of S₄-RNase. The purified S₄-RNase possessed almost the same inhibitory action on the growth of S₄-pollen-tubes in vitro at 1 μg μl⁻¹ as that from original ‘Nijisseiki’. These results suggest that the depressed growth of unilateral-compatible and self-pollen-tubes in ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ is due to this biologically active S₄-RNase. Growth of self-pollen-tubes may also be depressed by inhibitor(s) specific to “self-pollen” unrelated to S-alleles.     

5种国兰( Cymbidium ) 的光合特性

 通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光分析等方法研究了5种国兰(Cymbidium ) 的光合特性。其光饱和点、光补偿点、CO₂ 补偿点和CO₂ 饱和点表明它们具有C3 植物特征; 光合速率在3.0 ～5.9 μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 在低于2 000 μmol·mol^{- 1} CO₂ 浓度下, 光合速率受CO₂ 浓度影响较大; 5种国兰的光合能力、表观量子效率、羧化效率等都有所差异; 光饱和点在350～650μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 属于喜阴植物,其中春兰、建兰耐阴性相对较低, 墨兰、春剑耐阴性相对较高, 蕙兰居中。从暗处暴露到强光下, 5种国兰的光化学反应启动差异较大, 启动后的光化学效率差异也较大, 这可能与国兰不同种起源地的生态环境,适应性及进化有关。