北方水稻生育后期剑叶可溶性物质含量及植株生产力对CO_2浓度增高的响应

以高产优质粳稻松粳9号和稻花香2号为试材,利用中国北方FACE(free air CO2enrichment)实验平台研究北方水稻生理代谢对CO2浓度增高的响应规律。在水稻抽穗期开始测定剑叶可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量和总叶绿素含量,收获后实测小区产量及产量构成因素,比较处理间和品种间差异。结果表明,CO2浓度增高显著提高水稻抽穗期、乳熟期和完熟期剑叶可溶性糖含量,松粳9号和稻花香2号最高增幅分别达11.7%和47.5%。CO2浓度增高显著降低抽穗期和完熟期剑叶可溶性蛋白含量,松粳9号和稻花香2号最大降幅分别为16.2%和10.5%。CO2浓度增高使抽穗期和乳熟期剑叶总叶绿素含量显著增加,松粳9号和稻花香2号最大增幅达18.9%和22.5%,之后便逐渐降低。CO2浓度增高使松粳9号单株籽粒产量、生物学产量、经济系数分别提高6.82%、1.50%和12.64%,稻花香2号平均升高2.56%、2.13%和26.05%。研究表明,CO2浓度增高最终提高了水稻植株生产力,对可溶性物质含量的影响在不同生育期存在差异。这可能由于CO2浓度增高促进水稻生长发育,导致水稻提早成熟,叶片衰老促进了可溶性糖分解,也加快了功能叶可溶性蛋白向籽粒运输速率。     

Effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment combined with two nitrogen levels on growth,yield and yield quality of sugar beet: Evidence for a sink limitation of beet growth under elevated CO2

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration [CO₂] has been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of C₃ crops. However, little information exists about the effect of elevated [CO₂] on biomass production of sugar beet, and data from field experiments are lacking. In this study, sugar beet was grown within a crop rotation over two rotation cycles (2001, 2004) at present and elevated [CO₂] (375 μl l^?1 and 550 μl l^?1) in a free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) system and at two levels of nitrogen supply [high (N2), and 50% of high (N1)], in Braunschweig, Germany. The objective of the present study was to determine the CO₂ effect on seasonal changes of leaf growth and on final biomass and sugar yield. Shading treatment was included to test whether sugar beet growth is sink limited under elevated [CO₂]. CO₂ elevation did not affect leaf number but increased individual leaf size in early summer resulting in a faster row closure under both N levels. In late summer CO₂ enrichment increased the fraction of senescent leaves under high but not low N supply, which contributed to a negative CO₂ effect on leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll content under high N at final harvest. Petioles contained up to 40% water-soluble carbohydrates, which were hardly affected by CO₂ but increased by N supply. More N increased biomass production by 21% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, while beet and sugar yield was not influenced. Concentration of α-amino N in the beet fresh weight was increased under low N and decreased under high N by CO₂ enrichment. The CO₂ response of total biomass, beet yield and white sugar yield was unaffected by N supply. Averaged over both N levels elevated [CO₂] increased total biomass by 7% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, and white sugar yield by 12% and 13%. The shading treatment in 2004 prevented the decrease in leaf area index under elevated [CO₂] and high N in September. Moreover, the CO₂ effect on total biomass (24%) and white sugar yield (28%) was doubled as compared to the unshaded conditions. It is concluded that the growth of the storage root of sugar beet is not source but sink limited under elevated [CO₂], which minimizes the potential CO₂ effect on photosynthesis and beet yield.     

Effects of Single and Multifactor Treatments with Elevated Temperature,CO2 and Ozone on Oilseed Rape and Barley

We investigated the effect of elevated [CO₂], [O₃] and temperature on plant productivity and if these climate factors interacted with each other in multifactor treatments. The climate effects were studied in 14 different cultivars/lines of European spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seven genotypes of each species were cultivated in six single‐ and multifactor treatments with ambient or elevated CO₂ (385 ppm and 700 ppm), O₃ (20 ppb and 60 ppb) and temperature (12/19 °C and 17/24 °C). Growth and production parameters were measured. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass. Seed number increased by about 47 % in barley and by 26 % in oilseed rape, but in oilseed rape, the TSW was significantly decreased, possibly because of shortening of the seed filling period. Higher temperatures decreased yield and biomass significantly in both species. A significantly decreased yield and thousand grain weight was also seen in barley due to elevated O₃. The multifactor combination of elevated CO₂, O₃ and temperature showed a decrease in growth and production in the two species, though not statistically significant for all parameters. This trend suggests that the expected increase in the plant production in northern Europe, indicated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a consequence of increased [CO₂] and temperature, may not hold, due to interactions between these abiotic factors.     

Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Physiology of Cotton Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Phosphorous deficiency in soil limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide and may moderate the growth enhancement effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. To evaluate the interactive effect of these two factors on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and physiology, plants were grown in controlled environment growth chambers with three levels of phosphate (Pi) supply (0.20, 0.05 and 0.01 mm ) under ambient and elevated (400 and 800 μmol mol^?1, respectively) CO₂. Phosphate stress caused stunted growth and resulted in early leaf senescence with severely decreased leaf area and photosynthesis. Phosphate stress led to over 77 % reduction in total biomass across CO₂ levels. There was a below‐ground (roots) shift in biomass partitioning under Pi deficiency. While tissue phosphorus (P) decreased, tissue nitrogen (N) content tended to increase under Pi deficiency. The CO₂ × Pi interactions were significant on leaf area, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. The stimulatory effect of elevated CO₂ on growth and photosynthesis was reduced or highly depressed suggesting an increased sensitivity of cotton to Pi deficiency under elevated CO₂. Although, tissue P and stomatal conductance were lower at elevated CO₂, these did not appear to be the main causes of cotton unresponsiveness to elevated CO₂ under severe Pi‐stress. The alteration in the uptake and utilization of N was suggested due to a consistent reduction (18–21 %) in the cotton plant tissue N content under elevated CO₂.     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

Farmers' seed management practices open up new base populations for pearl millet breeding in a semi-arid zone of India

Farmers in western Rajasthan (north‐west India) produce and maintain their landrace populations of pearl millet through their own distinct seed management practices. The objective of this study was to characterize morphological and agronomic variability of different traits between and within three farmers' populations using quantitative‐genetic parameters. Populations examined were a typical landrace and two modified landraces, which were generated through farmer introgression of modern varieties with different levels of subsequent selection. From these three populations, 100 random full‐sib progenies were evaluated in field trials at two locations in western Rajasthan over two years. Significant genetic variation existed within the three populations. Estimates of heritability were moderate to high for all observed traits. Predicted selection response for grain yield across environments was 1.6% for the typical landrace and 2.2% for both the modified landraces. Results suggest that the introgression of modern varieties into landraces had increased the genetic diversity. Therefore, farmers' current breeding activities could open up new resources for plant breeding programmes aiming at plant improvement for the semiarid zones of India.     

Photosynthetic Acclimation and Productivity of Mungbean Cultivars under Elevated CO2 Concentration

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] cultivars (Pusa Baisakhi, PS 16 and P 105) were grown in field at atmospheric (360 ± 10 ppm, AC) and elevated CO₂ (650 ± 50 ppm, EC) concentrations inside open top chambers for entire period of growth and development till maturity. Leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N) of AC and EC grown plants when compared at same CO₂ concentration showed no significant down‐regulation of P_N in EC plants. In cv. P 105, even up‐regulation of P_N was observed in EC plants. Mungbean cultivars accumulated assimilates in the leaves during the day mostly in the form of starch. Nodule number and weight were also higher in EC plants. The positive effect of elevated CO₂ on P_N, dry‐matter production and seed yield was better expressed in cv. P 105 having greater podding ability.     

瞬时CO2浓度变化对杏属植物光合生理影响研究

为探讨CO2浓度瞬时变化对杏碳同化能力、水分利用能力的影响,进一步了解杏属植物在未来大气CO2浓度升高和全球变暖情况下的生长潜力和生态优势。作者利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对15个2年生杏品种进行瞬时CO2浓度倍降和倍升处理的光合参数测定。结果表明,瞬时CO2浓度变化显著影响杏属植物光合作用,在瞬时CO2浓度升高情况下,最大净光合速率(Amax)升高,呼吸速率(Rd)下降,光补偿点(LCP)降低,表光量子效率(AQY)提高,水分利用效率(WUE)显著增强,但光饱和点(LSP)变化不显著,不同品种Gs和Tr反应有一定差异。适当增加CO2浓度能提高杏属植物对弱光和水分的利用能力,促进光合作用,增加同化物积累,加速碳素循环。     

Response of Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is recognized as a major aspect of global climate change that would have a significant impact on the productivity of major agricultural crops. Two field experiments were done, with the objective of quantifying the response of a short‐duration rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the low elevation, subhumid zone of Sri Lanka. The experiment contained three treatments. In the elevated CO₂ treatment, rice was grown at a CO₂ concentration of 570 µmol/mol within open top chambers (OTC s). The ambient CO₂ treatment included crops grown within OTC s, but maintained at the ambient CO₂ concentration of 370 µmol/mol. The third treatment was a crop grown in the open field under ambient CO₂ concentration. Grain yields of rice crops grown under elevated CO₂ were 24 % and 39 % greater than the respective ambient treatments in the maha (January – March 2001) and yala (May – August, 2001) seasons. Significant increases in total biomass at harvest (23 % and 39 %, respectively, in maha and yala) were more responsible for the above yield increases than the slight increases in the harvest index (4 % and 2 %). Yields of the ambient and open field treatments did not differ significantly. Among the yield components, the number of panicles per hill was significantly higher in the elevated treatment and showed significant positive correlations with grain yield in both seasons. In addition, grain yield showed significant positive correlations with the percentage of filled grains in maha and the number of grains per panicle in yala. Significant increases in the number of tillers per hill under elevated CO₂ were responsible for its greater leaf area index and the greater numbers of panicles per hill. Crops under elevated CO₂ accumulated biomass faster than those grown under ambient CO₂ during the vegetative and grain‐filling stages. The results of this study demonstrate that elevated CO₂ causes significant yield increases in rice, even when it is grown in warm, subhumid tropical climates.     

Response of Photosynthesis and Water Relations of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

The objective of the present paper is to determine the response of the physiological parameters related to biomass production and plant water relations in a standard Sri Lankan rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated CO₂ (i.e. 570 µmol/mol). During two seasons, rice crops were grown under three different experimental treatments; namely, at 570 µmol/mol (i.e. ‘elevated’) and 370 µmol/mol (‘ambient’) CO₂ within open top chambers, and at ambient CO₂ under open field conditions. Leaf net photosynthetic rate in the elevated treatment increased by 22–75 % in comparison to the ambient. However, the ratio between intercellular and ambient CO₂ concentrations remained constant across different CO₂ treatments and seasons. CO₂ enrichment decreased individual leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate per unit leaf area, and increased both leaf and canopy temperatures. However, the overall canopy stomatal conductance and daily total canopy transpiration rate of the elevated treatment were approximately the same as those achieved under ambient conditions. This was because of the significantly greater leaf area index and greater leaf–air vapour pressure deficit under CO₂ enrichment. The leaf chlorophyll content increased significantly under elevated CO₂; however, the efficiency (i.e. photochemical yield) of light energy capture by Photosystem II (i.e. F_v/F_m) in chlorophyll a did not show a significant and consistent variation with CO₂ enrichment.     

Yield,growth and grain nitrogen response to elevated CO2 in six lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars grown under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) in a semi-arid environment

Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]) are predicted to increase from current levels of about 400 ppm to reach 550 ppm by 2050. The direct benefits of elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂]) to plant growth appear to be greater under low rainfall conditions, but there are few field (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment or FACE) experimental set-ups that directly address semi-arid conditions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the following research questions: 1) What are the effects of e[CO₂] on the growth and grain yield of lentil (Lens culinaris) grown under semi-arid conditions under FACE? 2) Does e[CO₂] decrease grain nitrogen in lentil? and 3) Is there genotypic variability in the response to e[CO₂] in lentil cultivars? Elevated [CO₂] increased yields by approximately 0.5 t ha⁻¹ (relative increase ranging from 18 to 138%) by increasing both biomass accumulation (by 32%) and the harvest index (by up to 60%). However, the relative response of grain yield to e[CO₂] was not consistently greater under dry conditions and might depend on water availability post-flowering. Grain nitrogen concentration was significantly reduced by e[CO₂] under the conditions of this experiment. No differences were found between the cultivars selected in the response to elevated [CO₂] for grain yield or any other parameters observed despite well expressed genotypic variability in many traits of interest. Biomass accumulation from flowering to maturity was considerably increased by elevated [CO₂] (a 50% increase) which suggests that the indeterminate growth habit of lentils provides vegetative sinks in addition to reproductive sinks during the grain-filling period.     

CO2 exploitation and genetic diversity in winter varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus); varieties of tomorrow

We investigated the CO_2] exploitation and genetic diversity inthree old and three new winter varieties of oilseed rape (Brassicanapus L.). Plants were cultivated in growth chambers with 360 ppmCO₂ and 700 ppm CO₂ under conditions simulating a normalgrowth season. Exposed to elevated CO₂ the stomatal conductance(g_s) and the maximum photosynthesis capacity (A_max) werereduced and the dry biomass and the total seed-number were increased.The response in seed-yield differed among the varieties; it was increased inthree varieties and decreased in three. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)showed that there were Treatment- and Week-effects on the g_s, andthere were Variety-, Week- and Treatment-effects on the A_max. Itwas also evident that there were a Variety- and Variety-agegroup-effect onthe seed-yield, but the Variety-agegroup-effect could not explain theVariety-effect. When either or both covariates (seed-number andbiomass) were included in the model, the covariates themselves had asignificant effect and it became evident that there was a Treatment-effecton the seed-yield.From AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers adendrogram was constructed by the UPGMA method (unweightedpair-group method using the arithmetic averages) and [G _ST wascalculated for all possible subsets of the varieties. The three old varietiescomprised the densest cluster and were also more genetically diverse thantwo of the three new varieties. Varieties with clear changes amongCO₂ levels were rather genetically diverse.Thus, the varieties represent different traits, which could be exploited infuture breeding of oilseed rape.     

普通菜豆抗旱生理特性

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性较好的品种跃进豆、260205和敏感品种奶花芸豆为试材,设置干旱和正常供水2种处理,测定产量、产量构成因素及相关生理生化指标,分析干旱胁迫下参试品种各性状及生理指标的变化及对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,干旱处理36 d,跃进豆和260205的根干重为总生物量的20.2%和20.6%,荚干重为总生物量的30.0% 和28.9%,而奶花芸豆的根干重和荚干重仅为总生物量的10.6%和17.1%,光合产物向根系和籽粒的有效分配与普通菜豆抗旱性关系密切;跃进豆在干旱胁迫后期的水分利用效率较对照增加 230.5%,而奶花芸豆的增幅仅为84.3%,较高的水分利用效率有利于CO₂的有效扩散和高效固定;其他生理特性分析表明,抗氧化酶与光呼吸共同作用有效降低了膜脂过氧化程度,减少了叶片的损伤;脯氨酸和可溶性糖是普通菜豆主要的渗透调节物质,能够较好地保持自身叶片的水分平衡。普通菜豆抗旱性是多种生理调节机制协同作用的结果,主要包括形态调节、气孔调节、渗透调节以及抗氧化能力的调节等。     

Growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in response to soil moisture: 1. Dry matter and yield

The effect of drought on the growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) was studied in controlled-environment glasshouses in the UK. There were three landraces (S19-3, DipC and UN from Namibia, Botswana and Swaziland, respectively) and two watering regimes; a control that was irrigated weekly to 90% field capacity and a drought treatment with no irrigation from 49 days after sowing (DAS) until final harvest (147 DAS). Bambara groundnut responded to drought by reducing the rate of leaf area expansion, final canopy size and total dry matter (TDM) during vegetative growth. Drought also caused significant reductions in pod dry matter (PDM), pod number, seed weight and harvest index (HI), leading to a decrease in final pod yield that was different between landraces. Across landraces, drought reduced mean pod yield from 298 g m⁻² to 165 g m⁻², representing 45% yield loss. Despite the reduction in all landraces, the mean pod yield across the droughted treatments that had received no water for almost 100 days indicated the resilience of the species to drought. The three landraces differed in their phenology; S19-3 exhibited a reduced phenology while UN maintained the longest life cycle. The different responses of the landraces reflect their adaptation to their local climates where mean annual rainfall ranges between 365 mm (Namibia) and 1390 mm (Swaziland). We discuss the significance of these results for future breeding programmes on bambara groundnut.     

Elevated CO2 modulates the effects of drought and heat stress on plant water relations and grain yield in wheat

To investigate the interactive effects of drought, heat and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) on plant water relations and grain yield in wheat, two wheat cultivars with different drought tolerance (Gladius and Paragon) were grown under ambient and elevated [CO₂], and were exposed to post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. The stomatal conductance, plant water relation parameters, abscisic acid concentration in leaf and spike, and grain yield components were examined. Both stress treatments and elevated [CO₂] reduced the stomatal conductance, which resulted in lower leaf relative water content and leaf water potential. Drought induced a significant increase in leaf and spike abscisic acid concentrations, while elevated [CO₂] showed no effect. At maturity, post‐anthesis drought and heat stress significantly decreased the grain yield by 21.3%–65.2%, while elevated [CO₂] increased the grain yield by 20.8% in wheat, which was due to the changes of grain number per spike and thousand grain weight. This study suggested that the responses of plant water status and grain yield to extreme climatic events (heat and drought) can be influenced by the atmospheric CO₂ concentration.     

Growth response of 98 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to elevated CO2 and identification of related quantitative trait loci using genome‐wide association studies

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) concentrations can stimulate crop growth, but little is known about intraspecific variability in the response to eCO₂ and the underlying genetics in cereals. Field experiments over two years with 98 barley genotypes were conducted in open‐top chambers (OTCs) under ambient CO₂ (400 ppm) and eCO₂ (700 ppm) concentrations. At crop maturity, different fractions of aboveground biomass (AGB) were measured, and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). Averaged across all genotypes, eCO₂ significantly enhanced AGB by 15%, while the increase in culm and ear biomass alone was not significant. The AGB response to eCO₂ of the individual genotypes ranged from c. ?36% to +95% compared with ambient CO₂ (aCO₂), showing a large variability of growth responses. In GWAS, 51 associations between SNP markers and the relative changes (eCO₂/aCO₂) in biomass were detected on different chromosomes. Loci potentially involved in biomass alterations under eCO₂ were identified. The wide range of variability in responses might be exploited by marker‐based breeding for climate‐resilient barley.     

Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): II. Growth and quality of grape and wine in response to elevated CO2 concentrations

A FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment) experiment was carried out on Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in 1996 and 1997 in an existing vineyard in Italy. Four FACE arrays were used to fumigate adults plants, while two arrays were used as control. Three CO₂ exposure levels were used in these arrays (ambient, 550 and 700 μmol mol⁻¹). Dynamics of vegetative and reproductive biomass and grape quality compounds (sugar and acid concentrations) were monitored during the two growing seasons. Chemical analyses of the main wine quality compounds were made after fermentations. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels had a significant effect on biomass components (total and fruit dry weight) with increases that ranged from 40 to 45% in the 550 μmol mol⁻¹ treatment and from 45 to 50% in 700 μmol mol⁻¹ treatment. Acid and sugar contents were also stimulated by rising CO₂ levels up to a maximum increase in the middle of the ripening season (8–14%); however, as the grapes reached the maturity stage the CO₂ effect on both quality parameters almost completely disappeared. Wine quality was not significantly affected by elevated CO₂. Furthermore, no significant differences were detectable among the plants grown in the two enriched treatments (550 and 700 μmol mol⁻¹), and the effects of elevated CO₂ concentration were similar in the two growing seasons. The absence of any further stimulation of the highest CO₂ treatment (700 μmol mol⁻¹) on grapevine growth and yield quality (i.e. grapes and wine) may be explained as a result of transport and/or sink limitations. We can conclude that the expected rise in CO₂ concentrations may strongly stimulate grapevine production without causing negative repercussions on quality of grapes and wine.     

Effects of free‐air CO2 enrichment and drought on root growth of field grown maize and sorghum

Increasing CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) is thought to induce climate change and thereby increase air temperatures and the risk of drought stress, the latter impairing crop growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated [CO₂] and drought stress on root growth of one maize genotype (Zea mays cv. Simao) and two sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor cv. Bulldozer and Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense cv. Inka) under the cool moderate climate of Central Europe. It was hypothesized that root growth stimulation due to elevated [CO₂] compensates for a reduced root growth under drought stress. Therefore, we established an experiment within a f ree‐a ir c arbon dioxide e nrichment system (FACE) in 2010 and 2011. Sorghum and maize genotypes were grown under ambient [CO₂] (385 ppm CO₂) and elevated [CO₂] (600 ppm CO₂) and in combination with restricted and sufficient water supply. Elevated [CO₂] decreased root length density (RLD) in the upper soil layers for all genotypes, but increased it in deeper layers. Higher [CO₂] enhanced specific root length (SRL) of “Simao” and “Bulldozer,” however, did not affect that of “Inka.” “Simao” achieved a higher SRL than the sorghum genotypes, indicating an efficient investment in root dry matter. Although elevated [CO₂] affected the root growth, no interaction with the water treatment and, consequently, no compensatory effect of elevated [CO₂] could be identified.     

Heat,wheat and CO2: The relevance of timing and the mode of temperature stress on biomass and yield

Atmospheric CO₂ enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO₂ enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO₂ enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (?19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO₂ enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO₂, but not so at elevated CO₂. Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO₂ enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention.     

Elevated CO2 increases wheat cer, leaf and tiller development, and shoot and root growth

Whole-plant responses to elevated CO₂ throughout the life cycle are needed to understand future impacts of elevated atmospheric CO₂. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. leaf carbon exchange rates (CER) and carbohydrates, growth, and development were examined at the tillering, booting, and grain-filling stages in growth chambers with CO₂ concentrations of 350 (ambient) or 700 (high) μmol mol^?1. Single-leaf CER values measured on plants grown at high CO₂ were 50% greater than those measured on plants grown at ambient CO₂ for all growth stages, with no photosynthetic acclimation observed at high CO₂. Leaves grown in high CO₂ had more starch and simple sugars at tillering and booting, and more starch at grain-filling, than those grown in ambient CO₂. CER and carbohydrate levels were positively correlated with leaf appearance rates and tillering (especially third-, fourth- and fifth-order tillers). Elevated CO₂ slightly delayed tiller appearance, but accelerated tiller development after appearance. Although high CO₂ increased leaf appearance rates, final leaf number/culm was not effected because growth stages were reached slightly sooner. Greater plant biomass was related to greater tillering. Doubling CO₂ significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight, but decreased the shoot to root ratio. High CO₂ plants had more spikes plant^?1 and spikelets spike^?1, but a similar number of fertile spikelets spike^?1. Elevated CO₂ resulted in greater shoot, root and spike production and quicker canopy development by increasing leaf and tiller appearance rates and phenology.