散养对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及繁殖系统发育的影响

本试验旨在研究散养对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、繁殖系统发育的影响。选取25周龄笼养海兰蛋鸡180只,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只,将其中1组放至地面进行散养,2组均自由采食,每天统计产蛋量和耗料量。试验第42天,每个重复随机取4只鸡屠宰、测定繁殖系统的相关指标,同时随机取6枚蛋测定蛋品质。结果表明,散养鸡期末体重、产蛋率极显著小于笼养鸡(P<0.01),料蛋比极显著大于笼养鸡(P<0.01),平均蛋重显著小于笼养鸡(P<0.05);散养鸡鸡蛋的蛋白高度、蛋壳厚度极显著大于笼养鸡(P<0.01),蛋黄颜色与笼养鸡鸡蛋相比有提高的趋势,蛋黄免疫球蛋白含量大于笼养鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05);散养鸡输卵管重量、卵泡重极显著小于笼养鸡(P<0.01),输卵管长度显著小于笼养鸡(P<0.05)。由此可知,与笼养相比,产蛋期间散养降低了鸡体重,降低了繁殖性能,改善了蛋品质。     

饲养方式对蛋鸡免疫水平、肠道菌群及蛋品质的影响

研究不同饲养方式对蛋鸡免疫功能、肠道微生物和蛋品质的影响及相互关系。选取600只16周龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡,随机分为2组,分别进行常规笼养和散养,每组300只,每组3个重复,每个重复100只,于不同周龄对蛋鸡免疫指标、肠道微生物及蛋品质进行检测分析。结果:除24周龄外,散养蛋鸡血液IgA、IgM和IgG含量均高于普通密度笼养蛋鸡;β-内啡肽含量除24周龄外均低于普通笼养鸡;散养方式下蛋鸡盲肠中乳酸杆菌数明显高于笼养方式,且差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),表明散养鸡整体免疫力和抗病能力高于笼养鸡。笼养鸡的平均蛋重为(60.02±1.75)g,高于散养鸡的平均蛋重(59.43±2.31)g,差异显著(P<0.05);和笼养鸡蛋相比,散养鸡蛋的哈夫单位和蛋黄颜色较高,且差异显著(P<0.05),而蛋白高度相比,散养鸡随周龄逐渐下降,笼养鸡逐渐上升,但2种饲养方式之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同饲养方式对济宁百日鸡生产性能的影响

选用1日龄济宁百日鸡(纯种)母鸡800只、公鸡80只,分为地面散养和传统笼养2个试验组,对不同饲养方式下济宁百日鸡生产性能进行研究。试验结果表明,济宁百日鸡育雏期(0~6周龄)雏鸡的体重增长迅速,育成期(7~18周龄)笼养公鸡的体重始终高于笼养母鸡体重。在22、32、42、52四个周龄,笼养组母鸡体重均高于散养组母鸡,散养母鸡的产蛋期饲料转化比和每个鸡蛋耗料量高于笼养母鸡。在整个产蛋期,济宁百日鸡笼养组蛋重都高于散养组。综上,笼养鸡具有低耗料及高产蛋性能的特点,但是笼养鸡的死亡率比较高。     

不同饲养方式对南丹瑶鸡血清生化指标及蛋品质的影响

为研究不同饲养方式对南丹瑶鸡生产性能的影响,试验选择240只健康、个体间无显著差异的16周龄南丹瑶鸡,随机分成3组,分别采用放养、室内平养和笼养三种方式饲养6个月,测定血清生化指标;选取205、210、215日龄南丹瑶鸡所产鸡蛋,测定其蛋品质指标。结果显示:血清生化指标方面,放养组的白蛋白/球蛋白比值显著高于笼养组(P0.05),谷丙转氨酶含量极显著低于室内平养组(P0.01),其他血清生化指标差异不显著(P0.05)。表明放养南丹瑶鸡相对于笼养鸡和平养鸡有着更高的免疫力和更好的肝功能。蛋品质方面,205日龄放养组蛋壳强度显著高于室内平养组和笼养组(P0.05),210及215日龄放养组蛋壳强度显著强于室内平养组(P0.05),而在其他各项蛋品质指标饲养方式对其影响均不显著(P0.05)。表明放养南丹瑶鸡所产鸡蛋蛋壳结构致密性更好。     

笼养鸡和散养鸡蛋产品理化成分的比较分析

从工厂化笼养蛋鸡和农村散养鸡所产蛋中各取全鲜蛋30枚,分别测定了全鲜蛋中水分、干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分,蛋白、蛋黄、蛋壳占全鲜蛋的质量分数;蛋白(清)、蛋黄、蛋壳中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪(蛋黄)、灰分、钙(蛋壳)、磷(蛋壳)在全鲜蛋中的含量和风干后全蛋中的含量.结果表明全鲜蛋及风干后全蛋中的含量、蛋壳中钙在全鲜蛋和风干后全蛋中的含量,2组差异不显著(P＞0.05).散养鸡全鲜蛋中的干物质、脂肪,蛋黄占全鲜蛋质量分数、蛋黄中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪,蛋壳中的水分、蛋白质在全鲜蛋中和在风干后全蛋中(除蛋黄中蛋白质)的含量高于笼养鸡鸡蛋(P＜0.01).其他各理化成分含量笼养鸡鸡蛋均高于散养鸡鸡蛋(P＜0.01).     

不同饲养方式对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。选取400只22周龄如皋黄鸡,随机分为两组,分别进行常规笼养和室外林地放养,每组200只,每组4个重复,每个重复50只。试验期为126d（3－7月）,饲养至40周龄时进行蛋品质测定。结果表明,126d饲养期内,放养组产蛋数和产蛋率均显著低于笼养组（98.61vs106.5,78.3%vs84.5%;P〈0.05）;280日龄放养组鸡蛋的蛋形指数为1.35,显著高于笼养组的蛋形指数1.30（P〈0.05）。蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度方面,放养鸡蛋和笼养鸡蛋差异不显著（P〉0.05）;放养组鸡蛋的哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色显著高于笼养鸡蛋（P〈0.05）。     

不同周龄和饲养方式对岭南黄鸡鸡蛋品质的影响研究

试验比较了20周龄笼养、30周龄笼养和30周龄放养三种饲养方式下的岭南黄鸡鸡蛋品质指标:蛋重、哈夫单位、全蛋胆固醇、蛋黄指数、蛋形指数、蛋壳相对重和蛋壳厚度。试验结果表明,三组蛋形指数无显著差异;笼养条件下岭南黄鸡随着产蛋周龄的增加,蛋重增加、其他指数下降;30周龄放养鸡鸡蛋的蛋重接近20周龄笼养鸡蛋,蛋壳显著增厚,全蛋胆固醇含量高于其他两组。     

不同饲养方式对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响

为了探讨不同饲养方式对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响,试验选择22周龄的健康海兰褐蛋鸡300只,随机分成2组,分别进行笼养和林地散养,除饲养模式外其他条件均相同,每10 d统计2组的产蛋性能和蛋品质指标。结果表明:在产蛋性能方面,笼养组的破软壳率显著高于林地散养组(P0.05),而两组间产蛋率、平均蛋重、日均采食量、料蛋比均差异不显著(P0.05);在蛋品质方面,散养组的哈氏单位、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色均好于笼养组,且差异显著(P0.05),但两组的蛋相对体积质量差异不显著(P0.05)。说明笼养蛋鸡的产蛋性能高于林地散养蛋鸡,而林地散养鸡的蛋品质高于笼养鸡。     

笼养鸡和散养鸡蛋产品理化成分的分析与比较

取全价饲料笼养鸡和农村散养鸡所产蛋各 30个 ,分别测定了全鲜蛋和风干后全蛋中的水分、干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和蛋白、蛋黄、蛋壳占全鲜蛋重及蛋白 (清 )、蛋黄、蛋壳中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪 (蛋黄 )、灰分、钙 (蛋壳 )、磷 (蛋壳 )。结果表明 :全鲜蛋中蛋白质的含量、蛋黄中蛋白质在风干后全蛋中的含量、蛋壳中钙在全鲜蛋和风干后全蛋中的含量 ,两组差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。散养鸡鸡蛋全鲜蛋中的干物质、脂肪、蛋黄占全鲜蛋重、蛋黄中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪 ,蛋壳中的水分、蛋白质在全鲜蛋中和在风干后全蛋中 (除蛋黄中蛋白质 )的含量高于笼养鸡鸡蛋 (P <0 .0 1)。其它各理化成分含量笼养鸡鸡蛋均高于散养鸡鸡蛋 (P <0 .0 1)。     

不同饲养方式对鸡蛋品质及其常规化学成分的影响

本试验选取22、32、42、52周龄笼养和散养的济宁百日鸡所产鸡蛋各100枚进行蛋品质和常规化学成分的测定,以了解饲养方式对鸡蛋品质及其常规化学成分的影响。结果表明:22周龄笼养组鸡蛋的蛋重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度显著高于散养组(P0.05),而哈氏单位显著低于散养组(P0.05);32周龄笼养组鸡蛋的蛋重显著高于散养组(P0.05);42周龄散养组鸡蛋的蛋壳强度和蛋黄指数显著高于笼养组(P0.05);52周龄散养组鸡蛋的蛋黄指数显著高于笼养组(P0.05)。32、42、52周龄笼养组和散养组鸡蛋的水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白均没有显著差别(P0.05)。本研究表明,饲养方式对济宁百日鸡蛋品质有一定影响,对鸡蛋的常规化学成分没有显著影响。     

小球藻对产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饮水中添加小球藻液对产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将720只23周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复60只鸡。对照组常规自由饮水,试验组的饮水中每天加入30 mL/只小球藻液,2组均饲喂基础日粮。在相同饲养环境下,观察23~25、30~34周龄产蛋率并在33周龄收集新鲜鸡蛋测定蛋品质及营养成分。预试期7 d,正试期70 d。结果表明:饮水中添加小球藻液对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响,能显著提高蛋黄粗蛋白质含量,但感官评价的蛋黄颜色得分极显著低于对照组。     

洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质比较

试验旨在比较洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡的鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质,为洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋用新品系选育提供依据。随机选取40周龄的洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(绿壳)、洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(粉壳)和罗曼粉壳蛋鸡各100只,每品种鸡随机分为5个重复,每个重复20只,在相同饲粮和饲养管理方式下进行饲养,45周龄收集鸡蛋检测营养成分和蛋品质指标。结果表明:洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋的蛋黄比例极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),蛋重、蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡粉壳蛋的蛋重和蛋壳厚度极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01);洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋中的多不饱和脂肪酸和硒元素含量均极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋胶原蛋白含量极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01)。综上所述,洪江雪峰乌骨鸡鸡蛋蛋黄比例高,蛋黄多不饱和脂肪酸、胶原蛋白、硒和锰含量高,适合作为优质禽蛋开发。     

The effect of supplementing layer diets with shark cartilage or chitosan on egg components and yolk lipids

1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the addition of shark cartilage (SC) or chitosan (CH) to layer diets on egg component weights, yolk lipids and hen plasma lipids. 2. Hy-Line laying hens (80) were used during a 56 d feeding trial. Treatments were: basal diet (BD), BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC, BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH. Eggs were analysed on d 14, 28, 42 and 56. 3. Egg weight and egg component weights were not affected by these treatments throughout the experimental period. 4. After 14d of experimental feeding, cholesterol levels were higher in eggs from birds given BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH than in those from birds given BD. 5. Furthermore, eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC or BD + 20 g/kg CH were higher in palmitic and stearic acids and lower in oleic acid than those from birds fed on BD. After 56 d feeding, however, palmitic and stearic acid contents in eggs from hens given any of the supplemented diets were lower than in those from hens given BD, and oleic acid in eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC and BD + 30 g/kg CH was higher than in those from birds fed on BD. 6. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. 7. Shark cartilage or chitosan at up to 30 g/kg in layer diets did not affect egg component weights (yolk, white and shell) and total lipid contents. During the period from 42 to 56d of experimental feeding, diets containing up to 30 g/kg chitosan reduced egg yolk contents of cholesterol, palmitic and stearic acids and increased the content of oleic acid.     

Influence of dietary osteolathyrogenson the eggshell quality of laying hens

1. Laying hens were fed osteolathyrogens, either semicarbazide hydrochloride at 0.3 or 0.4 g/kg or β-aminopropionitrile fumarate at 0.5 or 0.6 g/kg diet to examine their effects on eggshell quality. 2. Shell quality characteristics considered for evaluation were shell surface area, shell thickness, shell weight, percentage shell, shape index and the specific gravity of eggs. Measurement of shell quality traits revealed that the hens fed osteolathyrogens laid eggs with significantly lower specific gravities and proportion of shell by weight. These differences were not explained by differences in shell thickness or weight or the shape index of eggs. 3. It was concluded that osteolathyrogens cause hens to lay eggs with poor shell quality and such eggs are weak and fragile.     

Battery gage shape: The laying performance of medium‐ and light‐body weight strains of hens

1. One thousand two hundred and ninety‐six medium‐ and 1296 lightweight hens were housed, four to a cage, in deep (conventional) cages, 405 mm wide by 460 mm deep, or shallow cages, 610 mm wide by 305 mm deep, between 18 and 70 weeks of age. The performance of the hens during different periods of the laying stage and over the full laying year was measured.

2. Egg number per medium‐weight hen housed in shallow cages was significantly higher than of hens housed in deep cages between 18 and 30 weeks and 31 and 42 weeks. Thereafter significant differences were not found. With the light‐weight hens the increase was significant only in the 18‐ to 30‐week period. Apart from the 19‐ to 30‐week period hens of both strains housed in shallow cages consumed significantly less food than those in deep cages, the reduction over the full year being about 4%. In all periods the hens housed in the shallow cages converted food more efficiently. Gage shape had no significant effect on mortality.

3. The incidence of hair‐cracked, cracked and broken eggs between 60 and 70 weeks of age from hens housed in shallow cages was lower than that from hens housed in the deep cages but only with the light‐weight hens did this difference reach significance. Shell thickness, shell weight and albumen quality of eggs laid by hens housed in the different shaped cages were not significantly different.     

Effects of Energy and Protein Supplementation on the Production and Economic Efficiency of Scavenging Improved (Tamhoang) and Local (Ri) Breed Hens under Smallholder Conditions in North Vietnam

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementing maize meal and soybean meal, separately or mixed, on egg production performance of two breeds of scavenging hens under on-farm conditions. Treatments were: (1) confined, with a mixed feed (75% maize meal and 25% soybean meal) ad libitum (CMF); (2) scavenging, with a supplement of 60 g/bird per day of maize meal (ScM); (3) scavenging, with a supplement of 25 g/bird per day of soybean meal (ScS); (4) scavenging, with 54 g/ bird per day of the mixed feed (ScMF). Mean hen-day production was 21.8%, 19.8%, 17.7% and 22.8% for the CMF, ScM, ScS and ScMF treatments, respectively (p <0.05), and was significantly (p <0.001) higher for the improved Tamhoang breed (24.4%) than for the local Ri hens (16.7%). Mean egg weight was significantly higher for the Tamhoang (53.2 g) compared to the Ri hens (45.0 g) (p<0.01). Feed consumption per kilogram of eggs was significantly higher for the CMF treatment compared to the other treatments and was lower for the ScS compared to the other scavenging treatments (p <0.05). Feed cost per kilogram of eggs was lowest for the ScM treatment and was 30 to 40% higher for the confined treatment compared to the scavenging treatments. Feed consumption and cost of feed per kilogram of eggs were significantly lower for the Tamhoang than for the Ri hens.     

Comparative Pigmentation Efficiency of High Dietary Levels of Apo-Ester and Marigold Extract on Quality Traits of Whole Liquid Egg of Two Strains of Laying Hens

This trial was carried out to compare the effect of the dietary supplementation of high doses of either synthetic pigment ethyl ester of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid (apo-ester) or natural pigments, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin, extracted from Tagetes erecta, on egg quality of hens laying brown shell eggs (ISA Brown) and white shell eggs (Hy-Line White W-36). The hens of each strain were divided into 6 groups and fed a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented either with 40, 60, and 80 ppm of apo-ester (APO) or with 120, 180, and 240 ppm of marigold extract (MAR). Egg pigmentation rose linearly and significantly (P < 0.01) as the dietary levels of apo-ester increased, but this did not occur when MAR supplementation was used. The amount of β-carotene equivalents in whole liquid egg of MAR treatments was almost constant with varying pigment dietary dose and was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in APO treatments. In both hen strains, whole liquid egg redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were higher with APO supplementation. The egg component weights were highly affected (P < 0.01) by the hen strain, with yolk:egg ratio higher in the Hy-Line. The trial confirms that in spite of the higher level of MAR supplementation, APO has a better efficiency in whole liquid egg pigmentation. The ISA Brown hens showed a better ability to absorb dietary carotenoids than did the Hy-Line White.     

饲料原料对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响

用三种来源不同的饲料饲喂商品蛋鸡,分别是全玉米豆粕饲料(A组)、河北购进的典型商品饲料(B组)和用杂粕配制的饲料(C组)。结果显示,A组产蛋率最高(76.8%),和C组(74.7%)差异显著(P<0.05)。平均蛋重三个组之间差异不显著。平均日耗料量A组(120.3g)低于B组(127.6g),高于C组(116g)。A组料蛋比和C组接近(2.43:1和2.42:1),均优于B组(2.63:1)。常规蛋品质三个组之间差异不显著,但是鸡蛋内容物中一些成分的含量存在差异。C组鸡蛋的水分含量稍高于A组和B组。三种鸡蛋中有毒有害物质含量均低于国家要求的标准,鸡蛋中没有检测出细菌。     

Lack of response of laying hens to relative humidity at high ambient temperature

1. The effects of relative humidity (rh=40% to 70%) at high ambient temperature (Ta) on the performance of laying hens at different ages (8 to 10 months, Trial 1; and 16 to 18 months, Trial 2) was evaluated. Laying hens were exposed to 25 degrees C (control) for 3 weeks and thereafter acclimated for 1 week to 35 degrees C and 4 different rh. 2. Body weight declined significantly in young and older hens exposed to 60% or 70% and 70% rh, respectively: Food intake declined with increasing Ta, except in the case of older hens exposed to 60% rh, for which it remained relatively constant. Water consumption, however, increased with increasing Ta but the increase was significant in young hens exposed to 70% rh only. 3. Egg production was not affected by the changes in Ta. However, a decrease in egg production was observed in older hens exposed to 60% rh. 4. Egg weight (EW), shell weight (SW) and shell thickness (ST) were significantly reduced by exposure to elevated Ta, whereas % breakage significantly increased. In young hens, a response to rh was exhibited in ST which was significantly higher in hens exposed to the low rh (40% to 45%) than in those exposed to the highest rh (70% to 75%). 5. It can be concluded that Ta is the main environmental factor affecting young and older laying hens while the effect of rh is minor.     

Livestock production in central Mali: Reproduction,growth and mortality of domestic fowl under traditional management

In an 18-month study the domestic fowl in 42 households in three traditional management systems were recorded to determine reproduction, growth and mortality parameters. There were significant differences for all systems combined in the number of clutches started per month with the lowest number being laid in the cool dry season of January and February. Mean number of eggs per clutch was 8.8; the number of eggs increased significantly throughout the career of the hen but there were no significant systems differences. Egg weight was 34.4g there being no significant differences due to age of hen or system. Intervals between clutches were 92 days, annual egg output was 35 per hen (assuming that birds were present in the flock for a year) equivalent to about 118% of mean adult hen body weight: hens actually in the flocks during the study had produced 2.1 clutches on average. Hatchability of eggs was 69.1% there being significant seasonal and systems differences in this parameter, lowest hatchability being in the hot dry season (March to June) and in the rainfed millet system. Mortality rates to eight weeks were 56% of chicks hatched. Growth to 10 weeks averaged 4g/d. Mature cocks weighted 1.60 kg and mature hens 1.02 kg: hen weights were significantly affected by reproductive state, laying hens being heavier than both incubating hens and those rearing chicks, while those rearing chicks were heavier than those incubating. Suggestions for improving productivity are made.