高产优质抗病甘薯新品种龙薯1号主要特征特性与配套栽培技术

龙薯1号是福建省龙岩市农业科学研究所育成的甘薯新品种,具有早熟、优质、高产、稳产、抗逆性强、适应性广等特点.龙薯1号在栽培上应培育壮苗,适时早插,合理密植.另根据其生育特性分阶段进行田间管理.     

优质高产马铃薯新品种筛选试验

为筛选出高产、优质、抗性强的马铃薯新品种,以中薯5号为对照,对新引进的20个马铃薯品种在常德进行了品种比较试验。结果表明,德薯2号、中薯18号和鄂薯14号等3个品种产量、品质、抗病性表现均较好。鄂薯14号、中薯18号植株抗性强,薯形漂亮,较对照分别增产34.3%、13.5%;德薯2号植株抗性强,产量为28396.8 kg/hm~2,较对照增产8.7%,小薯多而整齐,可作特色小薯品种种植。     

甘薯新品种比较试验初报

引进12个甘薯新品种进行比较试验,结果表明:龙薯13、金山679等品种丰产性较好,综合性状优良,适合南安栽培,可以进一步试种示范;福薯9号品质特优、经济价值高、市场潜力大,可作优质薯进行栽培;泉薯84薯块后期生长快,适当密植并延长生育期提高鲜薯产量,可作高于、高淀粉类型薯进行栽培.     

甘薯新品种在红壤旱地栽培产量对比试验初报

引进4个甘薯新品种进行对比试验,结果表明,有3个品种的鲜薯产量高于对照品种岩薯7-3。在增产的3个甘薯品种中,龙薯1号比对照增产达极显著水平,赣薯2号增产达显著水平,广薯95增产未达显著水平。初步表明龙薯1号、赣薯2号适宜在武平红壤旱地种植。     

雨养条件下新疆冷凉山区主食化马铃薯品种筛选与评价

为筛选适合新疆种植的高产优质马铃薯新品种,本研究通过对引进的11个马铃薯品种的农艺性状、营养品质、经济性状等分析,并利用模糊数学隶属函数值法综合评价营养品质,以期为新疆马铃薯主粮化利用和品种更新换代提供科学依据。结果表明,吉薯1号生育期88 d,甘引薯1号生育期90 d,其余9个品种生育期超过100 d,均能达到成熟收获的标准。综合经济性状、营养品质,定薯3号、陇薯12号、吉薯1号、陇薯9号、陇薯14号、甘引薯1号等品种表现较优。其中陇薯9号、陇薯12号、陇薯14号、甘引薯1号等4个品种营养品质优、产量表现好,可作为粮菜兼用备选品种;吉薯1号生育期适中、产量表现好,可作为鲜食备选品种;定薯3号营养品质优、产量表现好、商品率低,可作为加工备选品种。     

辽宁省彰武县甘薯品种引进筛选试验

[目的]选出较适宜彰武县种植的甘薯品种。【方法】对引进的10个甘薯品种进行筛选试验研究,比较其特征特性及鲜薯产量。[结果]辽薯26、龙薯9号、商薯19、明水一号,薯块均匀、薯型适中,且皮色、肉色为大众偏好,有利于生产和销售;红香蕉、济薯21为市场短缺品种,有一定发展潜力;龙薯9号、辽薯26、红香蕉、济薯21、早丰、商薯19、王府等品种的鲜薯产量比对照增产11．0％～44．5％,差异达显著水平。[结论】辽薯26、龙薯9号、商薯19、红香蕉、济薯21等品种表现较好,生长势好,大、中薯比例适中,外观质量好,产量高,品质好,可作为彰武县今后的主推品种.     

优质甘薯新品种龙薯1号示范种植表现与高产栽培技术

龙薯1号是福建省龙岩市农业科学研究所育成的甘薯新品种，具有早熟、优质、高产、稳产、抗逆性强、适应性广等特点，在两年的福建省甘薯新品种区域试验中，产量分别为42814.5kg/hm^2和40962.0kg/hm^2，比对照金山57增产7.43%和20.70%。龙薯1号应适时早插，保证生育期120-130d。密度52500-60000株/hm^2，分生育阶段进行田间管理。     

早熟甘薯品种龙薯9号促早栽培高效生产技术

近几年,河北省雄县甘薯规模生产集约经营发展较快,特别是早熟甘薯带来了突出效益,农民发展早熟甘薯积极性高涨,应用推广了豫薯10号、冀薯6-8等早熟高产品种,但这些品种食用品质较差,所以筛选早熟优质品种是亟待解决的问题。2007年引进龙薯9号,2008年小面积试验获得成功,2年来该品种种植面积约1200hm2,取得良好效益,每667m2经济效益在2000元以上。经试验示范和生产实践证明,     

不同品种（系）马铃薯休眠块茎顶端和茎端芽眼组织马铃薯Y病毒含量分析

马铃薯Y病毒（Potato virus Y,PVY）是马铃薯生产中较常见的病毒之一,马铃薯病毒的检测是生产中保障马铃薯品质和产量的重要基础,收获后批量检测是进行种薯质量评价的主要依据之一。研究针对‘56-2’‘Ivory Russet’‘Clearwater Russet‘’龙薯14号‘’龙薯3号‘’龙薯15号‘’龙育201401-70‘’龙薯7号‘’克新23号’和‘克新28号’马铃薯品种（系）休眠块茎样品,采用TRIzol法提取马铃薯休眠块茎顶端和茎端芽眼组织的总RNA,经qRT-PCR和RT-PCR检测分析,比较块茎的顶端与茎端芽眼组织PVY含量分布的情况。结果表明,上述供试材料的休眠块茎茎端芽眼组织PVY浓度均高于顶端芽眼组织,能够精准的检测到病毒的存在;对‘Ivory Russet’品种的休眠块茎选取100个带病样品通过TRIzol法提取顶端与茎端的总RNA,采用4合1的方法合样后进行PVY RT-PCR检测,所有处理的顶端芽眼组织检测条带亮度低于茎端芽眼组织。可见,马铃薯休眠块茎茎端芽眼组织取样能够更加精准的检测出PVY。研究结果为马铃薯种薯收获后PVY的检测及合理取样提供了...     

春露地马铃薯品种引种比较试验

以郑薯5号为对照,采用春播方式,在郑州对引进的14个马铃薯品种进行比较试验。试验结果表明,中薯3号、中薯7号、中薯8号和中薯12号产量增长13.30%~30.59%,中薯8号与对照相比产量差异极显著;中薯10号,中薯11号,中薯13号略有减产或持平;中薯14号和中薯6号与对照相比提早上市10~12 d,且中薯6号红皮红肉,作为特色马铃薯,适宜郑州市区种植。中薯9号、彩薯、2197、冀张薯5号和D519与对照相比减产13.46%~50.13%,且彩薯和2197产量与对照相比差异极显著,不适宜郑州市区种植。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.