中国发现寄生蓑蛾的蒙隼姬蜂(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

报道在鄂托克旗发现寄生蓑蛾Psychidae(寄主新纪录)的中国新纪录:蒙隼姬蜂Neliopisthus mongolicus Kasparyan, 1994,介绍其分布;简介属的主要鉴别特征;对形态特征进行详细描述,提供彩色整体图和部分特征图.     

辽宁的雕背姬蜂(姬蜂科)及中国新纪录种

文章报道了在辽宁省宽甸县发现的姬蜂科、雕背姬蜂属的1中国新纪录种:马雕背姬蜂Glypta maruyamensis,对种的特征进行了详细描述,介绍了其寄主和分布等信息。编制了雕背姬蜂属辽宁已知种检索表。     

中国发现寄生高山毛顶蛾的毛顶蛾邻凹姬蜂（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

报道采自青海寄生高山毛顶蛾Eriocrania semipurpurella alpine Xu,1990（寄主新记录）的姬蜂科中国一新纪录种：毛顶蛾邻凹姬蜂Lathrolestes clypeatus eriocraniae Seyrig,1928,介绍其分布;简介属的主要鉴别特征;对形态特征进行详细描述,提供彩色整体图和部分特征图。     

寄生卷蛾的弯尾姬蜂属一中国新纪录种

报道在辽宁省宽甸满族自治县发现的弯尾姬蜂属一中国新纪录种：卷蛾弯尾姬蜂Diadegma argyloplocevora (Uchida, 1932)，对其形态特征进行描述，提供彩色整体图和局部特征图，并介绍该种的寄主和世界分布。研究标本保存在国家林业和草原局生物灾害防控中心。     

辽宁的黑特姬蜂(膜翅目,姬蜂科)及已知种检索表

文章报道了在辽宁发现的特姬蜂属中国1新纪录种——黑特姬蜂Teleutaea nigra,对其形态特征进行了描述,并编制出特姬蜂属辽宁已知种检索表。     

中国发现微茧姬蜂属一新纪录种

介绍采自辽宁彰武的姬蜂科Ichneumonidae中国1新纪录属——微茧姬蜂属Microcharops Ro-man,新纪录种——乌微茧姬蜂M.ussuriensis Kasparyan,1985.介绍该属的主要鉴别特征、分布及主要寄主类群和该种的形态特征及分布情况.标本保存在国家林业和草原局生物灾害防控中心.     

江西发现姬蜂科(膜翅目)一新记录属二新纪录种

报道了在江西省首次发现的姬蜂科Ichneumonidae 1新纪录属:污翅姬蜂属Spilopteron Townes,1960及1中国新纪录种:淘污翅姬蜂S.tosaense(Uchida,1934)和1江西新纪录种:褐斑污翅姬蜂S.fuscomaculatum Wang,1988。介绍了污翅姬蜂属全世界已知的种类及其分布。     

中国的曲脊姬蜂记述

介绍在辽宁发现的中国新纪录种—苏曲脊姬蜂Apophua sugaharai Momoi, 1978，重新描述其形态特征，提供整体特征和头部正面图；介绍我国曲脊姬蜂属Apophua Morley, 1913的种类、分布和主要寄主。苏曲脊姬蜂标本保存在国家林业和草原局生物灾害防控中心。     

中国发现寄生瘿蜂的显唇姬蜂

报道在山东泰安徂徕山自然保护区发现的显唇姬蜂亚科Orthopelmatinae中国新记录属种:短角显唇姬蜂Orthopelma brevicorne Morley,1907;显唇姬蜂亚科是中国新纪录亚科。介绍显唇姬蜂属的鉴别特征,对短角显唇姬蜂的形态特征进行详细描述,提供了彩色整体图和部分特征图,并介绍该种的世界分布,讨论了显唇姬蜂亚科的寄主类群。研究标本保存在国家林业和草原局森林和草原病虫害防治总站昆虫标本馆。     

姬蜂科中国一新纪录属二新纪录种

本文报道了在辽宁省发现的姬蜂科中国一新纪录属：凹唇姬蜂属ＤｅｌｏｍｅｒｓｔａＦｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ（１８６８）；二新纪录种：长尾凹唇姬蜂Ｄ．ｌｏｎｇｉｃａｕｄａＫａｓｐａｒｙａｎ和狭曲脊姬蜂Ａｐｏｐｈｕａｓｔｅｎａ（Ｕｃｈｉｄａ）。并简述了形态特征及分布。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.