小蠹科害虫化学信息物质及其对侵害寄主等行为的影响

在综合大量国内外研究成果的基础上,就松树寄主气味、非寄主气味、小蠹虫信息素以及其他化学信息物质对调控小蠹科害虫侵袭寄主林木等的行为,作了系统详细的论述。     

小蠹虫信息化合物作用研究概述

小蠹虫具有复杂的种间和种内信息化合物,其主要作用是调节和控制对寄主树木的选择、入侵及危害,进而调控小蠹虫在森林生态系统内的种群密度和生态分布。本文简要概述了信息化合物在小蠹虫寄主选择、入侵、定居、繁殖等一系列行为中的作用,并进一步阐述了小蠹虫寄主选择理论,重点阐明了寄主与非寄主植物挥发物的作用。     

云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展(鞘翅目,小蠹科)

本文对云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展进行了综述。云杉八齿小蠹在中欧的大面积爆发激发了广大林业科学工作者对其化学生态学的广泛研究。在寻找寄主的过程中,雄性找到寄主后释放化学信息物质吸引雄性和雌性的聚集。开始发起进攻的小蠹在找寻寄主的过程中能利用寄主树脂作为利己素,并能够在体内解毒后合成可被利用的化学信息物质。在云杉八齿小蠹雄性的中肠中,我们发现9种单萜类化合物,主要是反式马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇,这两种物质被认为是云杉八齿小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。小蠹二烯醇的含量虽然很低但是能显著提高马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇的野外诱集作用。马鞭草烯酮和小蠹烯醇是反聚集信息素,在调节攻击密度和树皮下的种群密度的过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要综述了寄主抗性、信息素成分和小蠹虫行为之间的关系。野外生测的结果证明利用信息素防治云杉八齿小蠹是行之有效的防治方法。     

小蠹虫伴生菌研究概况

小蠹虫伴生菌是在植物-小蠹虫-伴生菌系统中,削弱树木抗性、协助小蠹虫侵害的重要因子。伴生菌与小蠹虫的联系和相互适应是在长期协同进化中形成的。寄主树木对伴生菌的抗御作用主要是通过物理防御、化学防御进行的。而伴生菌对寄主树的侵害又常常是与小蠹虫协同作用的。因此,揭示伴生菌在小蠹虫相互生态联系,探讨伴生菌在植物-小蠹虫-伴生菌系统中所扮演的角色,对于防治小蠹虫危害、保护寄主树木具有重要意义。     

非寄主挥发物对针叶树小蠹虫作用的研究进展

针叶树小蠹虫不仅能通过信息化学物质识别和回避非寄主生境,而且能识别非寄主树种和不适寄主树。非寄主挥发物,尤其是6碳乙醇等绿叶气体和一些8碳醇等树皮挥发物是代表着非寄主的重要气味信号,在针叶树小蠹虫寻找寄主的过程中有重要意义。本文分别对绿叶气体和非寄主树皮挥发物等的研究基础、小蠹虫对非寄主的回避、影响挥发物释放的因素、非寄主挥发物的采集分析、生物测定方法和非寄主挥发物作用的生态学及进化意义等方面的研究现状和进展进行了综述,认为小蠹虫能在混交林中找到寄主不是单因素决定的,是受多因素影响的结果。非寄主挥发物在针叶树小蠹虫的管理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

化学信息素对小蠹虫入侵危害的调控

评述了小蠹科昆虫化学信息通讯的复杂性和种间多样性，小蠹虫利它素、利己素和信息素在寄主树木选择、入侵、定居和繁殖中的行为调控机制。并讨论了化学信息素合成与分泌对小蠹虫种群密度和生态位宽度，以及天敌昆虫种类和数量动态的影响。     

树木抗性与小蠹虫生存策略的进化

小蠹虫对寄主树木的入侵危害不仅受到树木原生性抗性的直接影响 ,而且小蠹虫在寄主树木组织内的定居繁衍也受到寄主树木诱导性抗性的制约。寄主树木抗性的强弱决定小蠹虫入侵寄主树木的数量 ,也促使小蠹虫与特定的真菌共生 ,真菌通过对寄主树木生理生化代谢的影响 ,以削弱寄主树木抗虫性 ,从而为小蠹虫在寄主树木组织内的定居创造必备的生存条件。同时小蠹虫为适应真菌的共生和寄主树木的抗虫性 ,促使小蠹虫生存繁衍策略高度进化 ,从而形成小蠹虫—共生真菌—寄主树木三者协同进化共生的关系     

华山松大小蠹成虫触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

小蠹虫在入侵、定居和繁殖的整个生命过程中,无论是种内与种间的信息通讯与配偶的寻找,还是在寄主树木组织内的取食和繁殖数量的调节,均依赖于广泛分布于小蠹虫触角上的各种感受器(尤其是化学感受器)来接受或感受寄主树木次生代谢物质的引诱和对异性的准确定位(Byers,1995;陈辉,2003).     

秦岭华山松小蠹生态位研究

通过对秦岭林区海拔１６００～２２００ｍ的中山地带华山松小蠹虫种类和生态位的研究,结果表明：在秦岭林区入侵危害寄主华山松的小蠹虫有１９种,其中能构成竞争和共存的小蠹虫主要有１１种。虽然,这１１种小蠹虫具有各自不同的生态位宽度,且存在不同程度的生态位重叠,但各小蠹虫可依据其对寄主树木营养和空间需求的不同、种群密度的相互制约,以及入侵寄主树木时序的差异达到竞争的平衡和共存。秦岭华山松小蠹生态系统的建立,首先是由华山松大小蠹入侵健康华山松,并通过携带蓝变真菌入侵寄主树木,迅速克服寄主树木抗性系统,使寄主树木树势衰弱;其次松六齿小蠹、暗额星坑小蠹和松十二齿小蠹,作为秦岭华山松的主要次期性小蠹,迅速入侵衰弱的寄主华山松;最后其它次期性小蠹虫入侵寄主树木,利用寄主华山松剩余营养和空间。从而实现秦岭华山松立木小蠹生态系统的动态稳定。     

林木受小蠹虫危害的表征及其遥感监测

通过查阅大量相关文献,分析了小蠹虫对寄主树的选择和定殖,小蠹虫、真菌与寄主树的相互关系以及寄主树的防御反应,总结了遥感在小蠹虫早期危害监测上的应用。     

太原市油松小蠹虫及其综合防控技术研究

小蠹虫是一类重要的森林害虫,多为次期性害虫。通过调查,在太原市为害油松的主要种类是松六齿小蠹、松八齿小蠹和松十二齿小蠹;成虫扬飞期分别出现在5月份、7月份、8月份、9月份,是防治的关键时期;引起小蠹虫成灾的原因除自然因素外,主要是人为因素,所以防控小蠹虫要以虫情测报为基础,以检疫和林木管护措施为主导,并辅以生物、人工、化学等综合防控措施。     

Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) diversity in spaced and unmanaged mature lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) in southeastern British Columbia

Variation in the number and diversity of bark beetles in spaced mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to location (site), spacing treatment and years following treatment. We analyzed the number of bark beetles and the number of bark beetle species that emerged from stumps or were captured in flight traps in the first five years following spacing. We also investigated the incidence of bark beetle attacks on the remaining trees and the mean dates of emergence from stumps and of capture in flight traps for the common species. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 m × 4 m spacing, 5 m × 5 m spacing, and an untreated control. The mean density of bark beetles emerged from stumps was different among sites and years but not between spacing treatments. There was no statistically significant variation in the number of bark beetle species captured in flight traps by site, spacing treatment, years, or spacing treatment and years. Significantly more bark beetles were captured in the 4 m × 4 m spacing treatment than in the control. The number of bark beetles captured was the highest in the first 2 years following treatment. Up to 26 species of bark beetles, excluding ambrosia beetles, were captured in flight barrier traps. There was no difference in species diversity by site or treatment indicating that species diversity in mature lodgepole pine is relatively stable over large areas. Of the 213 trees that sustained at least 10 attacks by bark beetles on the lower 2 m of the bole, 59.1% occurred in the spaced plots but only 18.2% of those were successful, versus 74.7% success in the infested trees in the control plots. The majority of infested trees contained Ips sp., Dendroctonus valens and D. murrayanae. Of the seven trees attacked by mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae) only one tree was located in a spaced plot.     

小蠹聚集信息素研究与应用的进展

简要回顾了昆虫信息素研究的历史,主要以重齿小蠹的聚集信息素的研究与应用为例综述了小蠹聚集信息素研究与应用的历史和现状,展望了小蠹聚集信息素的应用前景以及以后的研究方向,为加快小蠹聚集信息素在我国小蠹的综合管理中的合理应用提供参考和借鉴。     

Beifänge in Borkenkäfer-Pheromonfallen in Norddeutschland

Pheromone traps are used in forests to control bark beetles. Besides the bark beetles many other species of arthropods are caught with pheromone by slit traps. The paper describes the scope of species sampled under various conditions in the year 1985. White and black traps were used (with pheromone; with pheromone and carrion; with carrion; control without pheromone and carrion).     

Die Wirkungsbreite des Ausstoβreflexes bei Borkenkäfernreflexes bei Borkenkäfern

Summary The thrust out-reflex of the back beetles is useful to the breeding galleries of bore-meal and other substances. The beetles also avert with this reflex other insects, who try to invade the breeding galleries. Then the bark beetle thrust out its abdomen and often that means the ruin of the beetle. The enemy — f. i.Thanasimus formicarius L. — has the opportunity to kill the bark beetle when he reaches its abdomen.     

Über die Variabilität der Brutbilder von Kiefernborkenkäfern (Coleoptera,Ipidae)

Summary Studies on the variability of galleries of pine bark beetles (Col., Ipidae) The variability of the galleries of bark beetles haven't been considered enough till now. Examples of anomalies are given and reduced to their causes. The great pine bast beetle,Myelophilus piniperda, builds the mother-gallery under the bark of stumps downwards instead of above. This can be fed back to the conditions of humidity in the stumps. The little pine bast beetle,Myelophilus minor, when attacking lying stems, often lays eggs only into the higher part of the gallery which is kept free from bore meal. Under the influence of different environment factors also other species of Hylesinini and Ipini show anomalies in building up their galleries.     

老秃顶子国家级自然保护区小蠹虫发生危害调查

在老秃顶子国家级自然保护区共采到小蠹虫29种,隶属4亚科15属,其中红松根小蠹Hy-lastes plumbeusBlandford、东北四眼小蠹Polygraphus sachalinensisEggers、中穴星坑小蠹Pityo-genes chalcographasLinnaeus、落叶松八齿小蠹IpssubelongatusMotschuleky、六齿小蠹I.acuminatusGyllenhal等为优势种,主要危害衰弱木、濒死木、枯萎木及风倒雪压木等,少数种类如纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus、黄须球小蠹Sphaerotrypes coimbatorensisStebblng等危害健康树木。不同海拔高度及不同类型的林分中,小蠹虫的种类存在明显差异。及时清除、集中处理风倒木是控制虫源,减轻危害的重要措施。     

关于小蠹虫的防治策略及研究发展方向

小蠹虫是世界性大害虫 ,特别是对松树危害极大 ,猖獗时常可造成林木成片枯死。其生活隐蔽 ,繁殖迅速 ,在造成林木枯萎前不易被人们发现。但衰弱木及某些种类的性外激素对其有很强的吸引力 ,诱集效果显著 ,可作为重要的监测手段。该虫主要发生在立地条件差、林地卫生条件不好或由其它各种原因导致树木生长衰弱的林分。因此 ,其预防措施主要是选用良种壮苗 ,进行适地适树营造混交林 ;加强监测 ,及时消灭虫源基地。其防治策略及研究发展方向应向以生态管理为基础 ,以生物防治为主导的综合治理方向发展 ,方能达到可持续控制小蠹虫对林木的危害     

Response of bark beetles and their natural enemies to fire and fire surrogate treatments in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana

Four treatments (control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-and-burn) were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle-caused mortality in both the short-term (one to four years) and the long-term (seven years) in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana, USA. In addition to assessing bark beetle responses to these treatments, we also measured natural enemy landing rates and resin flow of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) the season fire treatments were implemented. All bark beetles were present at low population levels (non-outbreak) for the duration of the study. Post-treatment mortality of trees due to bark beetles was lowest in the thin-only and control units and highest in the units receiving burns. Three tree-killing bark beetle species responded positively to fire treatments: Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae), pine engraver (Ips pini), and western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) responded positively to fire treatments, but never caused mortality. Three fire damage variables tested (height of crown scorch, percent circumference of the tree bole scorched, or degree of ground char) were significant factors in predicting beetle attack on trees. Douglas-fir beetle and pine engraver responded rapidly to increased availability of resources (fire-damaged trees); however, successful attacks dropped rapidly once these resources were depleted. Movement to green trees by pine engraver was not observed in plots receiving fire treatments, or in thinned plots where slash supported substantial reproduction by this beetle. The fourth tree-killing beetle present at the site, the mountain pine beetle, did not exhibit responses to any treatment. Natural enemies generally arrived at trees the same time as host bark beetles. However, the landing rates of only one, Medetera spp., was affected by treatment. This predator responded positively to thinning treatments. This insect was present in very high numbers indicating a regulatory effect on beetles, at least in the short-term, in thinned stands. Resin flow decreased from June to August. However, resin flow was significantly higher in trees in August than in June in fire treatments. Increased flow in burned trees later in the season did not affect beetle attack success. Overall, responses by beetles to treatments were short-term and limited to fire-damaged trees. Expansions into green trees did not occur. This lack of spread was likely due to a combination of high tree vigor in residual stands and low background populations of bark beetles.