杂交水稻新组合川优673高产制种技术

川优673是福建省农业科学院水稻研究所用引进的优质三系不育系川香29A与自选的强恢复系福恢673配组育成的三系杂交中籼稻新组合。2005—2008年在福建省沙县制种,平均产量为4.17t/hm2,最高产量可达4.53t/hm2。介绍了川优673亲本的特征特性,结合在福建省沙县多年制种实践,总结了其高产制种技术。     

两系杂交水稻新组合隆两优华占在海南高产高质制种技术

通过几年的制种技术实践,已基本掌握了两系杂交水稻新组合隆两优华占在海南春制的高产高质制种技术,制种平均产量为3.00 t/hm2,高产典型超过了4.95 t/hm2。介绍了其父母本的特征特性,总结了其在海南春季高产制种技术。     

新香优63制种技术小结

1997年,我站从湖南杂交水稻研究中心引进新香A种子,在我县金罗镇卫星村进行新香优63(新香A×明恢63)制种高产攻关试验.制种面积为6.7hm2,平均单产达3.08t/hm2,有6户1.03hm2平均产量过3.75t/hm2,卫星2组的孙际庆制种0.35hm2,总产1460.15kg,平均产量4.13t/hm2,其中800m2的一块田产量高达4.60t/hm2.现将其制种技术小结如下.     

新优365优质高产制种技术

新优365(新露A/温恢365)在浙江衢州平原地区夏制,通常制种产量1.5 t/hm2左右,发芽率75%左右;2007年在浙江磐安县制种10 hm2,平均产量达2.7 t/hm2,发芽率87%.阐述了新优365亲本的主要特征特性,对影响该组合制种产量和质量的限制性因素进行了分析,总结了高产优质制种技术.     

中国杂交水稻Ⅱ优838在越南母本直播制种高产技术研究

2004年春季在越南广义省进行了Ⅱ优838直播制种高产试验,面积3.2 hm2,经验收,产量高达4 220.6 kg/hm2;不育系Ⅱ-32A主茎叶片为14.5叶,播始天数为85 d,恢复系辐恢838主茎叶片为14.0叶,播始天数为82 d.辅助试验结果表明,GA3("九二○")用量以250 g/hm2较好;撒播制种产量随氮肥(尿素)用量的增加而增加;Ⅱ优838制种,母本采用撒播为佳,播种量以51.27 kg/hm2为宜.     

株两优58高产制种技术

株两优58是用广亲和低温敏两用核不育系株1S与恢复系测58选配而成的两系杂交中晚稻新组合。1998,1999两年怀化市中稻区试平均产量7893kg/hm2,比汕优63增产4%,全生育期128d,比汕优63短6d;同期参加株洲市晚稻区试平均产量7209kg/hm2,比威优46增产2%,全生育期116d,比威优46短2～3d。1999年通过怀化市农作物品种审定,2000年通过株洲市农作物品种审定。为了加速其推广,1998年以来对其高产制种技术进行了研究,1999年在怀化鹤城制种1hm2,平均单产3619.5kg/hm2,2000年靖州制种3.5hm2,平均单产3678kg/hm2,2001年靖州制种16.7hm2,平均单产3652.5k…     

杂交糯稻新组合嘉糯1优6号高产制种技术

2008和2009年在福建省邵武市共制种嘉糯1优6号(嘉农wxA1/嘉糯恢6号)72.3hm2,平均产量3.375t/hm2。根据制种实践及父母本的特征特性,总结了该组合的高产制种技术。     

中优838秋制高产技术

2003年中优838在江西省宁都县田头镇秋制42hm2,平均单产4 664.3 kg/hm2.总结了该组合秋制的高产制种技术要点.     

T优207春制高产技术

根据T优207在2004年春制700 hm2,平均产量3.75 t/hm2的大面积制种实践,概述了双亲的主要特征特性,总结了其春制高产技术.     

Ⅱ优936高产制种技术

Ⅱ优936(Ⅱ-32A/福恢936)系福建省农科院稻麦所选育的高产杂交晚稻新组合,2005年1月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定.该组合2002年参加福建省晚稻新品种筛选试验,平均产量459.28kg/666.7m2,比对照汕优63增产4.93%,抗性鉴定为中感稻瘟病.光泽县2004年试制种32hm2,收种子0.99万kg,平均产量206.3kg/666.7m2.其中制种户刘金保试制0.2hm2,生产种子900kg,平均产量300kg/666.7m2,获得了较高的经济效益.现将II优936制种技术总结如下:     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.