青稞Hva1基因的表达模式及表达载体的构建

为了解青稞种子胚胎成熟晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)基因Hva1与青稞抗旱性的关系,以抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞和抗旱性弱的大麻青稞为材料,研究了不同浓度PEG胁迫下Hva1基因在两个青稞品种中的表达模式。结果表明,Hva1基因在抗旱性不同的两个青稞品种中的表达均呈单峰模式,且抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞表达峰值和对应的PEG胁迫浓度均高于抗旱性弱的大麻青稞;PEG胁迫浓度大于13.18%时,旱地紫青稞的Hva1基因表达量高于大麻青稞。可见,Hva1基因的表达在青稞的抗旱中起到重要的作用,为此我们成功构建了青稞Hva1基因的过量表达载体,期望为抗逆性基因在青稞中的应用和抗旱新品种的选育奠定基础。     

西藏青稞研究现状及品种遗传改良进展

概述了西藏传统的青稞四大类产区：冬青稞区、冬春青稞兼种区、春青稞区和高寒早熟青稞区。介绍了青稞主要性状遗传规律。分析了西藏青稞育成品种的优点与不足。认为新育成的青稞品种产量潜力提高、品质明显改良,抗倒性、抗病性增强,但也存在遗传基础狭窄,产量水平不够突出,品质不过硬等问题。对今后的青稞育种提出了改进和完善意见。     

青稞抗倒伏技术研究

青稞为麦类作物,比一般的麦类根系浅、茎秆薄而软,比一般的麦类易倒伏,青稞的倒伏问题就成为青稞增产的主要障碍因素,通过使用抗倒伏良种、合理密植、科学管理,辅以喷施药剂可以有效减少青稞倒伏,促进青稞稳产高产。     

基于气候和青稞产量形成关键指标的青藏高原生态区划分析

为探究青藏高原地区间影响青稞产量的主要因素和对青藏高原青稞种植区进行生态区划,以15个青藏高原主推青稞品种为试验材料,选取9个具有代表性的地区连续两年进行种植,测定株高、平均生育期、千粒重等8个青稞农艺性状,同时收集了9个地区的日照时数、降水量、温差等8个气象因素数据,利用相关性分析、单因素方差分析、隶属函数分析对被测指标进行统计分析。结果表明,平均生育期、千粒重、月均最低温度和温差与青稞产量显著相关,且在9个地区中均存在差异。通过聚类分析将9个地区划分为4个青稞种植生态区,分别为高寒旱作青稞生态区、柴达木盆地灌溉青稞生态区、河谷非饱灌青稞生态区和农林混合山地青稞生态区,其中高寒旱作青稞生态区综合表现最好。利用隶属函数分析对9个地区进行综合评价,其中贵南综合评价得分最高,且不同生态区均存在优势青稞品种。     

谷特菌对青稞生长及土壤生态效应的影响

为了解生物肥对西藏青稞生长的影响,开展了谷特菌不同施用时期(播前、青稞拔节期),不同施用量对青稞产量影响的试验,供试生物肥为谷特菌,供试青稞品种为春青稞藏青320。在青稞收获期采样分析了青稞生物产量和经济产量,同时采集土样分析了土壤蔗糖酶、微生物量N等指标。结果表明:(1)施用谷特菌促进青稞分蘖,增加成穗数,在拔节期施用还能提高青稞灌浆能力,增加青稞穗粒数,提高青稞产量;(2)施用谷特菌对土壤0~10 cm土层蔗糖酶活性影响大,表现为土壤蔗糖酶活性随谷特菌施用量增加而增强,当施用量相同时,拔节期施用谷特菌导致土壤蔗糖酶活性增强,但对土壤微生物量N影响无统一规律。     

重新认识青稞生产的重要性

通过对目前青稞生产现状的简要分析 ,认识到当前青稞生产中存在的问题和青稞生产的重要性 ,同时提出了发展青稞生产应采取的对策措施。     

甘孜州青稞生产现状、问题及应对策略

青稞生产在甘孜州有着特殊的意义 ,在此主要介绍了甘孜州青稞生产的现状、存在的主要问题 ,提出加强青稞生产科学研究、加强高产专用品种的选育、加强青稞多渠道利用开发研究 ,开辟青稞综合利用新途径等应对策略。     

西藏不同青稞品种的品质差异分析

为了解西藏地区不同青稞品种的品质差异,采集了西藏青稞主产区的不同青稞品种,并对青稞中的水分、淀粉、粗蛋白、粗纤维、矿质元素以及有效成分总黄酮、花青素、β-葡聚糖等14项指标进行了检测。结果表明:有色青稞中淀粉和微量元素Mn、Cu、Zn的含量在年度间存在着显著的差异,且有色青稞微量元素含量普遍偏低;青稞总黄酮含量范围在0.14%~0.42%,均值为0.23%;β-葡聚糖含量范围为2.65%~6.52%,均值为4.59%;有色青稞花青素含量变化较大,范围在0.022 7~0.649 7 mg/g,均值为0.133 2 mg/g。总黄酮含量、β-葡聚糖含量年际间差异不大,花青素含量年际间差异巨大。总黄酮含量有色青稞显著高于普通青稞,而β-葡聚糖含量二者无显著差异。     

基于速冻青稞鱼面加工的青稞品种适宜性评价体系构建

为寻求速冻青稞鱼面加工品质的客观评价方法,筛选适宜加工速冻青稞鱼面的优良青稞品种,选取10个青稞品种,根据主成分分析和灰色关联度筛选关联度较大的核心青稞理化指标作为自变量,以PLS方法建立评价模型筛选适宜速冻青稞鱼面加工的品种。结果表明:(1)与成品鱼面品质综合评分关联度较大的7个青稞理化指标是蛋白质含量、灰分含量、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、β-葡聚糖含量、b值、水分含量,其中,青稞蛋白质含量关联度最大(0.703);(2)基于青稞籽粒理化指标的速冻青稞鱼面品质预测模型预测效果良好,可靠性较高;(3)适宜鱼面加工的青稞籽粒理化指标最佳取值范围:直链淀粉含量26.02%～28.97%,总淀粉含量60.56%～63.17%,蛋白质含量9.02%～10.61%,灰分含量1.13%～1.39%,水分含量9.83%～11.46%,β-葡聚糖含量6.00%～7.96%,b值12.27～18.15。     

甘孜州青稞生产现状、问题及应对策略

青稞生产在甘孜州有着特殊的意义，在此主要介绍了甘孜州青稞生产的现状、存在的主要问题，提出加强青稞生产科学研究、加强高产专用品种的选育、加强青稞多渠道利用开发研究。开辟青稞综合利用新途径等应对策略。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.