高精料对泌乳期山羊肝脏氨基酸分配与重分配及乳蛋白的影响

为了探讨饲喂不同精粗比日粮对肝脏氨基酸分配与重分配的影响及可能的机制,本研究选择6只安装了肝脏多血管瘘的健康泌乳奶山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60(对照组)和60∶40(高精料组)的饲料,2×2拉丁方设计,饲喂期16周。期间取乳样,测定乳蛋白含量,并通过肝门静脉、肝静脉和股动脉血管瘘取血, RP-HPLC法测定血浆中游离氨基酸含量。结果表明,高精料组山羊乳中乳蛋白含量显著低于低精料组(P<0.05);肝门静脉血液中各游离氨基酸含量均高于低精料组,而肝静脉和股动脉血液中各游离氨基酸含量均低于低精料组,即高精料组各游离氨基酸在肝脏中的消耗量均多于低精料组,通过股动脉进入乳腺组织的氨基酸含量也少于低精料组。本研究结果显示,长期饲喂高精料日粮,乳蛋白含量降低。其机制与肝脏中氨基酸分配与重分配发生改变,氨基酸在肝脏中消耗量增大,进入乳腺组织合成乳蛋白的前体物氨基酸减少有关。     

高精料饲喂产生脂多糖对奶山羊血浆游离氨基酸分配的影响及其机制

为了探讨高精料饲喂产生LPS对奶山羊血浆游离氨基酸重分配的影响及其机制,本研究选用奶山羊6只,随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为4∶6(低精料组)和6∶4(高精料组)的日粮,交叉试验设计,分2期进行,每期14d。在试验第3周测定瘤胃液pH、血液中LPS含量和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明,自第3周,高精料组山羊开始出现亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,外周血液中LPS含量显著升高(P<0.05);血浆中各氨基酸含量均发生变化,表现为Glu、Ala含量极显著降低(P<0.01),Gln、Arg、Thr、Lys、总非必需氨基酸、总游离氨基酸、总生糖氨基酸均显著低于低精料组(P<0.05)。结果提示,饲粮中精饲料比例增加,血浆氨基酸发生重分配,其机理可能与瘤胃pH下降和血液中LPS含量升高有关。     

麦秸型粗饲料日粮不同精粗比对奶牛生产性能的影响

旨在研究麦秸型粗饲料在不同日粮精粗比条件下,对泌乳期奶牛和泌乳中后期奶牛产奶量及乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体和乳糖含量的影响.试验结果表明,在饲喂全麦秸型粗饲料条件下,高精料日粮能显著提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,而泌乳中后期产奶量随试验期的延长显著下降;精粗比对各泌乳期乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体及乳糖的含量均无显著影响;综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期精粗比为70∶30及泌乳中后期为40∶60时效果较好,在一定精粗比范围内,高精日粮能提高奶牛的生产性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶.     

饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊泌乳性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊泌乳性能和乳腺组织抗氧化能力的影响,实验选用12只健康经产泌乳中期关中奶山羊,随机分为两组,分别饲喂精粗比为35∶65(低精料组, LC, n=6)和65∶35(高精料组, HC, n=6)的日粮。实验期共10周,实验期间采集羊奶与血液;实验结束后采用静脉注射的方法对山羊进行安乐死,随后采集乳腺组织并迅速置于液氮中速冻后保存于-70 ℃待测。结果显示,HC组山羊乳产量显著高于LC组(P<0.01),同时乳中乳糖,乳蛋白的比例随着泌乳时间的增加而显著升高。与LC组山羊比较,HC组山羊乳腺组织中SREBP1和GLUT1 mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05);磷酸化AKT1蛋白表达呈下降趋势(P=0.08);除此之外,HC组山羊乳腺组织的总抗氧化能力T-AOC(P=0.06)和GSH酶活均呈下降趋势(P=0.08)。这些结果表明,长期饲喂高精料日粮可降低乳腺组织的抗氧化能力,同时可降低乳中乳脂率以及乳腺组织中SREBP-1和P-AKT的表达。     

SARA状态下瘤胃产生的LPS对奶牛乳腺组织细胞凋亡的影响

本试验采用12头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两组,每组6只。其中一组饲喂低精料日粮,即日粮中含有40%的精料和60%的粗料,精粗比为4∶6,作为对照(LC)组;另外一组饲喂高精料日粮,精粗比为6∶4,作为试验(HC)组。试验周期为18周,试验开始前为所有奶牛安装瘤胃瘘管,试验后期采集瘤胃液,乳动脉、静脉血和乳腺组织样品,测定瘤胃液p H值和LPS含量、血浆中LPS含量、乳腺组织细胞中凋亡相关基因如caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9、bax和bcl-2等的表达、凋亡相关蛋白酶的活性和NF-κB通路中的蛋白表达。结果显示:长期高精料饲喂使奶牛瘤胃p H值均值降低,一天中p H值低于5.6的时间超过3 h;高精料组血浆和瘤胃液中LPS含量均极显著高于低精料组(P0.01);高精料组caspase-3的基因表达显著高于低精料组(P0.05),而bcl-2的基因表达显著低于低精料组(P0.05);高精料组caspase-3和caspase-8的酶活性相比于低精料组都显著升高(P0.01);高精料组NF-κB p65和磷酸化的NF-κB p65的蛋白表达量均显著高于低精料组(P0.05)。     

丁酸钠对高精料日粮模式下奶山羊乳腺内组胺介导的炎症反应的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂高精料日粮以及日粮中添加丁酸钠对奶山羊乳腺内组胺介导的炎症反应的影响。选用泌乳中期的18头萨能奶山羊,随机分成3组,每组各6头。对照组(LC)饲喂粗精比为6∶4的低精料日粮,即日粮包括60%粗料和40%精料;试验一组(HC)饲喂粗精比为4∶6的高精料日粮,即日粮包括40%粗料和60%精料;试验二组(BHC)饲喂粗精比为4∶6的高精料日粮,并在日粮中添加20 g丁酸钠。试验期为20周。试验开始前两周,所有试验动物手术安装瘤胃瘘管。试验第20周采集瘤胃液、外周血液和乳腺组织样品。结果显示:与LC组相比,HC组瘤胃液、外周血液、乳腺组织中的组胺含量显著升高,外周血液中的炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α显著升高,乳腺组织中的组胺受体基因表达显著升高,炎性因子在基因和蛋白表达水平上均显著升高。与HC组相比,BHC组瘤胃液、外周血液、乳腺组织中的组胺含量显著下降,外周血液中的炎性因子均显著降低,乳腺组织中的组胺受体基因表达显著降低,炎性因子的基因和蛋白表达显著下降。结果表明:泌乳奶山羊长期饲喂高精料日粮后,瘤胃产生的组胺经消化道吸收并转运到乳腺组织中,刺激炎症的产生;而通过添喂丁酸钠,组胺和炎性因子的产生显著降低,乳腺组织炎症反应减轻。     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对绵羊羔羊瘤胃发酵和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌（BC）对绵羊羔羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵和免疫功能的影响。试验采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,2个因素分别为精粗比[40∶60（低精料）、70∶30（高精料）]和BC[不添加和添加1.0×1010CFU/kg BC]。选取48只体重相近的4月龄杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,随机分为4个组,分别饲喂低精料饲粮（LD组）、添加BC的低精料饲粮（LD+BC组）、高精料饲粮（HD组）、添加BC的高精料饲粮（HD+BC组）,每组12只。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果显示：1)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内pH,氨态氮、乙酸、异丁酸浓度以及乙丙比值显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）,丙酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）;24只饲喂添加BC饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内丙酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂未添加BC饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）。饲粮精粗比和BC之间在瘤胃发酵参数上不存在显著的交互作用（P>0.05）。2)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的...     

不同精粗比日粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比混合饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响,确定泌乳中期奶牛饲粮的适宜精粗比。本研究采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将45头产奶量相近的泌乳中期健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别饲喂精饲料与粗饲料比例为40∶60、50∶50、60∶40的混合日粮,试验期为60d,通过测定各组平均日采食量、平均日产奶量、料奶比、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率、乳体细胞数、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量等检测指标,比较分析不同精粗比饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响。结果显示Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、IgG含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日采食、平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),料奶比、体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比较,平均日产奶量、IgG含量、IgA含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05)。表明饲喂不同精粗比饲料对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能、乳品质、免疫力的影响较大,日粮中精粗比为60∶40的饲喂效果最好,精粗比为50∶50次之,精粗比为40∶60最差。     

不同精粗比饲粮对牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮对西藏牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响.选取3周岁、平均体重(154.8±13.6)kg、健康无病的牦牛20头随机分为低精料组和高精料组,每组10头,公母各半,分别饲喂低精料(精粗比40∶60)和高精料(精粗比60 ∶ 40)饲粮,预试期10d,正试期90d(8、9和10月).结果:饲粮精料水平的提高显著降低...     

长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化参数及组织中糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化指标和糖代谢的影响,选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产泌乳中期山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60 (low concentrate, LC,n=4) 和60∶40 (high concentrate, HC,n=4)的日粮。实验期共8周,实验期间采集瘤胃液,血液;实验结束时采集肝脏,肌肉,脂肪组织置于液氮速冻后于-70℃保存待测。结果显示,饲喂高精料日粮2周后山羊瘤胃液pH显著降低,采食后瘤胃液pH持续低于5.8超过3 h,8周后瘤胃液pH升高维持在6.0以上,但仍低于LC组山羊。与LC组山羊相比较,HC组山羊血液中葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸含量均升高(P<0.05,P=0.071),谷草转氨酶含量有上升的趋势(0.05相似文献   

复合异位酸对山羊小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率的影响

试验研究了日粮添加复合异位酸对山羊小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率的影响。采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠远端瘘管、平均体重为(25.4±0.75)kg的健康麻城黑山羊为试验动物。I组为空白对照,饲喂基础日粮。II组、III组分别饲喂含0.3%和0.6%复合异位酸(钠盐形式)的试验日粮。采用Co-EDTA标记法测定小肠氨基酸流通量和表观消化率。结果显示:III组缬氨酸和异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),亮氨酸和必需氨基酸显著高于对照组(P0.05);缬氨酸和丙氨酸的小肠表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。II组缬氨酸和异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。III组异亮氨酸十二指肠流通量显著高于II组(P0.05)。     

复合缓冲剂对奶山羊乳成分、血浆生化指标及激素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究长期饲喂高精料饲粮下添加复合缓冲剂(碳酸氢钠20 g/d、氧化镁12 g/d、丁酸钠20 g/d)对奶山羊乳成分、血浆生化指标及激素含量的影响。选择8头安装门静脉及肝静脉瘘管处于泌乳中期的奶山羊随机分为2组,分别饲喂基础饲粮(高精料饲粮组,HG组)和基础饲粮+复合缓冲剂(高精料饲粮+复合缓冲剂组,BG组)。预试期为7 d,正试期为143 d。结果显示:与HG组相比,复合缓冲剂显著升高采食后010 h瘤胃液p H平均值(P0.05);复合缓冲剂显著降低肝静脉血浆中非酯化脂肪酸的含量(P0.05),对门静脉和肝静脉血浆中葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸含量无显著影响(P0.05),对肝脏组织中甘油三酯和总蛋白含量无显著影响(P0.05);复合缓冲剂显著降低门静脉血浆中胰岛素和胰高血糖素的含量(P0.05),对门静脉和肝静脉血浆中胰岛素样生长因子1和生长激素的含量无显著影响(P0.05);复合缓冲剂显著或极显著升高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳非脂固形物率(P0.05或P0.01)。综合得出,在长期高精料饲粮饲喂条件下,由碳酸氢钠、氧化镁、丁酸钠组成的复合缓冲剂能通过影响奶山羊血浆生化指标及激素含量,影响体机营养物质代谢,最终有效提高产乳量与改善乳品质。     

颈静脉灌注不同模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在比较颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛乳产量、乳成分以及乳腺对氨基酸摄取利用的影响。选择8头泌乳中期[泌乳天数:(82±11)d]荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,试验采用随机区组设计,将试验牛随机分为2组,分别颈静脉灌注160g/d酪蛋白模式(Casein组)和理想模式的氨基酸混合物(R组)。2个试验组分别以各自灌注前作为空白对照组(C1组为Casein组的空白对照组,C2组为R组的空白对照组)。预试期14d,灌注期5d。试验采用全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂,以玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕、玉米青贮、苜蓿干草和羊草为主要原料,参照NRC(2001)奶牛饲养标准配制。结果表明:灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白产量和含量较灌注前呈上升趋势(乳蛋白产量上升7.14%,P=0.078;乳蛋白含量上升3.27%,P=0.072);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)和组氨酸(His)的浓度较灌注前有不同程度的上升(Ile的浓度提高31.5%,P=0.097;Leu的浓度提高65.9%,P=0.041;Lys的浓度提高36.9%,P=0.088;His的浓度提高40.1%,P=0.010),而苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和精氨酸(Arg)的浓度在数值上虽较灌注前高但无显著差异(P0.05)。灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对天冬氨酸(Asp)和半胱氨酸(Cys)的摄取率显著升高(Asp的摄取率提高95.2%,P=0.031;Cys的摄取率提高49.6%,P=0.031),而奶牛乳腺对甘氨酸(Gly)的摄取率显著降低(降低158.3%,P=0.041)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白含量比灌注前有上升趋势(提高5.78%,P=0.064),而乳脂产量显著低于灌注前(降低8.57%,P=0.015);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中Arg的浓度有上升趋势(提高18.0%,P=0.093),而酪氨酸(Tyr)的浓度呈下降趋势(降低47.8%,P=0.074)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对谷氨酸(Glu)、Cys和Ile的摄取率显著上升(Glu的摄取率提高118.7%,P=0.015;Cys的摄取率提高77.4%,P=0.032;Ile的摄取率提高46.0%,P=0.012),而奶牛乳腺对Ser的摄取率呈下降趋势(降低56.2%,P=0.052)。灌注氨基酸混合物后,Casein组乳脂产量增量显著高于R组(P=0.012),且Casein组的乳产量增量(P=0.095)和乳糖产量增量(P=0.091)较R组有升高的趋势,而2组间其他指标增量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物均可提高泌乳奶牛的乳蛋白含量,而灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物同时可以促进乳蛋白产量的升高,因此,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物的效果优于灌注理想模式氨基酸混合物。     

Effect of propylene glycol and undegradable protein source on rumen fermentation, blood metabolism and milk production in lactating dairy cows

Eight lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups ( n  = 4) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each, to evaluate diets containing propylene glycol (PG) and ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) blend on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolism. The control diet contained 20% chopped Sudangrass hay, 20% cubed alfalfa hay, 12% corn silage, and 48% of the respective concentrate mixtures (dry matter basis). The experimental diet (PG + RUP) partially replaced the concentrate mixture from the control diet with 1.4% PG and 2.1% RUP. Both diets contained about 16% crude protein and 71% total digestible nutrients. Dry matter intake was similar between the two diets. Daily production of milk, milk lactose and milk solids-not-fat increased by 9.0%, 11.3% and 9.3%, respectively ( P  < 0.1), for cows fed diets with PG + RUP; milk composition was unchanged. Although the concentration of ruminal total volatile fatty acids was unchanged, the proportion of propionic acid increased, and the proportion of acetic acid decreased with PG + RUP. The concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and number of ciliate protozoa was not significantly affected by PG + RUP. The concentration of glucose in blood plasma increased, the concentration of urea nitrogen was unaffected, and the concentration of some essential free amino acids decreased with PG + RUP. It is suggested that these changes might be caused predominantly by PG, and the addition of PG may exert a favorable effect on milk production through increased metabolism.     

The effect of dietary supplementation with rumen‐protected methionine alone or in combination with rumen‐protected choline and betaine on sheep milk and antioxidant capacity

This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of rumen‐protected methionine alone or in combination with rumen‐protected choline and betaine on: (i) milk yield, chemical composition and fatty acids (FA) profile and (ii) blood plasma glutathione transferase (GST) activity of periparturient ewes. Furthermore, the oxidative stress indicators for measuring total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity [ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays] were also determined in plasma and milk of ewes. Thus, 45 ewes were divided into three equal groups. Each animal of the control group fed daily with a basal diet. The same diet was offered also in each animal of the other two groups. However, the concentrate fed to M group was supplemented with 2.5 g/kg rumen‐protected methionine, while the concentrate fed to MCB group with 5 g/kg of a commercial product which contained a combination of methionine, choline and betaine, all three in rumen‐protected form. The results showed that the M diet, compared with the control, increased significantly the ewe's milk fat and the total solids content. Likewise, a tendency for higher milk fat and total solids content in ewes fed the MCB diet was also observed. Both M and MCB diets had not noticeable impact on ewes milk FA profile. Significantly higher FRAP values in the blood plasma of ewes fed the MCB and in the milk of ewes fed with the M diet compared with the control were found. Additionally, significantly higher GST activity in the blood plasma of ewes fed the M diet, compared with the control, was observed. Moreover, a significant increase (by 20%) and a tendency for increase (by 16.72%) in the growth rate of lambs nursing ewes fed with M and MCB diets, respectively, compared to controls, were found.     

Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene expression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland

Background: It is well known that feeding a high concentrate(HC) diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA) and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of feeding a HC diet for long periods on milk fatty acids composition and the mechanism behind the decline of milk fat still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of feeding a HC diet to lactating dairy goats on milk fat yield and fatty acids composition with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the milk fat depression. Seventeen mid-lactating dairy goats were randomly allocated to three groups. The control treatment was fed a low-concentrate diet(35% concentrate, n = 5, LC) and there were two high-concentrate treatments(65% concentrate, HC), one fed a high concentrate diet for a long period(19 wks, n = 7, HL); one fed a high concentrate diet for a short period of time(4 wk, n = 5, HS). Milk fat production and fatty acids profiles were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the changes in milk fat production and composition,the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in the mammary gland were also analyzed.Results: Milk production was increased by feeding the HC diet in the HS and HL groups compared with the LC diet(P 0.01), while the percentage of milk fat was lower in the HL(P 0.05) but not in the HS group. The total amount of saturated fatty acids(SFA) in the milk was not changed by feeding the HC diet, whereas the levels of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) were markedly decreased in the HL group compared with the LC group(P 0.05). Among these fatty acids, the concentrations of C15:0(P 0.01), C17:0(P 0.01), C17:1(P 0.01), C18:1 n-9 c(P 0.05), C18:3 n-3 r(P 0.01) and C20:0(P 0.01) were markedly lower in the HL group, and the concentrations of C20:0(P 0.05) and C18:3 n-3 r(P 0.01) were lower in the HS group compared with the LC group. However, the concentrations of C18:2 n-6 c(P 0.05) and C20:4 n-6(P 0.05) in the milk fat were higher in the HS group. Real-time PCR results showed that the m RNA expression of the genes involved in milk fat production in the mammary gland was generally decreased in the HL and HS groups compared with the LC group. Among these genes, ACSL1, ACSS1 2, ACACA, FAS, SCD, FADS2, and SREBP1 were downregulated in the mammary gland of the HL group(P 0.05), and the expressions of ACSS2, ACACA, and FADS2 m RNA were markedly decreased in the HS goats compared with the LC group(P 0.05). In contrast to the gene expression, the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the ACACA and SCD genes was increased in the HL group compared with the LC group(P 0.05). The levels of ACSL1 protein expression and FAS enzyme activity were also decreased in the mammary gland of the HL compared with the LC group(P 0.05).Conclusions: Long-term feeding of a HC diet to lactating goats induced milk fat depression and FAs profile shift with lower MUFAs but higher SFAs. A general down-regulation of the gene expression involved in the milk fat production and a higher DNA methylation in the mammary gland may contribute to the decrease in milk fat production in goats fed a HC diet for long time periods.     

山羊奶理化性状研究——Ⅳ.末乳主要理化性状及其变化和常乳中氨基酸组成与含量

本文分析研究了西农萨能奶山羊、英国萨能奶山羊和关中奶山羊末乳中脂肪、乳糖、蛋白质、总干物质、灰分及钙和磷的含量及其变化,同时也对3个被试品种羊奶中氨基酸含量进行了测定。研究结果表明末乳中 pH 值、灰分和蛋白质含量达到整个泌乳期最高水平,而酸度和乳糖含量则较低.蛋白质含量高于脂肪含量。3个品种间氨基酸含量基本相近。山羊奶里酪蛋白中谷氨酸与组氨酸的比值明显高于牛奶.这是山羊奶酪蛋白的特点之一。山羊奶中游离氨基酸含量明显高于牛奶。     

N-羟甲基蛋氨酸钙水平对泌乳期奶牛血清含氮物和游离氨基酸的影响

为研究N-羟甲基蛋氨酸钙（N-hydroxymethyl methionine calcium,N-HMM-Ca）对荷斯坦奶牛血清含氮物和游离氨基酸的影响,试验选用胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的30头健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.15%、0.30%、0.75%和1.50% N-HMM-Ca,预试期14 d,正试期42 d。结果显示：①日粮中补充N-HMM-Ca对奶牛血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量无显著影响（P>0.05）。第14天,1.5%组血清肌酐浓度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;第42天,1.5%组尿素氮浓度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,而0.75%组尿酸浓度极显著高于其他组（P<0.01）。②第14天,0.15%组血清中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸及总游离氨基酸浓度最高,与对照组相比差异显著或极显著（P<0.05;P<0.01）;试验第42天,0.15%组血清中精氨酸、胱氨酸及总游离氨基酸浓度最高。0.30%组血清中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸浓度最高,与对照组相比差异显著或极显著（P<0.05;P<0.01）。综上所述,在基础日粮中添加0.15%、0.30% N-HMM-Ca对泌乳期奶牛血清含氮物含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,且添加0.15% N-HMM-Ca能够显著提高泌乳期奶牛血清游离氨基酸含量,综合考虑,N-HMM-Ca的添加量以0.15%为宜。