隐尾跳小蜂的生物学特性(英文)

隐尾跳小蜂(Homalotglus flaminus)是红点唇瓢虫(Chilocorus kuwanae)的重要天敌。为了防治隐尾跳小蜂提高红点唇瓢虫对杨夸圆蚧的防治能力,从1998年6月到2000年10月在黑龙江省大庆市红旗林场研究了隐尾跳小蜂的生物学特性、生活史及对寄主的作用类型。观察结果显示,在研究区域隐尾跳小蜂一年两代,化蛹期为12.7天,雌蜂的存活期为17.6天,雄峰的存活期为10.8天,卵期为10天,雌雄性别比为1:3。     

ControllingQuadraspidiotus gigas by migrating and releasingChilocorus kuwana

Quadruspidiotus gigas is a main kind of forest pest in Northeast China.Chilocorus kuwanae has a strong capability of controllingQuadraspidiotus gigas. Chilocorus kuwanae was migrated and released for controlof Quadraspidiotus gigas during 1992–93. The obvious control effect was obtained.     

Bionomics ofBiston betularia (L.) in Daxing’an Mountains forest area

Observations on life cycle, habits and characteristics ofBiston betularia (L.), which is a major pest infecting birch, were made in Daxing’an Mountain forest area, Heilongjiang Province during 1997–1998. In this area, the pest has one generation per year and overwinters as eggs in cracks of the lower part of stem. Adults emerge from mid-July to late August, and the damage of larvae occurs mainly in May and June. Life cycle table ofBiston betularia was given and control suggestions were made in this paper. Foundation item: This paper is part of Key Subject of Birch in State 9th Five-Year Plan. Biography: Sun Fan (1971-), female, lecture in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihal     

Species ofEncarsia foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from northeastern China

In this paper, four species ofEncarsia Foerster collected from northeastern China are reported, and a key is given for females. Except.E gigas (Tshumakova), most of the species are first time reported in this region. The research is supported by Natural Science Fundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Reponsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

Population genetic diversity and regional differentiation of Chinese forest frogs (Rana chensinensis) in Heilongjiang Province

The Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the intra-specific diversity and regional differentiation of the Chinese forest frogs (Rana chensinensis), which were sampled from the fields of 8 regions in, Heilongjiang Province. Totally 78 polymorphic DNA loci were amplified by 10 RAPD primers. By genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction with the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method the results showed that the populations of Chinese forest frogs distributed in 8 regions existed great differentiation (Average Fst=0.347, SD=0.235) while, there was the paradox between geographic distances and genetic distances. Based on geographic and geological data, a hypothesis was posed that it is very possible that the hilly lands in the downstream of the Songhua River and the Heilong River were the center of the origin of the Chinese forest frogs in Heilongjiang Province. And mainly through the Songhua River system, the Chinese forest frogs dispersed into the Songneng Plain from the Sanjiang Plain whereas the Fangzheng region became a sub-center for the western dispersion. Foundation item: This project is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C9726). Biography: XIAO Xiang-hong (1960-), female, professor in College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Study on biological and ecological characteristics ofIps subelongatus Motsch

Ips subelongatus Motschulsky were raised indoors and in the field using fresh baits for study of biological and ecological characteristics during 1992–1994. The life cycle of the pest in Lishu County, Jilin Province was described. The study results indicated that temperature was a main factor affecting the development ofIps subelongatus. The initial temperature for development of egg, larva, pupa and adult was 6.1, 8.0, 10.3 and 9.8°C, respectively. To complete one-generation needs, respectively, 48 d at temperature of 18°C, 39 d at 20°C and 33 d at 22°C. The pest has different number of generations in different area as a result of temperature change. In Jilin Province, it generally has three generations, except that some individuals have 2 generations. The nature enemies for this pest areThanasinus substriatus, Tomimicobia seitneri Ruschk,Coeliodes sp. etc. Foundation item: This paper is part of key subject of the Ministry of Forestry (formerly)—The Systematic Control Technique ofIps subelongatus Motschulsky. Biography: G{upao} Chang-qi (1952-), male, research fellow in Jilin Forestry Academy. Responsibe editor: Chai Ruihai     

Extraction of betulin from bark of Betula platyphylla by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 ℃. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and temperature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 ℃, respectively.     

Control of Lymantria dispar L. by biological agents

The experiment on control ofLymantria dispar L by using different kinds of biological measures, including nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) ofLymantria dispar L., BtMP-342, sex-attractant as well as botanical insecticide, was carried out in the forest regions of Inner Mongolia in 2003. Two concentrations (2.632×10⁶ PIB·ml⁻¹ and 2.632×10⁷ PIB·ml⁻¹) ofLymantria dispar L. NPV were sprayed on the 2rd-instar-larvae ofL. dispar and 70% and 77.8% control effect were obtained respectively. BtMP0-342 was applied to the 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae and the control effect was around 80%. The sex-attractant provided by Canada Pacific Forestry Research Center also showed a good result in trappingL. dispar adults. The self-produced botanical insecticide, which was extracted from a kind of poisonous plant distributed in Daxing'an Mountains, China, exhibited a good control result in controlling the larvae ofL. dispar, and 82% mortality was observed when spraying primary liquid of the botanical insecticide on the 3rd–5th-instar-larvae in lab. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C0235) and Youth Foundation of Harbin City (0061218024). Biography: ZHANG Guo-cai (1964), male, Ph. Doctor Candidate, associate professor in School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

花尾榛鸡（Bonasa bonasia）在韩国温带林中的季节性移动特性

This study were carried out in the Experimental Forest (37° 48′ 10″ N, 127° 48′ 50″ E) of Gangwon Forest Development Institute, Gamjeong-ri, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Province, Korea from Dec. 1999 to Jul. 2002. Eight individuals (three males and five females) of hazel grouse were captured and they were marked with a 14-g necklace-type transmitter. The surveying results showed that females were more active than males throughout the year, but males were more mobile than females in spring. The degree of movement for females and males was similar from summer to winter. The overlap degree of habitat was very large from spring to autumn. Hazel grouse had greater shifts in area use in winter. They used similar area from spring to autumn, made a shift in their habitat use in winter, and then shifted back to the previous habitat. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the Agricultural R & D Promotion Center (No. 198046-3), Korea Biography: Shin-Jae RHIM (1970-), male, Ph. Doctor in University Forests, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Wintering habitat evaluation of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades. This subject is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Study on histopathology of nuclear polyhedrosis virus ofZethenia rufescentaria Motsch

This paper reports the histological observation of larvae ofZethenia rufescentaria Motsch. after infection by ZrNPV. Histopathologic study revealed that ZrNPV were multiplied within the nuclear of fat body, epidermis cell, midgut cell, tracheal matrix and blood cell. These cells showed obvious cytopathic effects. The nucleus of infected cells underwent swelled. Under electron microscope, virus and polyhedral of ZrNPV were clearly observed in these nucleus of infected cells. The nucleus of susceptible tissues were fulfilled with polyhedra after 70–140 h. This project was supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Heilongjiang Province Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

Cymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacking toAbies nephrolepis max. new to Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China

An Olethreutine speciesCymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840), attacking toAbies nephrolepis Max., is reported for the first time from Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China. The morphological characteristics are briefly re-described with illustrations. Also its damage and biology are noted. Foundation item: This study was carried out under the financial support by KOSEF (Korea Science & Engineering Foundation) with the program of “Korea and China Young Scientist Exchange Program” (2002–2003). Biography: *BYUN Bong-Kya (1963-), male, Ph.D., Researcher in Korea National Arboretum, Korea. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effect of planting density on plant growth and camptothecin content of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

C. acuminata seedlings cultivated in greenhouse were transplanted into the fields with 5 designed planting densities (11, 16, 25, 44 and 100 plants·m⁻²) in May of 2004 and were harvested in the middle of September of 2004. The seedling growth indexes including plant height and crown width, biomass allocation, camptothecin (CPT) content and CPT yield of different organs (young leaf, old leaf, stem, and root) were studied. For the 5 selected planting densities, the plant biomass, height, crown width, and total leaf area ofC. acuminata seedlings all showed highest values at the planting density of 25 plants·m⁻². CPT content in young leaves was higher than that in other organs of seedlings and presented an obvious change with the variation of planting densities and with the highest value at density of 100 plants·m⁻², while for other organs no significant variation in CPT content was found with change of planting density. The accumulation of CPT was enhanced significantly at the planting density of 25 plants·m⁻². It is concluded that for the purpose to get raw materials with more CPT fromC. acuminata, the optimal planting density ofC. acuminata seedlings should be designed as 25 plants·m⁻². Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 3970086) and Heilongjiang Province Foundation for Distinguished Youth Scholars (JC-02-11) Biography: Wei Huan-yong (1978-), male, Graduate in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Adaptive responses of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer ginnala,Pyrus ussuriensis and Prunus davidiana</Emphasis> seedlings to soil moisture stress

One-year-old seedlings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim), Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) and David peach (Prunus davidiana Carr) were planted in pots in greenhouse and treated with four different soil moisture contents (75.0%,61.1%, 46.4% and 35.4%). The results showed that net photosynthesis rate (NPR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (Sc) of seedlings of the three species decreased with the decease of soil moisture content, and Amur maple seedlings had the greatest change in those physiological indices, followed by Ussurian pear, David peach. Amur maple and Ussurian pear seedlings also presented a decrease tendency in water use efficiency (WUE) under lower soil moisture content, whereas this was reversed for David peach. Under water stress the biomass allocation to seedling root had a significant increase for all the experimental species. As to root/shoot ratio, Amur maple seedlings had the biggest increase, while David peach had the smaliest increase. The leaf plasticity of Amur maple seedlings was greater, the leaf size and total leaf area decreased significantly as the stress was intensified. No significant change of leaf size and total leaf area was found in seedlings of Ussurian pear and David peach. It was concluded that Amur maple was more tolerant to soil moisture stress in comparison with David peach and Ussurian pear.     

Comparative study on population age structures betweenAdenophora lobophylla andA. potaninii

Comparing with an affinity and widespread speciesAdenophora potaninii, the age structures of A.lobophylla population, an endangered plant species were studied. 29 sample plots were investigated in the centered distribution area, Jinchuan county from altitude 2 300 m to 3 400 m. The main factors which influence the population age structures of A.lobophylla were analyzed. The principal characteristics of A.lobophylla populations are that the number of seedling and the density of population are much less than these of A.potaninii population. Below altitude of 2 700 m, the age structures of most A.lobophylla populations show the declining status, only above altitude of 2 700 m they are stable, while age structures of all populations of A.potaninii populations at corresponding altitude perform stable and developing features. The age structure patterns, relations between age (x) and number of individual (y) of stable populations of A.lobophylla can be expressed by equation: y =e(^a-bx), and the longest life span is 25a. Whereas A.potaninii populations can be expressed by the equation: y =ax^-b, and the longest life span of individual is 21a. The external factors, which constrain the extension of A.lobophylla population, are extreme environmental conditions such as serious drought, external disturbance and low temperature. The project was supported by the National Nurture Science Foundation of P.R. China (No.393915007). (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Protein diversity ofPaulownia plant leaves and clusters

Paulownia tomentosa, P. fargesii, P. lamprorhylla, P. albiphloea, P. australis, P. fortunei, P. elongata, P. elongata f. alba andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis were classified into three groups:P. fortunei group (P. fortunei andP. elongata f. alba);P. australis group (P. australis andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis) andP. tomentasa group (P. tomentasa, P. fargesii, P. albiprhlaca, P. lamproprhylia andP. elongata) accordance to the results of the single and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of protein in thePaulownia tree leaves. The result could lay a foundation for classifying the GenusPaulownia plants. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China and Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province. Biography: FAN Guo-qiang (1964-), male, Professor in Institute ofPaulownia Henan Agriculture University. Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Study on Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus onDendrolimus superans

A strain of Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) was separated from the infected larva during the research of integrated pest management ofDendrolimus superans. The morphology, bioassay, histopathology and field-test for this CPV were studied. The size of CPV is 0.16 μm×1.57 μm and the virion is 16.0 nm×58.1 nm. The L_C50 to the 3rd and 5th instar larva ofDendrolimus superans were 2.81×10⁴ PIB/mL and 7.17×10⁴ PIB/mL respectively. The polyhedrosis were formed after midgut of larva were infected for 72 h. A large amount of polyhedrosis was formed after 144 h. The mortality was more than 82% and average mortality was 84.62% when using 1.17×10⁸ PIB/mL virus suspension to control the pest in field test. The project was supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

Diurnal change of gas exchange ofRhodiola sachalinensis transplanted from different habitats in Changbai Mountain

Rhodiola sachalinensis growing in the different habitats, such as Xiaotianchi plot (altitude 1800 m), Tree line plot (altitude 2000 m) and Tianwenfeng plot (altitude 2325 m) of Changbai Mountain (northern slop) were transplanted to Harbin Experimental Farm for determining its gas exchange. The study results indicated that the diurnal changes of gas exchange ofRh. sachalinensis transplanted from different habitats were still different though the morphological appearance of the newly sprouted above-ground part had become more similar. For net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and apparent quantum yield (AQY), the diumal change curves ofRh. sachalinensis transplanted from the three plots were similar, but the data value were different. For the dark respiration rate (Rd), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE), diurnal change curves of the three plots were obviously different. This study is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. Yan Xiufeng, male, born in March 1965, associate professor, Open Research Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Age structure and dynamics of Zoysia japonica module population

The age structure of the natural Zoysia japonica clonal population at Qipan Mountain in Huishan Scenic Spot of Shenyang,Liaoning Province, China was studied using the morphological method in 2003 and 2004. The dynamics of leaves were recorded and the dynamics of tiller and rhizome in the growing season were observed. The results indicated that the rhizomes formed in different years changed in color and rigidity. Its internodes produced in autumn became shorter. The number of naked nodes changed with the tiller age.Rhizome and tiller characters were used as a foundation for judging the ages of modules in this study. The longevity of tiller and rhizome was 3 years at most. At the beginning of the growing season, 2-year-old tillers and rhizomes predominated. Then I -year-old tillers and rhizomes increased rapidly and became dominant in July. The proportion of buds to tillers on quantity was stable at about 30% in the mid-phase of the growing season and rose to about 50% in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of tiller, rhizome and bud was very important to guarantee the sustained existence of the Zoysia japonica population. The turnover of modules was the mechanism of sustaining the rejuvenation of the Zoysia japonica clonal population.     

Effects of fitch odor (Mustila eversmanni) on behavior and breeding of root voles (Microtus oeconomus)

From April to December in 1997 at Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, the effect of predation risk on social behavior, feeding, reproduction and sexual hormones of the root voles (Microtus oeconomus) was studied when the root voles (Microtus oeconomus) were exposed to the odor of fitch (Mustila eversmanni). The results showed that the root voles delayed breeding period and the frequency of the copulation significantly lowered (P<0.01). Comparing with the control group, the accumulated time of amicable behavior in females, and general activity of both sexes increased significantly (P<0.01). The frequencies of general activity (P<0.01), investigating activity (females:P<0.05, males:P<0.01), and self-grooming (P<0.01) of both sexes were less significantly. At the same time, the amount of energy intake (P<0.05) and body weight (P<0.01) of the root voles decreased significantly. The litter weight and ovary index of females decreased (P<0.01). For males the sperm count in epididymides also decreased significantly (P<0.01). The progesterone in the blood serum of root voles females increased significantly under fitch odor (P<0.01). Biography: WANG Zhen-long (1971-), male, lecture in Department of Biology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P.R. China Responsible editor: Zhu Hong