Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures

Modern genetics, ecology and archaeology are combined to reconstruct the domestication and diversification of rice. Early rice cultivation followed two pathways towards domestication in India and China, with selection for domestication traits in early Yangtze japonica and a non-domestication feedback system inferred for ‘proto-indica’. The protracted domestication process finished around 6,500–6,000 years ago in China and about two millennia later in India, when hybridization with Chinese rice took place. Subsequently farming populations grew and expanded by migration and incorporation of pre-existing populations. These expansions can be linked to hypothetical language family dispersal models, including dispersal from China southwards by the Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian groups. In South Asia much dispersal of rice took place after Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speakers adopted rice from speakers of lost languages of northern India.     

长江流域超级杂交稻产量稳定性研究

以农业部认定的6个超级杂交稻组合、3个省级主推超级杂交稻组合、2个苗头超级杂交稻组合和普通高产杂交稻汕优63(对照)为材料,研究了超级杂交稻在长江流域7个生态试验点的产量稳定性.结果表明,超级杂交稻准两优527、红莲优6号、C两优87和Y两优1号4个组合表现超高产且在各试验点产量稳定性较高,结实率高而稳定,在80%以上,表现出良好的生态适应性;其它组合则在特定的生态条件下表现较高的产量和结实率.对超级杂交稻的生态适应性及其分类进行了讨论.     

我国冬油菜区域试验品种的高产稳产和适应性分析

高产稳产和广适性是油菜育种的重要目标,利用GGE双标图方法对品种稳产性和适应性进行科学评价,有助于提升油菜新品种的选择效率和推广应用效果。本研究采用GGE双标图方法分析了2016-2017年长江下游国家冬油菜品种区域试验中参试品种高产稳产性和适应性。结果表明：1) 油菜产量的基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作效应均达极显著水平（P<0.01）,两组试验平均环境主效占处理平方和的66.0%,而基因型主效占8.1%,基因型与环境互作效应占26.1%。2)德徽油88和中油600丰产性好,稳产性较好;创油17号在区域试验中丰产性好而稳产性差;对照品种秦优10号丰产性较好,稳产性有待提高。3)理想指数分析揭示了中油600的高产稳产性综合表现优秀,德徽油88次之,而对照品种秦优10号的综合表现一般。4)德徽油88适宜种植区域最广,是所有参试品种中适应性最广的品种;创油17号的适应区域也较广,但同时在其余区域的表现有待提高;秦优29和中油600的适应性较好;而秦优10号、秦优29、宁杂118、宁杂158、荣华油50和苏6006等品种仅在个别区域适宜种植,适应性有待提高。     

3种类型玉米种质群体的育种潜势分析

采用表型鉴定、产量配合力测定以及群体杂种优势类群划分相结合的方法,对热带亚热带、地方品种和人工合成群体进行综合分析,系统评价其育种潜势。结果表明,人工合成群体P4HSC3、P3MSC4和05WG1030主要农艺性状均表现较好,产量性状GCA水平较高,育种潜力较大,是优良的选系材料;地方种质群体DP8、热带亚热带群体POOL26和人工合成群体P5HSC3部分农艺性状及其GCA表现较优,直接用于选系材料难度较大,可采用相应改良方法对其改良后再利用;其余群体相对表现较差,可作为种质保存。     

中国棉叶螨各近似种的区分和分布的研究

对中国６个棉叶螨近似种区分和分布的研究结果表明,朱砂叶螨,截形叶螨和神泽氏叶为红色;二斑叶螨,土耳其斯坦叶螨和敦煌叶螨为绿色,除朱砂叶螨雌成螨足Ｉ胫节刚毛有８,９,１０,１２和１３根等多种数量变异外,其余各种叶螨均为１０根。朱砂叶螨,二斑叶螨和截形叶螨杂交反应表现安全的生殖隔离,属３个完全独立的种。６种棉叶螨阳具形状和大小也有一定的差异。根据上述特征可以有效地鉴别６个棉叶螨的似种;土耳其斯坦叶螨和     

Incidence of mechanical injury to potatoes during certain storage-related handling operations in the Red River Valley production area

Injury to potatoes during three commercial harvesting and bin-filling operations in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota averaged 46.9%. The varieties Norchip, Kennebec, and Viking averaged 24.1, 64.5, and 73.2% respectively in these observations. The Kennebec potatoes, which had the most injury at bin filling, had the least decay at the end of the storage period. Loss of weight during storage averaged 2.04, 2.33 and 1.75 g/kg of potatoes per week, respectively for the Norchip, Kennebec and Viking tubers. During bulk scoop operations none of the factors: type of bucket, condition of pile, or operating speed significantly influenced handling damage.     

Die Veränderungen der Gehalte an essentiellen Aminosäuren während der Reifung des Weizenkorns

Changes in the contents of main aminoacids have been watched during the period of wheat ripening. The aminoacids have been determined by microbiological methods. The results obtained have been calculated according to the statistics used in British Pharmacopeia. Reliability range has been settled for each results separately. Determination fault amounts to ±4,6% on an average. The total aminoacids have been calculated to 16% nitrogen. According to analysis results the aminoacids can be classified in four groups, i.e.:

1. Aminoacids which share in total proteins remain constant during wheat ripening: Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine.
2. Aminoacids which share in total proteins decrease during wheat ripening: Lysine.
3. Aminoacids which share in total proteins increase during wheat ripening: Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophane.
4. Aminoacids whose contents show no regularity during the wheat ripening: Leucine, Histidine, Phenylalanine.

     

Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Tejate, a Traditional Maize and Cacao Beverage from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico

Foam-topped cacao and maize beverages have a long history in Mesoamerica. Tejate is such a beverage found primarily in the Zapotec region of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Historically tejate has been ceremonially important but also as an essential staple, especially during periods of hard fieldwork. However, the nutritional contribution of traditional foods such as tejate has not been investigated. We analyzed tejate samples from three Central Valley communities, vendors in urban Oaxaca markets and one migrant vendor in California, USA for their proximate composition, amino acid content and scores, and mineral and methylxanthine content. Nutritional and chemical variation exists among tejate recipes, however, the beverage is a source of energy, fat, methylxanthines, K, Fe and other minerals although their availability due to presence of phytates remains to be determined. Tejate is a source of protein comparable to an equal serving size of tortillas, with protein quality similarly limited in both. Tejate provides the nutritional benefits of maize, and some additional ones, in a form appealing during hot periods of intense work, and year round because of its cultural significance. Its substitution by sodas and other high glycemic beverages may have negative nutritional, health and cultural consequences.     

同源四倍体水稻胚乳发育:糊粉层细胞壁纤维素物质发育、胚乳淀粉积累及胼胝质“套”的形成

 利用荧光显微术观察，发现同源四倍体水稻与其二倍体原种的糊粉层细胞壁纤维素物质都存在一个“充实”的过程。授粉后5～6 d，糊粉层开始分化形成，此时其细胞壁上未观察到纤维素物质；授粉后6～8 d，糊粉层细胞壁上开始积累纤维素物质；授粉后8～9 d，糊粉层细胞壁积累了大量的纤维素物质。胚乳淀粉的积累存在一个变化的过程：初生胚乳核周围可见一些淀粉体，随着胚乳游离核的增多，游离核周围淀粉体的数量逐渐减少，胚乳细胞化后，胚乳细胞内开始大量形成淀粉体。利用苯胺蓝染色连续切片荧光观察，发现同源四倍体水稻及其二倍体原种胚乳发育过程中，在珠心表皮和内珠被之间存在一层胼胝质物质，围绕着胚囊并包裹住珠心呈“套”状。这个结构的形成变化过程为：授粉后30 min在珠孔端珠心表皮细胞与内珠被之间开始积累少量的胼胝质，之后胼胝质逐渐增多并向合点端扩展延伸；授粉后1～2 d包裹着整个胚囊外的珠心而仅在维管束处断开；授粉后9～13 d，胼胝质“套”消失。该结构可能与胚和胚乳在发育期间的水分和养分的调节等有密切关系。同源四倍体水稻还存在糊粉层细胞壁发育不同步、糊粉层细胞壁结构异常以及胼胝质“套”不消失等异常现象。这些现象有可能会影响同源四倍体水稻的结实率。     

Internode Characteristics of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) during Dry and Rainy Seasons in Indonesia

Abstract

We have studied establishment of cultivation technique of sweet sorghum for monosodium glutamate (MSG) production on dry land in Indonesia, where the supply of raw materials has become restrictive recently. Previously, we confirmed the feasibility of cultivation in this area during the rainy season. Meanwhile, cultivation during the dry season is also important because vast expanses of heretofore unirrigated fields have remained unused. The stem, which comprises internodes, is the main product of sweet sorghum used as a raw material by fermentation industries. This study analyzes differences in growth and yielding ability between dry and rainy seasons by comparing internode characteristics. A sweet sorghum cultivar – Wray – was cultivated in the rainy season from 1995 and in the dry season of 1996 in Madura Island of East Java, Indonesia. Stems of sweet sorghum cultivated during the dry season were shorter and lighter, with two fewer elongated internodes than those of plants raised during the rainy season. They accumulated sugar slower and to a lower peak, but they were inferred to be harvestable for a relatively long period during 30–60 days after anthesis. Through research of internode characteristics, the difference in stem length was inferred to result from differences in internode numbers (25%) and in individual internode length (75%). The difference in weight seemed to result mainly from the fewer elongated internodes. Further experiments must explore the cultivation period (sowing and ratoon crop), varieties, and planting density to establish a sweet-sorghum cultivation technique that is suitable for the dry season.     

Flow regime shapes seasonal patterns of fish species richness and abundance in main and branch channels of a rice irrigation system

Current modernization of an irrigation system degrades fish habitats in quantity and quality and is a significant concern for biodiversity conservation and management of ecosystem services in rice farming landscapes. Irrigation systems consist of various types of channels, whose hydrological and hydraulic heterogeneities can contribute to the coexistence of diverse fish species in this flooded habitat. We compared seasonal patterns of fish species richness and abundance between main and branch channels which have different functions in an irrigation system with different flow temporality and magnitude: the main channels (mean width 425 cm and mean discharge 0.467 m³/s in irrigation period) and the branch channels (176 cm and 0.115 m³/s, respectively). The branch channels are small and temporary, but densities of fish species richness and abundance were not smaller than the main channels during the irrigation period. Further, clear positive hysteretic loops in species richness and abundance with discharge were found in the branch channels, which indicates that fish species richness and abundance gradually increased with discharge during this hydroperiod. Water velocity strongly constrained species richness and abundance in the main channels but not in the branch channels partially because of slow-flow patches at microhabitat scale with a larger vegetation coverage. We also found that the main channels provided deeper habitats in the non-irrigation period and contributed to maintain fish species richness and abundance. Therefore, managing both the main and branch channels as an indispensable, interconnected channel network can be a key for fish habitat conservation in an irrigation system.     

光合叶面积对人参全氮、全磷和全钾含量变化的研究

为了深入了解不同生育期多茎参人参的全氮、全磷、全钾的吸收利用情况．运用常规的分析方法对不同生育期3、4年多茎参人参的全氮、全磷、全钾的含量变化研究中发现,不管是全氮,全磷,还是全钾．展叶期到花期这个时期他们都是呈现下降的趋势。全氮含量3年多茎参高于4年多茎参,绿果期全氮含量最低,红果期全氮含量达最高值;全磷含量在花期最低;枯萎期全钾含量最高。通过对各主要养分的测定分析,发现在不同的生育期多茎参人参中各养分形态及含量的吸收和利用呈现规律性变化。     

Adaptability of two weevils (Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae) with potential to control water hyacinth in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Neochetina weevils have potential as biocontrol agents for water hyacinth, an aquatic weed which seriously affects irrigation water supply in sugarcane, vegetables and other horticultural crop production in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. A study was conducted on (i) the adaptability and duration of developmental stages of Neochetina weevils and (ii) the damage they cause to water hyacinth in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The Rift Valley weather conditions appeared to be suitable for the two weevil species studied, enabling them to produce four generations per year. The egg hatching period of Neochetina bruchi ranged from 4 to 10 days, while Neochetina eichhorniae took 8–12 days. Larvae of N. bruchi took a comparatively shorter period (32–38 days) than N. eichhorniae (52–60 days) to complete their development. N. bruchi laid a maximum of 10.4 eggs female⁻¹ day⁻¹, whereas N. eichhorniae laid 8.2 eggs female⁻¹ day⁻¹. The intrinsic rate of increase of N. bruchi was found to be 0.06 with a generation time of 74.8 days and a population doubling period of 14.3 days. The intrinsic rate of increase of N. eichhorniae was 0.046 accompanied by a generation time of 94.8 days and a doubling period of 18.7 days. Feeding by adult weevils and tunnelling by larvae significantly impacted the vigour and reproduction of water hyacinth plants. N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae affected plants had about 72% (76%) and 66% (58%) reduction in fresh (and dry) weight, respectively. Thus, based on their damage potential and difference in rate of population growth, it is concluded that N. bruchi could be considered as a promising candidate for biological control of water hyacinth under Ethiopian conditions.     

我国南方大豆资源对豆秆黑潜蝇抗性的研究

鉴定了我国南方4,582份大豆资源对豆秆黑潜蝇的抗性。提出以茎秆虫量为指标、以筛选所得的10份高抗、10份高感材料为标准品种,将抗蝇性划分为5级的鉴定方法。抗蝇性鉴定结果未发现免疫材料,东南及长江下游地区的资源中有较好的抗性材料。抗蝇性属遗传性状,对抗蝇性的选择有效果,但该性状的遗传力较低。抗蝇性与生育期、分枝数、叶色、茸毛密度及茸毛着生状有关,与花色、种皮色、茸毛色及其粗细、长短等相独立。     

水稻胚乳发育遗传调控的研究进展

胚乳是被子植物双受精产物之一,为种子发育提供营养;同时,水稻胚乳也是人类口粮的重要来源.胚乳组织约占水稻种子干质量的70％以上,其发育直接影响稻米产量和品质.目前我们对水稻胚乳发育调控的分子机制有了较为深入的认识,克隆了一些重要基因,同时发现表观遗传调控在胚乳发育中也发挥重要作用.本文主要以水稻为例,同时穿插拟南芥和玉...     

中国玉米种质基础、杂种优势群划分与杂优模式研究

在1978～1994年中国玉米生产用主要种质中,改良Reid和旅大红骨的比重直线上升,Lancaster呈抛物线式下降,四平头趋于平稳,其它种质则显著减少,至1994年四大核心种质约占86.3%。“八五”期间我国审(认)定玉米主要品种的组成为:Reid和Lancaster各占25.6% ,四平头、旅大红骨分别占17.9%和10.7%,四大种质占79.9%,然而其骨干系多为改良系所代替,掺进了大量的其它种质,由此可见我国玉米种质改良取得了明显成效。 根据系谱关系、配合力和杂种优势等,将我国玉米主要种质划分为五大杂种优势群、九个亚群,即改良Reid、Lancaster(Mo17和自330两个亚群)、四平头、旅大红骨和其它(Suwan、外杂选、综合种选和其它低纬度种质四个亚群)杂种优势群,总结探索出10种主体杂交优势利用模式、16种子模式 ,其中4种子模式应用较多,3种子模式发展趋势明显,4种子模式明显衰退,并对其利用及种质改良等问题进行了讨论。     

长江流域杂交早稻发展面临的问题及对策

长江流域杂交早稻比例偏低,主要原因是现有审定推广的杂交早稻组合生育期偏长、食用品质较差及种子生产成本较高.认为发展两系杂交早稻,在早熟基础上求高产,向储备粮、饲料粮及工业用粮方向发展,有利于扩大杂交早稻的面积及比例.     

两系杂交稻两优培九产量构成及其生态关联

为探明两系杂交稻两优培九在不同生态条件下的产量水平及其构成,揭示引发产量变异的主要构成因素及其与生态因子的关联性,应用2006和2007年中国南方稻区8个气候生态试验点的生育进程、茎蘖消长、籽粒灌浆、产量及其构成与同期气象数据,建立了产量与其构成因素、各构成因素与温光因子的统计关系。两优培九稻谷产量变幅为5~18 t/hm2。以每平方米总粒数引发产量变异的贡献率最高(60.5%),其次为结实率(32.9%)。扩增总粒数主要依赖每平方米穗数与每穗粒数的平衡增加。华南双季早稻生育中期的梅雨寡照对于每穗粒数、开花期持续高温对于结实率、长江中下游麦(油)茬稻生育前期高温对于穗数、乳熟期日照骤减对于结实率都有负面影响。云南河谷地区稻作期的适温、长日、强辐射,促成每平方米425穗、7.2万粒、结实率90%的产量结构,产量高达18.2 t/hm2。结实率累积动态呈左偏不对称的S形曲线。谷粒干物质积累呈Logistic曲线,拐点在花后8~14 d。穗数与本田营养生长期、每穗粒数与生育中期日照时数、结实率与后期日照时数都呈极显著正相关。开花期持续高温、乳熟期障碍型冷害和台风等气象灾害制约结实率的提高。每平方米总粒数是影响两优培九产量的主要因素,发挥其大穗优势、在有效分蘖临界期形成目标穗数的茎蘖数、构建足穗大穗群体,是进一步提高其产量的主攻方向。     

品种更替对中熟粳稻氮素吸收的影响

以江苏省各时期代表性中熟粳稻品种为材料,研究了在品种更替过程中氮素吸收的变化规律。结果表明,各主要生育期植株氮素积累量均表现为现代品种显著或极显著高于早期品种;各类型品种氮素积累均主要集中在拔节期-抽穗期,且此阶段营养元素吸收占整个生育期养分吸收的比例随品种更替呈不断上升的趋势;早期品种在成熟期仍有大量的氮、磷、钾营养残留在茎鞘中,而现代品种尤其是杂交稻,成熟期营养物质向籽粒的运转率较高。     

LC-MS分析普洱茶和茯砖茶与红茶成分的比较研究

采用LC-MS分析方法,对普洱茶和茯砖茶进行分析与已鉴定的红茶成分进行对比,结果表明,同属黑茶类的普洱茶和茯砖茶具类似的UV图谱,表明二者具有相似的物质成分;普洱茶和茯砖茶不同于红茶,不具有红茶图谱的特征,在380 nm处没有茶红素和茶黄素吸收峰的特征,也说明采用红茶的分析方法,不适合分析黑茶;虽然在UV图谱中看不到一些成分的吸收峰,但仍有微量存在,能用MS进行检测。