Naturally occurring intracytoplasmic inclusions in the canine exocrine pancreas.

Bodies similar to acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions were found by light microscopy in the pancreatic acinar cells of 56 of 174 (32%) healthy male and female purebred Beagles and 14 of 97 (14%) of healthy male mongrel dogs. The inclusions were ovoid, acidophilic and often granular with basophilic particulates. Many seemed to be enclosed within halos of various widths. Electron microscopically the inclusions consisted of whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, and cytoplasmic organelles in various stages of decomposition. These inclusion bodies were interpreted as evidence of focal intracytoplasmic degradation. They appeared similar to the dense ribosomal autophagic vacuoles, hitherto described only in association with various experimental procedures.     

Diseases of the exocrine pancreas in the cat

In contrast to the dog in which pancreas dysfunction is usually clinically diagnosed and frequently described in the literature, this diseases is mostly discovered at necropsy and rarely reported in cats. The objective of this review is to show increased attention to the occurrence of pancreatic diseases in cat.     

Immunocytochemical detection of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha 1-antitrypsin in carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas of the dog.

The immunocytochemical detection of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, alpha 1-antitrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and keratin in normal canine pancreatic tissue and in carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas of the dog is described. In the normal pancreas, the acinar cells contain amylase, carboxypeptidase and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The pancreatic ducts react with the antikeratin antibody. Twelve out of 14 pancreatic exocrine carcinomas showed immunoreaction with antiamylase antibody, and 10 with anticarboxypeptidase antibody. Five neoplasms reacted with anti-CEA antibody and three with the anti-alpha 1-antitrypsin antibody. It was not possible to find any systematic difference in the immunocytochemical profiles of acinar, tubular and undifferentiated carcinomas. These results indicate that immunocytochemical marking of amylase and carboxypeptidase is of value in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms in the dog, especially if metastasis is the only material available for study and the tumour does not show any diagnostic feature on routine light microscope preparations.     

Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of thymic epithelial tumours in the dog

Thymic epithelial tumour (TET) histologic subclassification has not been well described in the veterinary literature as it has in humans. The objective of this study was to identify and describe TET subtypes in dogs and to determine the utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in differentiating these subtypes. Samples were reviewed and classified according to a modified World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for human tumours of thymic origin. Signallment, presenting signs, treatment and survival data was collected from medical records. Histologic review confirmed the same subtypes as described in humans. Presence of high stage disease, pleomorphism, mitotic figures and capsular invasion was more common in atypical thymomas and thymic carcinomas than in thymomas. IHC was performed for GLUT‐1, CD5, CD117 and CK8/18; however, this was not useful in classifying the tumours.     

Juvenile acinar atrophy of the pancreas of a dog.

A dog with juvenile acinar atrophy of the pancreas had degranulation and loss of the acinar cells. Transitional features from normal to degranulation were seen. Electron microscopically, the atrophic pancreas mainly consisted of epithelial cells of duct system, islet cells and multivesicular cells.     

Ultrasonographic and cytopathological diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in the dog and cat

This study describes the ultrasonographic and cytopathological characteristics of malignant neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas and their value in making an antemortem diagnosis. The medical records of eight dogs and five cats were reviewed. The clinical presentations were variable and at times mimicked pancreatitis. Overall, cytopathology of ultrasound or fluoroscopic-guided biopsies or fine-needle aspirates, or impressions from surgical biopsies were helpful in establishing the diagnosis in 10 of 12 animals where it was performed. Histopathology of ultrasound or fluoroscopic-guided biopsies provided a diagnosis in five of six cases where it was performed.     

搜爆犬分阶段的训练方法

一、基础训练阶段 也称物品训练阶段。此阶段主要是利用犬衔取物品的欲望,训练犬嗅到物品气味后自动反应,使犬完成从视觉兴奋到嗅觉兴奋的转化,把犬对衔取物的兴奋转化成对搜索形式的兴奋,并在嗅到衔取气味后能自动卧下形成条件反射。     

Correlation of age and incidence of pancreatic exocrine nodular hyperplasia in the dog

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of pancreatic nodular hyperplasia (NH) and its relation to age in the dog. A total of 101 dogs were enrolled. The pancreas was evaluated by histology and hyperplastic lesions were detected and scored. Age was recorded from the medical records. Correlation of age with inflammation and presence of hyperplastic lesions was evaluated. Of the 101 dogs, 81 (80.2%) had evidence of NH. Twenty-five of the 101 dogs did not have evidence of pancreatic inflammation, necrosis, and/or fibrosis, 17 (68.0%) of which had evidence of NH. Mean +/- SD age in dogs with NH was significantly higher compared with dogs without NH (9.5 +/- 3.4 years versus 3.4 +/- 3.3; P-value < 0.0001). We conclude that NH is a common pathologic lesion in dogs and shows a positive correlation with age regardless of the presence or absence of pancreatic inflammation, necrosis, or fibrosis.     

Stimulation of the exocrine pancreas via a third CCK-receptor subtype?

The physiological role of the cholecystokinin1 receptor (CCK1R) and the cholecystokinin/gastrin receptor (CCK2R) in the enzyme release from the exocrine pancreas in various mammal species has been debated. Experiments in pigs have indicated that physiological levels of cholecystokinin-33 (CCK-33) elicit pancreatic enzyme release via CCK2Rs located in the gastro-duodenal region. Since gastrin and CCK have similar affinity for the CCK2R, the aim was to examine if gastrin can elicit a similar enzyme response as CCK, after infusion via the gastric artery. Weaned pigs were anaesthetised and surgically prepared with appropriate catheters. Pentagastrin (n = 6) or CCK-33 (n = 6), 13 pmol/kg, was infused via the gastric artery into the gastro-duodenal region and 20 min. later 130 pmol/kg of the same hormone was infused via the jugular vein to the general circulation. Pancreatic juice was collected in intervals after each infusion and analysed for its protein and enzyme (trypsin) content. CCK-33 gave rise to significantly higher protein and trypsin output compared to pentagastrin for both doses and infusion routes. The results indicate that low doses of CCK-33 infused to the duodenal region do not stimulate the exocrine pancreas via the CCK2R since the result can't be reproduced with pentagastrin. Since previous studies have indicated that CCK1R is not involved the present results indicate that a third CCK-receptor subtype might be involved in the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas.     

A new test for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the dog

A new approach to the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the dog has been evaluated. The synthetic peptide, N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, administered orally, is specifically cleaved by pancreatic chymotrypsin to release p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is subsequently absorbed and excreted in the urine. The assay of plasma PABA or the estimation of urinary excretion over a 6-hour period was found to give a clear differentiation between two small groups of healthy dogs and animals with pancreatic insufficiency. The absorption of orally administered sodium PABA was similar in the two groups confirming that the rate limiting process following oral peptide is hydrolysis not absorption.     

Comparison of the effect of caerulein and testmeal on exocrine pancreatic secretion in the dog

Small doses of caerulein (10, 20, 40, 100 ng/kg/h) were given to conscious dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulas, and the exocrine pancreatic response was compared with that obtained by a testmeal. Maximal protein and bicarbonate secretion varied between 20 and more than 100 ng/kg/h, depending on the individual animal. Testmeal-stimulated pancreatic secretion was approximately equivalent to that achieved with 10 ng caerulein/kg/h. Plasma secretin levels did not change significantly during testmeal stimulation.     

Clinical assessment and grading of back pain in horses

BackgroundThe clinical presentation of horses with back pain (BP) vary considerably with most horse''s willingness to take part in athletic or riding purpose becoming impossible. However, there are some clinical features that are directly responsible for the loss or failure of performance.ObjectivesTo investigate the clinical features of the thoracolumbar region associated with BP in horses and to use some of the clinical features to classify equine BP.MethodsTwenty-four horses comprised of 14 with BP and 10 apparently healthy horses were assessed for clinical abnormality that best differentiate BP from normal horses. The horses were then graded (0–5) using the degree of pain response, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and overall physical dysfunction of the horse.ResultsThe common clinical features that significantly differentiate horses with BP from non-BP were longissimus dorsi spasm at palpation (78.6%), paravertebral muscle stiffness (64.3%), resist lateral bending (64.3%), and poor hindlimb impulsion (85.7%). There were significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores for pain response to palpation, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and physical dysfunction among horses with BP in relation to non-BP. A significant relationship exists between all the graded abnormalities. Based on the cumulative score, horses with BP were categorized into mild, mild-moderate, moderate and severe cases.ConclusionsBP in horse can be differentiated by severity of pain response to back palpation, back muscle hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness, physical dysfunctions and their cumulative grading score is useful in the assessment and categorization of BP in horses.     

Hyperglycaemia but not hyperlipidaemia decreases serum amylase and increases neutrophils in the exocrine pancreas of cats

The goal of the study was to determine whether hyperglycaemia or hyperlipidaemia causes pancreatitis in cats and to assess the effect of excess serum glucose and lipids on amylase and lipase activity. Ten-day hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic clamps were carried out in five and six healthy cats, respectively. Ten healthy cats received saline and served as controls. The activity of amylase was below the normal range in 4 of 5 hyperglycaemic cats by day 10. The activity of lipase did not vary in any of the cats. Samples of exocrine pancreas were normal on histological examination, but the number of tissue neutrophils was increased in hyperglycaemic cats (P < 0.05). In a retrospective study 14 of 40 (35%) cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus had amylase activities below the reference range at the time of admission. Amylase activities normalised within 1 week of insulin therapy and subsequent glycaemic control. Lipase activity was increased in 26 of 40 (65%) diabetic cats and remained elevated despite glycaemic control. In conclusion, hyperglycaemia, but not hyperlipidaemia, increases pancreatic neutrophils in cats. However, because the histological morphology of the exocrine pancreas was normal, hyperglycaemia may play only a minor role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Low amylase activities in diabetic cats may reflect an imbalance in glucose metabolism rather than pancreatitis.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of liver size in the dog

A simple ultrasonographic method of estimating liver size in the dog was evaluated in this study. A single linear measurement from the tip of the ventral liver lobes to the diaphragm was made, using both transverse and longitudinal planes of section, Assuming careful technique, this measurement proved to be highly reproducible. There was good correlation between the measurements taken on the two planes of section. This measurement was shown to provide a good indicator of liver mass, irrespective of the size or breed of dog. It was concluded that ultrasound provides a simple, quantitative method of assessing liver size in the dog.     

Effects of substance P on fluid and amylase secretion in exocrine pancreas of rat and mouse

The effects of substance P on fluid and amylase secretion were examined in the exocrine pancreas of the rat and the mouse in vivo and in vitro. In the anaesthetised rat, a single intravenous injection of substance P caused an atropine resistant increase in both the basal and caerulein stimulated flow of pancreatic juice and amylase output, but reduced the secretin stimulated pancreatic juice flow. In vitro experiments using superfused mouse pancreatic fragments supported the in vivo result showing that substance P enhanced caerulein stimulated amylase output.