基于SPAD值确定东北黑土区水稻最佳施氮量及追肥时间

为确定东北黑土区水稻最佳施氮量及最佳追肥时间,采用田间试验的方式,使用SPAD-502,以"天"为单位,连续45天测定不同处理(N1~N6;SPAD40、SPAD38、SPAD36、SPAD34和SPAD32)下水稻叶片SPAD值的动态变化。研究结果表明:追施氮肥7天时间内SPAD值明显上升,随施氮量的增加水稻叶片SPAD值明显升高且峰值较大,同时到达峰值时间越早;当施氮量为170 kg N/hm2时产量最高能达到7078 kg/hm2,SPAD值为40时进行追肥产量最高,达到9078 kg/hm2。因此,在东北黑土区水稻最佳施氮量为170 kg N/hm2,当SPAD值为40时可用于确定分蘖期到孕穗期的最佳追肥时间。     

模拟氮沉降和刈割对内蒙古典型草原土壤微生物量的影响

为探讨大气氮沉降对草原土壤微生物量的影响,采用模拟大气氮沉降的方法对试验小区进行施N处理,研究了不同施N水平下刈割对土壤微生物量C、N的影响。结果表明：不同施N水平对土壤微生物量C、N没有显著影响,但是有增加土壤微生物量C、N的趋势;在刈割和施N的交互作用下降低了土壤中微生物量C、N的含量。不同施N水平能降低草原植被根系生物量、促进土壤酸化。施N量为20g N?m-2?a-1时对土壤微生物量C、N的抑制性最强。     

氮磷钾施肥水平对大豆产量及性状的影响

对于一直靠经验施肥的大豆主产区黑龙江省鹤山农场来说,精确量化氮磷钾肥对大豆产量及产量性状的影响,可科学指导当地施肥,为作物模型参数本地化提供依据。设计了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥3要素5水平共25个处理的正交试验,经2010~2011年小区试验,通过多因素方差分析的方法,得到以下结论:(1)N肥是影响大豆产量的主导因子,大豆产量随施N量的增加先增加后减小,施N140kg/hm²时产量达到最大,为2883kg/hm²。(2)N肥和K肥是影响结荚数的主导因子,结荚数随着施N量和施K量的增加而不断增加,结荚数最多的施N量和施K量分别为180kg/hm²和60kg/hm²。(3)N肥和P肥是株高的主导影响因子,株高随着施N量的增加先增加后减小,但随施P量逐渐增加。施N和施P分别为100kg/hm²和120kg/hm²时达到最高。(4)百粒重随施N量的增加先增加后减少。     

秸秆还田与优化施氮对稻田土壤碳氮含量及产量的影响

针对滨海盐碱地稻田土壤有机质较低、氮肥投入过量,采用田间微区试验研究了秸秆还田与优化施氮对稻田土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物碳氮含量及水稻生长特征的影响。设秸秆还田与氮肥两因素,3个碳(秸秆还田)水平:C0:无秸秆还田; C1:秸秆还田4 500 kg/hm~2; C2:秸秆还田9 000 kg/hm~2; 2个氮水平:N1:255 kg/hm~2(优化施氮); N2:400 kg/hm~2(农民传统施氮)。结果表明,与C0、C1处理相比,C2处理时土壤有机碳含量分别增加了100. 46%,28. 06%;分蘖期时C2N2处理土壤全氮含量最高,而成熟期C1N1处理土壤全氮含量最高;秸秆还田与优化氮肥显著增加了DOC(可溶性有机碳)含量,分蘖期与成熟期土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量均以C1N1最高,分蘖期与成熟期时,与未秸秆还田相比,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量显著增加,且C1N1、C1N2处理含量最高;秸秆还田量4 500 kg/hm~2与氮肥施用量255 kg/hm~2处理可有效增加水稻二次枝梗数、千粒质量、结实率及水稻产量,且高于其余处理。与农民传统施肥管理(C0N2)相比,秸秆还田与优化施氮(C1N1)处理水稻产量提高19. 02%,且显著提高滨海盐碱地稻田土壤碳氮含量。     

不同施氮量对华北平原作物产量及土体硝态氮分布和累积的影响

通过8年田间小区定位试验研究不同施氮量处理对土壤硝态氮分布、累积以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦-玉米轮作8个周期后,0～200 cm土体中各土层的硝态氮含量变化规律为N575>N400>N225>N0,随着土壤深度的增加,在0～80 cm土层各施氮量处理土壤硝态氮均呈下降趋势,各处理在60～80 cm降到最低。各施氮量处理在80～200 cm土壤硝态氮随着土壤深度的增加均呈先升高后降低的趋势,同一土层不同施氮量处理间硝态氮的差异明显增大。经过8个小麦玉米轮作周期后,N575处理100～200 cm土壤硝态氮累积量所占总累积量的比例提高15.18%。通过对施氮量与土壤硝态氮累积量用数学模型模拟,发现二者符合线性关系,施氮量与土壤硝态氮累积量的回归方程为y=1.34x+75.58(R2=0.84**)。从冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期考虑,全年的适宜施氮量为400kg/hm2。综合考虑施氮量对土壤硝态氮的残留量与作物产量的影响,提出华北平原区小麦-玉米轮作周期中总施氮量应控制在225～400 kg/hm2之间,基本上能控制土壤硝态氮向深层土壤的淋失,能明显降低土壤硝态氮向地下水淋失的风险。     

施肥量对抚仙湖北岸水稻土氮磷钾垂直迁移的影响

针对抚仙湖北岸蔬菜施肥量过大,易使养分流失的问题,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验法,探讨了不同施肥量对水稻土N、P、K垂直迁移状况和流失量的影响。结果表明,淋溶条件下,土壤速效N随水垂直向下迁移的流失量大,在不施N肥的条件下,每公顷的N流失量,砂壤土为381 kg,壤粘土为85 kg;且流失量与施N量呈极显著正相关,被土壤吸附的量很小。而土壤有效P随水垂直向下迁移距离短且迁移量小,流失量也极少,主要被土壤吸附在施肥层（0~20 cm）,上层土壤有效P沉积量与施P量呈极显著正相关,而P流失量与施P量关系不明显;不管是砂壤土还是壤粘土,每公顷土壤P流失量仅为0.007~0.014 kg。土壤速效K随水垂直向下迁移距离长短及迁移量多少与施K量呈正相关,但速效K流失量很小,每公顷的K流失量,砂壤土为12.00~23.02 kg,壤粘土为4.81~7.91 kg,绝大部分被土壤吸附。     

氮硅互作对水稻营养和产量的影响

为氮硅合理配施提供充分的理论依据,通过小区试验研究了氮硅互作对水稻营养与产量的影响。结果表明,施硅可明显增加穗实粒数与千粒重,而施氮可明显增加有效穗数,氮硅配施可以提高水稻产量。增施硅肥可明显提高土壤有效硅含量,而施氮明显降低了土壤有效硅含量。施氮对水稻各时期氮磷钾含量提高有促进作用,而施硅则影响不显著。说明氮硅配施具有相互平衡作用,中氮水平下(180 kg/hm2)配施SiO2 30 kg/hm2水稻营养较为均衡,产量最高。     

基于归一化法的双季稻叶面积指数动态预测模型

研究旨在阐明双季稻叶面积指数与辐热积的关系及施氮量对其的影响。选择11个早晚稻品种进行4个施氮水平的小区试验,于关键生育期取样测定叶面积指数(LAI),并对LAI及全生育期的累积辐热积(TEP)进行归一化处理,采用Curve Expert分析软件对相对LAI(RLAI)与相对TEP(RTEP)进行模拟分析,获得6个拟合效果较佳的模拟模型,其中有理方程能够较准确地描述双季稻叶面积指数的动态变化模式,相关系数为0.9677**,具有明确的生物学意义。利用独立的田间试验资料,对构建的模型进行了初步检验。结果表明:早晚稻不同相对TEP所对应的LAI观测值与模拟值之间的根均方差(RMSE)为0.50 m2/m2,表明基于RTEP的RLAI动态模型能够准确地反映双季稻LAI的动态变化。早晚稻群体最大LAI(LAImax)随施氮量的增加呈二次多项式函数增大趋势,相对LAI变化速率随相对辐热积的增加呈"N"形变化趋势。研究结果为早晚稻高产栽培和叶面积指数的精确调控提供了理论支撑。     

秸秆与紫云英还田下配施化肥对水稻性状的影响研究

目前我国禁止秸秆的焚烧,所以秸秆还田处理不仅能减少大气的污染,而且能提高土壤的腐解能力,从而提高大田的肥力。试验设置秸秆还田量R0(稻草不还田,0);R1(常规还田量,6 000 kg/hm~2)加入紫云英配施3种水平的氮肥N1(不施氮,0)、N_2(施氮,15 kg/hm~2)、N_3(施氮,30 kg/hm~2),通过试验比较不同处理水稻的生长性状及产量表现。结果表明:在同等施肥条件下,秸秆还田处理与秸秆还田+紫云英处理的水稻,整个生育期表现明显优于其他处理;常规施肥与秸秆+紫云英处理的水稻产量略低,秸秆还田+紫云英处理的水稻整体的分蘖数、穗实粒数高于其他处理,千粒重表现一般,所以产量高。结论:长期过量地施用化肥在对土壤造成板结的同时,还会影响作物养分的吸收,导致减产。利用秸秆还田增加紫云英配施化肥,一方面提高了土壤的肥力,另一方面增加了土壤的微生物活动,还提高了作物产量。     

秸秆还田对热带土壤-水稻种植系统N2O排放的影响

为研究秸秆还田对热带地区稻田N2 O排放的影响,以不同管理措施下耕作4 a的稻田土壤为基础,通过盆栽试验观察种植水稻后N2 O排放动态变化.试验设置了不施氮对照(CK)、常规施氮(CT)、单施秸秆(ST)和常规施氮+秸秆(CTST)处理.结果表明,各处理N2O排放通量在-0.23～6.64 mg/(m2·h),主要集中在水稻生育前中期,CTST处理相比于CT处理显著降低了分蘖肥期田面水无机氮浓度(P<0.05),同时减少了N2O排峰的维持时间;各处理全生育期N2O累积排放量为0.13～2.85 g/m2,施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理(P<0.05),ST处理与CK处理差异不显著(P>0.05),CTST处理相比于CT处理可减排49.11％(P<0.05).因此,施用氮肥是N2O排放增加的主要原因,秸秆还田可显著减少热带土壤-水稻种植系统N2 O排放.     

A rapid method for screening barley for aluminium tolerance

Summary A method for rapid screening of large numbers of barley genotypes for aluminium tolerance is described, and the results of a small scale screening of composite cross CC XXX-C given.     

Nitrogen response models for winter cereals grown for forage

Forage double cropping can increase production, reduce erosion risk and improve soil health. Farmer experience in the north‐eastern USA shows that winter cereals can, in 3–4 weeks (Feekes 9 harvest), produce high quality forage given sufficient N at dormancy break. Here, we evaluate crop response models to determine the most economic rate of N (MERN) for forage winter cereals. Sixty‐three on‐farm N‐rate trials (0, 34, 67, 101, 135 kg N/ha) were conducted in New York from 2013 to 2016. Trials were divided into four categories: (a) no yield response to N (group 1; 20 trials); (b) yield plateau exceeded the highest N rate (group 2; one trial); (c) the MERN was below the lowest N rate (group 3; seven trials) and (d) all other N‐responsive trials (group 4; 35 trials). For group 4, three statistical models were compared (quadratic plateau, exponential and square root plateau). Statistical, environmental and economic criteria showed that the quadratic plateau fits the data best and had the most stable predictions across scenarios. The four‐category analysis is effective in determining MERNs of individual trials, and the quadratic plateau is best for determining forage winter cereal MERNs and yields at MERNs for individual trials in the north‐eastern USA.     

Method for screening bread wheat for tolerance to boron

A new method for screening wheat for boron tolerance has been developed to overcome the problems of methods used in the past. Seedlings were grown for 10 days while suspended over B-rich solutions. Their root lengths were then measured as an index of tolerance. Five varieties of wheat were screened at seven concentrations of B. Results were obtained more quickly and easily than from the alternative methodologies and compared favourably. Screening of 128 doubled haploid lines from a cross between Halberd and (Wl*MMC) suggested that transgressive segregation had occurred. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Contracting for Migration for the Reason of Zoological Environment

Migration for the reason of zoological environment is the measure for solving the crisis of zoological environment. Nowadays, governments play the chief role in the Migration for the reason of zoological environment, but the migration themselves do not have the freedom to decide whether migrate or not. Because the activity of migration is related to the restraint of economy, culture, law, etc. It is the object of migration that protect the zoological environment and improve the welfare of habitant, which must be concerned when constructing the systems of migration. This paper proves the possibility of contracting for migration based on the methodology of the cost-income analysis. On the other hand, it also argues for changing the mode of migration from that controlled by governments to being decided by habitant themselves.     

Genotype-environment relationships for repening time in blackberries and prospects for breeding an early ripening cultivar for Scotland

Summary When grown in Scotland, eight blackberry cultivars of diverse origin showed considerable variation in the dates when their first fruits ripened. These dates were determined in part by variation in the date of their first open flower and in part by variation in the number of days required from flowering to ripening. Genotype x environment interactions were important for both components, but especially for the second, where they could be attributed to heterogeneity of regressions against the environmental means. Temperature was considered the important environmental factor determining the number of days required from flowering to repening, and accumulated heat units successfully quantified the differences between cultivars for this component: cultivars required similar numbers of heat units in each season and there were no interaction effects. Heat units were not useful for study of flowering dates, however.The implications for breeding early ripening cultivars for Scotland are discussed.     

Assessment of techniques for screening alfalfa cultivars for aluminum tolerance

Screening toxicity tests are an effective method to characterize aluminum tolerant plants. In this paper, three screening procedures were used to assess aluminum tolerance among 13 cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The procedures used were: Petri dish screening, black glass plot method and the soil-on-agar procedure. Major biological indices used to analyze aluminum tolerance were relative root length (RRL), relative germination rate (RGR), relative hypocotyl length (RHL), relative fresh weight (RFW) and root emergence (RE). Aluminum negatively affected all five indices. A Pearson correlation test indicated that the results of the three screening procedures were consistent, suggesting that all three could be used for screening purposes. However, because of the short test period and the simplicity of operation, the black glass plot method might be the best choice. Overall, cv. Super No. 7 and WL-525HQ were the most aluminum-tolerant alfalfa cultivars, while Pondus S was the most sensitive.     

A General Method for the Initial Values for Two-Sided Iteration

In the study on finding a group of inital values for solving operator equation x=G(x)by the two-sided iterative method,some stronger conditions forG(x)have been demandedand some new parameters have to be introduced since 1978,But,as it will be proved in this paper,Itis unnecessary to use any new parameters and other stronger conditions to get a group of initial val-ues of two-sided iterative, as those initial values can be obtained by means of an auxiliary iterativebeginning with operator G(x)itself. The numerical example in this paper illustraves that the methodproposed in this paper is a general method.     

Evidence for phenotypic assortative mating for flower colour in periwinkle

Two experiments were conducted with periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, to determine the extent of natural outcrossing. Three white-flowered, fully self-fertile, monogenic recessive mutants, namely, dwarf, wavy leaf margin and curved leaf were used, together with their parental white-flowered variety, ‘Nirmal’, and a normal pink-flowered variety, PS-1. The extent of total outcrossing ranged from 43.4 to 79.3% among mutants. Outcrossing between white × white-flowered plants ranged from 28.3 to 65.3% and was two to four times greater than that between white × pink-flowered plants in the three mutants. The extent of out-crossing between white × pink-flowered plants was similar “02.2-15.0%” in all mutants and also similar to that in the normal white-flowered variety,‘Nirmal’(00.4%), where white × white flower out-crossing could not be estimated. There were no large differences in the number of seeds per fruit, percentage fruit set and germination percentage of seeds obtained from self, white × white and white × pink flower crosses made in the glasshouse. There were also no significant differences in the number of flowers produced by the genotypes used in the study. The observed higher frequency of white × white flower matings compared with white × pink flower matings appeared to be due to the constancy of flower colour exhibited by the butterfly pollinators Pachliopta hector and Catopsilia pyranthae during their flower visits. Observations made on the occurrence of natural self-pollination revealed that automatic self-pollination did not occur in periwinkle.