不同饵料对短蛸生长的影响

在盐度28~30、水温23.6~25.8℃下,将54只初始体质量(34.82±3.79)g的健康短蛸放入500mL矿泉水瓶中,瓶体周身均匀钻直径5mm小孔约80个,每瓶1只,悬挂在4.1m×6.6m×1.4m养殖池中,投喂菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏和肉球近方蟹3种饵料,每种饵料3个平行组,比较分析3种饵料对短蛸生长的影响。28d的饲养表明,3个饵料组的成活率均为100%,但投喂肉球近方蟹的短蛸特定生长率(1.67%/d)和饵料转化效率(33.46%)显著高于投喂缢蛏(1.33%/d,14.01%)和菲律宾蛤仔(1.31%/d,19.57%)的短蛸(P0.05)。试验结果表明,蟹类是短蛸养成阶段较理想的饵料。     

不同盐度下饵料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾生长、体成份和肝胰腺组织结构的影响

设计了蛋白质含量为20.61%、30.52%、40.43%和50.34%的4种饵料(分别为CP20、CP30、CP40和CP50),研究饵料蛋白质含量对不同盐度下(分别为低盐度LS 2、中盐度MS 22和高盐度HS 32)凡纳滨对虾[(0.0144±0.0047)g]生长、成活及体成份的影响,测定了不同处理组对虾的肝胰腺指数(HIS)和肥满度(CF),试验为期8周.结果显示:(1)盐度对凡纳滨对虾的生长、成活、肥满度和灰分含量均有显著影响(P<0.05),而对肝体指数、体粗蛋白、体粗脂肪和水分无显著影响(P0.05),中盐度组对虾各指标均最高,其次为高盐度组,低盐度组最低;中、高盐度组对虾的增重率、特殊体重(长)增长率均显著高于低盐度组对虾(P<0.05),而中、高盐度组对虾的各生长指标无显著差异(P＜0.05);(2)饵料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾的各生长指标和体粗蛋白含量影响显著(P<0.05),对其它各指标影响不显著(P<0.05).各盐度下,对虾生长和体粗蛋白含量均随饵料蛋白质含量升高而升高,投喂CP20的对虾组显著低于其它各处理组(P<0.05);肥满度和肝体指数均先随饵料蛋白质含量升高至40.43%而升高,然后稍有下降;饵料蛋白质含量对各盐度下对虾成活率影响均不显著(P0.05).(3)双因素方差分析结果显示,盐度和饵料蛋白质含量,除对体灰分含量存着着显著的交互作用外(P<0.05),对其它体生化成份含量、生长及体形态指标的交互作用均不显著(P0.05).(4)饲料蛋白质含量明显影响了凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的组织结构,投喂CP30和CP40饵料的对虾肝小体基膜完整,投喂CP40对虾的肝小体中还出现了大量的存储细胞(R细胞);而投喂CP20饵料的对虾肝小体分布松散,R细胞数量较小,并且部分肝小体基膜破损;而投喂CP50饵料的对虾的肝小体排列紧密,且B细胞内出现大量内容物质.结果提示,提高饵料蛋白质含量虽然在一定程度上加快对虾的生长速度和增加肥满度,但是并不能提高低盐底下凡纳滨对虾的成活率.饲料中蛋白质含量的不适宜,尤其是含量过低,会导致对虾肝胰腺的结构发生变化甚至发生不同程度的病理变化.     

植物乳酸杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道组织形态的影响

将体质量(8.10±0.13)g的凡纳滨对虾放养在室内500L玻璃纤维水桶中,以不同剂量(0、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%)的植物乳酸杆菌菌液(密度109 cfu/mL)拌料投喂,观察凡纳滨对虾的生长、消化酶活性和肠道组织结构的变化。结果显示,投喂15d后,0.5%和1%菌液组对虾的平均体质量、质量增加率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著降低(P0.05);0.5%菌液组对虾肝胰腺消化酶和肠道消化酶活性显著增强(P0.05),对虾肠上皮细胞高度显著增加(P0.05)。研究结果表明,投喂0.5%植物乳酸杆菌可显著提高凡纳滨对虾消化酶活性和肠上皮细胞高度,促进对虾生长。     

饲料中添加芽孢杆菌PC465对凡纳滨对虾生长和STAT基因表达的影响

将坚强芽孢杆菌PC465浓缩菌液直接与饲料原料混匀后制成含106、108和1010CFU芽孢杆菌/g干物质的颗粒饲料,或者经冷冻干燥制成冻干粉,与饲料原料混匀制成含107CFU芽孢杆菌/g饲料的颗粒饲料,设连续投喂组、间隔“4+3”投喂组、间隔“1+1”投喂组,研究投喂剂量和投喂频率对对虾生长和类淋巴STAT基因表达的影响。研究发现,饲料中添加不同剂量的坚强芽孢杆菌PC465均能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长率和STAT基因表达(P<0.05),而且跟添加量有一定关系;实验采取不同投喂频率投喂凡纳滨对虾,都能显著提高对虾的生长率和对虾淋巴器官中STAT基因的表达水平(P<0.05),其中以连续投喂组的效果最明显。研究结果对对虾健康养殖有一定的参考价值。     

饵料蛋白量对于日本对虾幼虾生长,消化效率和氮排泄的影响

研究了饵料蛋白量对日本对虾（Ｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）幼虾生长、消化率、氨和尿素排泄的影响。按照同等热量主要以蟹蛋白配制了５种蛋白（２１％～６１％）干饵料，并且在３０ｄ中每天按体重的６％比例来投喂对虾（平均初湿重为０．４ｇ）。在试验结束时，以蜕皮中期的对虾（湿重０．５～２．０ｇ）用作计算干物质和蛋白质的消化率和氨与尿素的排泄率。投喂含２１％和３１．４％蛋白饵料的对虾的增重、特定生长率（ＳＧＲ）和饵料     

Ca2 浓度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾生长的影响

研究了Ca2 浓度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾生长的影响。实验保持盐度15和其它离子的浓度基本恒定,共设计了5个Ca2 浓度梯度,分别为60(R1)、180(R2)、750(R3)、3750(R4)和7500 mg·L-1(R5)。经过35 d的养殖实验,结果表明:(1)不同Ca2 浓度的人工海水对凡纳滨对虾的存活率影响显著,R1组虾的存活率最低,为81.25%,显著低于R2、R3和R4的存活率;(2)5个Ca2 浓度下凡纳滨对虾生长速度不同,其特定生长率(SGRd)的大小顺序为:R3>R2>R1>R4>R5,其中R3的特定生长率(SGRd)显著高于其它4组,而R5的特定生长率(SGRd)显著低于其它4组;(3)各个处理组虾的摄食率(FId)与特定生长率(SGRd)的趋势相反,表现为R5 >R4>R2>R1>R3,其中R5的摄食率显著高于R2、R1和R3的摄食率;(4)不同Ca2 浓度对对虾的食物转化率(FCE)影响显著。Ca2 浓度最大的R5组虾的食物转化率显著低于其它各组,而R3组虾的食物转化率显著高于其它各组;(5)各组虾的生长能、呼吸能和排泄能占摄食能的比例受不同Ca2 浓度的影响显著。本实验的结果表明,Ca2 浓度是通过影响凡纳滨对虾摄食和代谢率实现对其生长能积累影响的。在对虾养殖生产中, 适当提高养殖水体的Ca2 浓度,可提高养殖效果。     

长蛸摄食行为的初步研究

以长蛸为研究对象,采用实验观察法和实验生态学方法,研究了长蛸对不同饵料的摄食情况以及不同饵料摄食部位的差异。结果显示,长蛸不摄食完整的南美白对虾和蟹棒,但摄食菲律宾蛤仔、招潮蟹、剪成两半的南美白对虾和葛氏长臂虾;对招潮蟹的摄食率约60%,菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率约为25%,剪成两半的南美白对虾和葛氏长臂虾的摄食率均约为75%;长蛸喜食招潮蟹后缘部肌肉发达的部分及南美白对虾头胸甲下面的内脏部分。     

不同产地卤虫幼体对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、肌肉组分和抗胁迫能力的影响

卤虫(Artemia)是对虾苗种培育重要的生物饵料.本研究将产自美国大盐湖,以及中国新疆艾比湖、西藏双湖和渤海湾盐田卤虫卵孵化的幼体投喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾,研究不同产地卤虫幼体对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、存活、肌肉组分、抗氨氮能力和盐度耐受力的影响.凡纳滨对虾仔虾随机分为4组,每组3个...     

双齿围沙蚕与赤子爱胜蚓对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫指标的影响

以鲜活饵料双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）、赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）和人工配合饵料投喂凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei），并测定各种饵料对其生长和免疫指标的影响。结果表明，沙蚕和蚯蚓单独投喂或与人工配合饵料配合投喂都可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长速率，但用沙蚕单独投喂的对虾成活率较低。蚯蚓与人工配合饵料配合投喂可显著提高对虾血清中抗菌活力、溶菌活力、酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量；蚯蚓单独投喂可显著提高血清中抗菌活力、酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量，对血清中溶菌活力作用不明显。沙蚕与人工配合饵料配合投喂可显著提高对虾血清中抗菌和溶菌活力．但对血清中酚氧化酶活力和血细胞数量变化作用不明显；单独投喂沙蚕对所测各项免疫指标影响均不显著。研究结果证实：利用蚯蚓和沙蚕可显著提高对虾的生长速率，但蚯蚓的饵料效果优于沙蚕。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：561—565]     

饲料中添加虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响

从雨生红球藻中提取虾青素,以不同质量浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/kg)添加到凡纳滨对虾的饲料中投喂7周,研究虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响.结果显示,虾青素可提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率和特定生长率,其中添加量80 mg/kg组最高,80 mg/kg组特定生长率和对照组间差异显著(P<0.05),但试验组和对照组间存活率无显著差异(P>0.05).各试验组的总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05),至第4周后逐步稳定;超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力与对照组相比均显著降低,且均表现出先降后升的变化趋势,第4周酶活力降至最低.以生长、存活和抗氧化能力为指标,虾青素的最适添加量为80 mg/kg,最佳投喂时间为4周.     

Growth,protein retention and biochemical composition in Octopus vulgaris fed on different diets based on crustaceans and aquaculture by-products

The octopus, Octopus vulgaris, is one of the main targets for aquaculture diversification in Mediterranean countries. However, the development of octopus farming is limited by the lack of information regarding nutritional requirements of this species during its life cycle. In this study, five diets were tested on the biological performance (growth, protein retention and biochemical composition) of individually reared octopuses (n = 8 per diet), including three single diets constituted by: an endemic crab (the white crab, Plagusia depressa), a commercial crab imported frozen (the blue crab, Portunus pelagicus), and bogue (Boops boops) discarded from fish farms (aquaculture by-product), as well as two mixed diets, containing a 60–40% of blue crab-bogue and white crab-bogue, respectively. The rearing period lasted 8 weeks. Octopuses that fed on a mixed diet constituted by blue crab-bogue showed a higher growth than those feeding on bogue as a single food item. No significant differences in growth were observed among individuals feeding on single food items. Highest protein retention was observed in octopuses fed on diets containing discarded bogue, associated with a high lipid and monoenes content in this food item, underlying the use of lipid as energy source in O. vulgaris. However, discarded bogue was deficient in ARA in comparison with octopus tissues, which did not seem to affect growth during the experimental period. These findings underline the potential of aquaculture by-products, particularly bogue, as an adequate diet for culturing O. vulgaris.     

不同饵料对真蛸浮游幼体生长和存活的影响

为了满足真蛸浮游幼体阶段的营养需要,研究了几种饵料生物对真蛸浮游幼体的育苗效果。结果表明:轮虫不宜作为真蛸浮游幼体的生物饵料;恒温培养试验得出混合营养强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果优于混合营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞,并优于小球藻强化的丰年虫幼体及蒙古裸腹溞;常温试验得出梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合的饵料效果最好,而微囊营养强化剂强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果好于混合营养组合。综上所述,可认为:梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合是真蛸浮游幼体期比较适宜的饵料。     

Effects of a dry pelleted diet on growth and survival of the Yucatan octopus, Octopus maya

The effect of a dry pelleted diet on growth of the Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya) was determined and compared with crab diet (Callinectes spp). Two groups of 15 wild collected animals were used. Octopuses were placed in isolation, in a flow‐through system composed of 30 circular tanks (80 L), with a bottom of 40 cm in diameter and a water depth of 80 cm. Experiment lasted 40 days, and octopuses were weighed every 10 days to determine growth rates. Octopuses were fed between 7% and 10% body weight (BW) per day, twice a day at 9:00 h and 17:00 h. Uneaten food was removed after 4 h in the tanks and weighed, to determine food ingestion and conversion. No mortality as a result of natural causes was observed. The 15 octopuses fed on frozen crabs and the 15 fed on the artificial diet had similar weights (P > 0.05) at the start of the experiment, of 486.2 ± 214.8 and 472.5 ± 228.3 g, respectively. At the end of the experiment, octopuses fed on frozen crabs weighed 1466.5 ± 484.0 g, and were significantly larger (P < 0.05), than octopuses fed on artificial diets (438.9 ± 202.6 g). Growth rates for the experiment were of 3.3 ± 0.2 and –0.0 ± 0.3% BW per day, for octopuses fed frozen crabs and the artificial diet, respectively. The artificial diet did not promote growth, but animals did not loose weight and more important, ate regularly all the food supplied, with feeding rates higher than reported in the literature for prepared diets. This makes O. maya a good research animal for the development of artificial diets for cephalopods.     

Marine gammarids (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a new live prey to culture Octopus maya hatchlings

The effects of feeding two alternative live prey Hyalella azteca (freshwater gammarids) and Hyale media (marine gammarids) to Octopus maya hatchlings were compared with feeding adult Artemia sp., traditionally used during the first weeks of the life cycle. Hatchlings were fed ad libitum these three live preys during the first 15 days, and a paste elaborated with fresh squid and shrimp during the next 15 days when hatchling can be fed prepared diets. Weight (g) and specific growth rates (% day^?1) were determined every 15 days. Octopus maya hatchlings fed with marine gammarids grew larger (6.9 ± 0.2% day^?1) compared with hatchlings fed Artemia sp. or freshwater gammarids (4.8 ± 0.2% and 5.0 ± 0.3% day^?1 respectively). Survival was also higher (92.2 ± 6.8%) for hatchlings fed marine gammarids, than for those fed Artemia sp. (74.5 ± 23.8%) or freshwater gammarids (41.2 ± 21.2%). The content of acylglycerides, cholesterol and proteins in O. maya fed marine gammarids suggested a better nutrient assimilation by the hatchlings. Also, polyunsaturated fatty acids levels (EPA and DHA) were more abundant in marine gammarids, possibly contributing to the higher growth rates observed. This is the first study revealing a successful use of marine gammarids as alternative prey for octopus hatchlings culture.     

Effect of two extruded diets with different fish and squid meal ratio on growth,digestibility and body composition of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

The present work studies the growth and body composition of 18 Octopus vulgaris (6 per treatment) fed two extruded diets, namely FMS and 3FMS, based on different fish and squid meal ratios (1:1, and 3:1 respectively). The diets are compared with a control diet based on crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) and bogue (Boops boops). The growing tests were conducted on animals placed in individual 300 L rectangular fibreglass tanks in an open seawater system, containing PVC tubes as shelters, resulting in 100% survival rate. The control group exhibited the highest specific growth rates (SGR = 2.14%BW day^?1), while values of around 0.69%BW day^?1 were achieved by octopuses fed the extruded diets. Even though the three groups of animals showed similar digestive gland indexes, the two extruded diets promoted significant differences in the muscle composition and fatness of the digestive gland. Digestibility of dry matter was not affected by the type of extruded diet, obtaining ADC values of around 88%. The results suggest that squid and fish meal can be both used in dry pelleted extruded diets, with moderate acceptance by the octopus, even though the formulation must be optimized with the aim of improving acceptability and achieve growths in the range of natural diets.     

Effect of feeding attractants on the behaviour and performance of juvenile Penaeus monodon Fabricius

Abstract. A study was conducted to obtain a measure of the potency of some potential and commercially used feeding attractants for Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Behavioural trials monitoring the feeding response of the shrimp were used to gauge the attractant qualities of the substances. A growth trial recording the feed intake, feed assimilation, growth, food conversion and survival rates of the shrimp was used to assess further the feeding stimulant properties of the substances.
Replicate groups of juvenile shrimp were fed semi-purified diets containing 1·5% by weight of a range of potential feeding attractants.
In the behavioural trial, diets containing taurine and a yeast extract were found to be significantly preferred to the control and all other diets. However, none of the substances appeared to act as potent feeding stimulants, producing statistically similar feed intake and assimilation rates to the control diet. However, taurine and an amino acid mixture designed to mimic a clam extract promoted the best performance of the attractants tested in terms of growth rate and feeding efficiency.
Overall, the behavioural response of the shrimp to the feeding attractants was found to show similarities to the effects of attractant supplementation of feed on subsequent ongrowing performance, but not significantly so.     

Comparison Between Individual and Group Rearing Systems in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

Recently most research on cephalopod culture has focused on the development of new specific enrichments for paralarvae and compound feeds for juveniles and sub‐adults. However, little research has been conducted in order to test new rearing systems, specifically designed to meet the particularities of these species. This experiment was set to compare the biological performance of Octopus vulgaris reared under traditional group conditions in floating cages (5 m³) and individually in net cages (80 L), in two successive ongrowing trials. Octopuses (1565 ± 263 g) were fed a mixed diet containing crab and fish during 60 d. In general, higher mortality was observed in octopus reared under group conditions (28.1–36.7%) rather than individually (0–12.5%), related to breeding behavior and to weight dispersion along both trials. This led to highest biomass increment in octopus reared individually. However, the group rearing system had a positive effect on growth, reflecting in higher biomass increment and food conversion rates until 40–50 d of rearing. Accordingly, in order to maximize profitability of traditional group on growing, periodic grading and selection of males during the reproductive period are recommended. In addition, no difference in proximate composition and fatty acid profile was found in muscle regardless of rearing system.     

Replacing live feed with formulated diets in juvenile Patagonian red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus)

Two formulated diets were evaluated to replace live crab (C) as feed for juveniles Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Formulated diets consisted of crab paste (CP) and a mixture of freeze‐dried meals of crab and squid (C&S). After 10 weeks of feeding, the effect of each diet was analysed on productive performance, nutritional and physiological condition and immune system. Both the crab and C&S diets produced the best values for specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The diet C&S proved to be the most digestible with greatest metabolized energy. The CP diet was similar to the C diet in terms of biological value and protein apparent digestibility; nevertheless, its performance was weaker for the other indicators. Furthermore, the highest α‐amylase, lipase and alkaline proteolytic activity values were observed in octopuses fed live crab, as opposed to those fed formulated feeds. The type of diet did not affect lysozyme activity in neither mucus nor haemolymph. The production of reactive oxygen species was highest in octopuses fed CP diet. It is proposed the use of C&S diet to study the nutritional requirements and to develop an optimal formulated diet for juvenile Patagonian red octopus.     

Effects of two dietary protein levels on energy balance and digestive capacity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Octopus maya</Emphasis>

Octopus maya is a carnivorous species and protein is the main energy source. During the present study, two different dietary protein levels (40 and 60% CP) were offered to octopuses as specifically designed artificial diets, to determine protein needs and the effects on metabolism. Frozen crab (Callinectes spp.) was used as control. Results obtained demonstrated that crab remains as one of the best diets for O. maya. The artificial diet with 60% CP produced a low but positive growth rate, and at times, a physiological response similar to that observed in octopuses fed crabs. The present results show the capacity of O. maya juveniles to adjust their digestive enzymes to different types of food and protein level, and this appears to be well correlated with octopus growth. General proteases and trypsin from the pancreas were well correlated with growth rates. A low activity was observed in octopuses fed 40% PC diet (negative growth rate), while a high activity was present in octopuses fed 60% CP diet and crabs (low and high growth rate, respectively). In contrast, these same enzymes were inducted in the salivary glands of octopuses fed with the diet that promoted weight loss (40% CP diet), while a reduced activity was observed in octopuses fed crabs. Energy budget indicates that the animals ingested more than 1,000 kJ week⁻¹ kg⁻¹; with such energy, octopuses should satisfy their physiological demands such as was observed when animals were fed crab (I = 1,300 kJ week⁻¹ kg⁻¹; P = 834 kJ week⁻¹ kg⁻¹). However, a very low digested energy was observed in octopuses the fed artificial diets, indicating that these could have a factor that limits digestibility.