RT-PCR快速诊断禽流感

根据禽流感病毒ＮＰ基因的序列分析结果,设计了一对ＮＰ基因特异的引物。采用该对引物,不经病毒分离,直接从禽流感病毒感染鸡的气管、泄殖腔棉拭子和组织样品中提取核酸, ＲＴ～ＰＣＲ可以扩增出 ３２６ｂｐ的 ＮＰ基因片段。采用该技术对１４个亚型禽流感病毒标准参考株,４个亚型１２株国内分离野毒株,ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测的结果都呈阳性;对新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性喉气管炎病毒以及减蛋综合症病毒,ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增结果都呈阴性。禽流感病毒 Ａ／Ｇｏｏｓｅ／Ｇｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇ（Ｈ５Ｎ１）和 Ａ／Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ　Ｓｔａｒｌｉｎｇ／Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ（Ｈ７Ｎ１）实验感染鸡样品 ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测与鸡胚病毒分离阳性率分别为３４／４２、３２／４２; ２４／５５、２４／５５, 二者符合率大于９５％。 ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ最少可检测到１０ｐｇ的病毒核酸。对山东某地发病鸡场样品进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测,只用６个小时就可得出准确的诊断结果,证明ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测方法敏感特异,可用于禽流感的快速诊断。     

Recombinant Strain A/HK/Otar/6:2/2010 (H3N8) for Development of a Live Intranasal Equine Influenza Vaccine

Recombinant cold-adapted strain A/HK/Otar/6:2/2010 (H3N8) constructed by the method of classic genetic reassortment, inherited the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the epizootic A/equine/Otar/764/2007 (Н3N8) virus and genes of nonglycosylated proteins from attenuation donor A/Hong Kong/1/68/162/35 (H3N2). The resulted virus was of cold-adapted (efficient growth at 25°C) and temperature-sensitive (restricted replication at 39°C) phenotype. Like the parental virus of subtype H3N2, the resulted reassortant was attenuated, with limited replication in lungs of mice (1.75 lgEID₅₀/mL) versus replication in turbinate (2.5 lgEID₅₀/mL). Intranasal immunization of mice with A/HK/Otar/6:2/2010 (H3N8) reassortant did not induce animal weight reduction in contrast to epizootic A/equine/Otar/764/2007 (Н3N8) virus.     

马流感病毒(A/equine/Qinghai/1/94)核蛋白基因的序列测定及同源性分析

根据已发表的马流感病毒核蛋白基因序列，设计并合成一对特异性引物，经反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）成功扩增出了我国马流感病毒（A/equine/Qinghai/1/94核蛋白基因。将该片段连接到PGEM-T-EASY载体并转化DH5α，提取阳性菌落的质粒径EcRo1酶切的PCR鉴定其大小为1.5kb左右，对其测序并进行分析发现，与A/Equine/Kentucky/2/86,A/Equine/Miami/1/63等关系较近，同源率为93.3%--93.4%，而与我国马流感吉林A/Equine/Jilin/1/89株关系较远，同源率仅为84.6%。     

马流感病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、有效的检测马流感病毒(Equine influenza virus,EIV)的方法,以EIV中国分离株A/马/新疆/07(H3N8)制备的多克隆抗体为捕获抗体,原核表达的核蛋白(NP)制备的单克隆抗体为检测抗体,在国内首次建立了检测EIV的双抗体夹心ELISA方法.用该检测方法分别检测EIV、马动脉炎病毒、马疱疹病毒1型、马疱疹病毒4型和马乙型脑炎病毒阳性样品.结果表明,该ELISA方法具有良好的特异性;与常规检测EIV的血凝试验相比,其敏感性是后者的2.5～10倍;同时与H7N7亚型EIV有交叉反应.攻毒试验结果表明该方法可有效检测鼻腔分泌物中的EIV.该方法的建立为EIV的检测及早期防控提供了有效工具.     

Comparison of the Virucidal Effects of Disinfectant Agents Against Equine Influenza A Virus

Disinfection is one of the most important biosecurity measures to minimize disease spread during outbreaks of equine influenza. Although many disinfectants are commercially available, information about their effects against equine influenza A virus (EIV) is limited. This report describes an evaluation of the effects of six disinfectants against EIV (∼10^4.7 egg infectious dose 50/200 μL) under different conditions (reaction time [10 and/or 30 minutes], temperature [4°C–25°C], and the absence and/or presence of uninfected allantoic fluid that served as our best choice of “organic matter” equivalent). Although the efficacy of didecyldimethylammonium chloride decreased with decreasing reaction temperature, the compound showed the highest efficacy of the three quaternary ammonium compounds tested in this study. The effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and nonoxynol iodine were not affected by reaction time or temperature, but they were affected by the presence of organic matter. Antec Virkon S containing potassium peroxymonosulfate and sodium chloride consistently inactivated EIV regardless of reaction time, temperature, and the presence of organic matter. These findings will help us to take rational biosecurity measures during outbreaks of equine influenza.     

口蹄疫病毒RT-PCR检测与血清型鉴别

针对编码非结构蛋白的3D基因合成一对引物进行口蹄疫病毒RT-PCR扩增,不同血清型病毒的RNA样本均显现一条457bp的目的带,与预期设计的长度相符合。在敏感性试验中,O型、A型和AsiaⅠ型病毒的最小RNA检出量分别为0.8ng、8ng和8ng。根据GenBank发表的口蹄疫病毒VP1和2A基因序列,采用多重RT-PCR鉴别口蹄疫病毒血清型,O型、A型和AsiaⅠ型病毒的特异性扩增片段分别为200bp、340bp和500bp。对9份乳鼠感染病料进行检测,确诊为O血清型口蹄疫病毒感染。     

Detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome‐Related Coronavirus and Alphacoronavirus in the Bat Population of Taiwan

Bats have been demonstrated to be natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV. Faecal samples from 248 individuals of 20 bat species were tested for partial RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase gene of CoV and 57 faecal samples from eight bat species were tested positive. The highest detection rate of 44% for Scotophilus kuhlii, followed by 30% for Rhinolophus monoceros. Significantly higher detection rates of coronaviral RNA were found in female bats and Scotophilus kuhlii roosting in palm trees. Phylogenetic analysis classified the positive samples into SARS‐related (SARSr) CoV, Scotophilus bat CoV 512 close to those from China and Philippines, and Miniopterus bat CoV 1A‐related lineages. Coronaviral RNA was also detected in bat guano from Scotophilus kuhlii and Myotis formosus flavus on the ground and had potential risk for human exposure. Diverse bat CoV with zoonotic potential could be introduced by migratory bats and maintained in the endemic bat population in Taiwan.     

检测和鉴别犬瘟热病毒强、弱毒株的复合反转录-套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)的建立及初步应用

根据GenBank上登录的犬瘟热病毒（Canine distemper virus，CDV）基因组全序列，选择CDV强、弱毒株间有区别保守区设计了一对通用引物P1和P4，并在该对引物跨越区域的内部设计了CDV强毒株特异性引物P2及弱毒株特异性引物P3，用引物P1／P4进行RT—PCR，然后用引物P2／P3／P4进行复合套式PCR，建立了一种能区分CDV强、弱毒株的复合反转录-套式聚合酶链式反应（RT—nPCR）的鉴别诊断方法。应用该方法从CDV强、弱毒株的基因组中分别扩增出了大小为247bp和177bp的特异性片段，从两种病毒基因组混合物中扩增出了大小为247bp和177bp的两条特异性片段，与犬细小病毒、犬腺病毒、犬冠状病毒、狂犬病病毒、新城疫病毒的细胞培养物以及正常细胞对照组进行复合RT—nPCR扩增时均为阴性。对从黑龙江省和吉林省采集的20份疑似CDV病料进行的检测结果表明，有15份类似CDV强毒，5份类似CDV弱毒。本研究建立的复合RT—nPCR可以有效检测CDV感染，能够将强、弱毒株区分开，可用于临床快速检测、流行病学监测以及追踪疫苗免疫效果等。     

套式反转录—聚合酶链反应检测恙螨及鼠肺内肾综合征出血热病毒RNA

选择覆盖肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）膜蛋白（ＭＰ）基因的保守区核苷酸序列合成２对引物,采用异硫氰酸胍一步抽提ＲＮＡ,建立了ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测鼠体恙螨及游离恙螨体内ＨＦＲＳＶ－ＲＮＡ的方法,扩增产物经凝胶电泳及斑点印迹杂交证实具有特异性。结果显示,ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠体恙螨５０只组、１０只组、游离螨５０只组,ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ、５００ｍｇ组经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测为阳性;ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠体恙螨５只组,ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阴性鼠体恙螨５０只和１０只组,游离螨１０只和５只组,鼠肺ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性１００ｍｇ组均未见有明显扩增带。进一步用套式反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＮｅｓｔｅｄＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测,在ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ未测出ＨＦＲＳＶ－ＲＮＡ的各组中均检测有ＨＦＲＳＶ－ＲＮＡ。结果表明ＮｅｓｔｅｄＲＴ－ＰＣＲ具有高特异、高敏感的特点,可用于检测恙螨体内微量ＨＦＲＳＶ－ＲＮＡ,为确认恙螨作为ＨＦＲＳＶ的传播媒介提供了分子生物学证据。     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/duck/HuBei/49/05株反向基因操作系统的建立

水禽是禽流感病毒的天然储存库,为了研究高致病性禽流感病毒对水禽致病性的分子基础,研究构建了DKHB/49/05的8质粒反向遗传操作系统。用Trizol从含A/duck/HuBei/49/05株病毒的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M、NS基因片段,将其分别克隆至pBD载体中。利用8质粒反向遗传操作系统,将重组的pBD质粒共转染293T细胞,成功拯救了该病毒,并命名为R-DKHB。     

A Universal `One-tube' RT-PCR Protocol for Amplifying Isolates of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus

The increase in the knowledge of the genetic variability of BVDV and the identification of some of the genetic determinants of its pathogenicity require robust and practical tools for rapid molecular characterization of the various genotypes of this virus. This study was undertaken to develop a standard protocol for RT-PCR that allows the amplification of various parts of the genome of BVDV without the need for optimizing each individual reaction. The reaction set-up is very flexible because it consists of two pre-mixes. These are a master mix, with all the required reagents except the desired primers, which are the components of the second pre-mix and are therefore easily interchangeable between the different reactions. After adding any primer-containing pre-mix to the fixed master mix, a non-interrupted cycling protocol led to the generation of amplicons of up to 4 kbp in size in amounts sufficient for subsequent sequencing reactions. The method was applied to five different regions of the BVDV genome: (i) the well-known 5-UTR to differentiate genotypes I and II; (ii) the entire E2 gene, or an approximately 550 bp region within the E2 gene, in order to find the molecular equivalent of antigenic varieties; (iii) the entire structural protein coding region covering the Npro, capsid, E ^RNS, E1 and E2 genes; (iv) a 2.1 kbp region embracing the NS2/3 junction which is known to be cleaved in cytopathic biotypes of BVDV; and (v) the region covering the entire NS4B and NS5A/B genes. All six RT-PCRs were successfully applied using (i) primers with lengths of between 20 and 52 nucleotides, (ii) an aliquot of RNA extracted from either 10⁶ infected bovine embryonal lung cells or the same number of leukocytes from viraemic cattle, and (iii) all the genotype I and II strains of BVDV tested. The technique described was used to generate various Sindbis virus/BVDV recombinants. The correct processing of the amplicon-derived E2 glycoprotein of BVDV strain PT810 was demonstrated by its reaction with a monoclonal antibody in an immunofluorescence assay. Given the variety of RT-PCRs tested, we conclude that this universal protocol may be useful with other RNA viruses.     

应用RT／PCR—SSCP法分析传染性法氏囊病病毒的变异性

根据传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）cDNA序列，在病毒VP2区域设计1对引物，应用RT／PCR－SSCP方法对4个不同时间及不同地域从传染性法氏囊病（IBD）病鸡法氏囊组织中分离的IBDV分离物进行了分析，发现4个IBDV分离物的SSCP图谱均存在明显差异，本试验表明，IBDV变异在我国普遍存在，SSCP方法可用于IBDV的变异性分析。     

新型反转录-复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)鉴别猪瘟强毒和弱毒疫苗方法的建立

对GenBank中登录的25株猪瘟病毒强毒株和兔化弱毒疫苗株基因组全序列进行比较分析,在其高度保守区设计1对通用引物,扩增片段为609bp,并在该对引物扩增区域内设计针对疫苗弱毒的特异引物,扩增片段为237bp,建立一种能够区分猪瘟病毒强毒和疫苗弱毒的敏感、特异、重复性好的反转录-复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)鉴别诊断方法。该方法能将我国大陆地区流行的不同基因亚群的猪瘟病毒强毒与疫苗弱毒完全区分开来,且不与牛病毒性腹泻病毒及其他猪源病毒发生非特异反应。应用本试验建立的反转录-复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)方法可以及早对猪瘟作出准确诊断,并可将强毒感染猪迅速从弱毒疫苗免疫猪群中筛选出来,减少了未感染免疫猪被误杀的可能性。     

西尼罗热病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

参考Genebank发表的西尼罗热病毒(West Nile virus，WNV)E糖蛋白基因序列，自行设计合成一对引物，对WNV进行RT—PCR扩增，产物经琼脂糖电泳分析，呈现一条约400bp的条带，将其克隆入pMD18-T—Vector载体中，并进行序列测定，与已发表的WNV基因比较发现，核苷酸的同源性为99．7％，证实为WNV的E基因，通过对样品多次检测，都能扩增出一条约400bp的条带，表明该方法比较稳定。     

CSFV的RT-PCR检测在控制与净化猪瘟中的应用

应用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测健康猪扁桃体猪瘟病毒以监控与净化猪瘟.2006年用RT-PCR对广西某存栏250头种猪场的母猪扁桃体连续进行3次猪瘟病毒检测,检出并清除带毒猪,猪群中猪瘟病毒的带毒猪明显下降.结果表明,RT-PCR检测猪扁桃体可应用于猪场猪瘟的控制与净化.     

猪蓝耳病病毒通用RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

参考Genbank发表的美洲型猪蓝耳病病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus,PRRSV）VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1等毒株的主要结构蛋白基因序列,设计了一对引物,扩增目的片段为690bp,进行了RT—PCR检测方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性试验,建立了美洲型PRRSV通用RT—PCR检测方法。应用此方法对2009年1—12月收集的126份临床样品进行了检测,检出率达44．4％。符合性检测结果表明,该方法比高致病性PRRSV检测方法具有更广的监测范围。该方法具有特异、敏感、重复性好等优点,可用于PRRSV的临床发病检测及流行病学监测等工作。     

猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

根据猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）核衣壳蛋白ＯＲＦ７的序列,设计了１套引物,对立了检测ＰＲＲＳＶ核酸的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法。通过对猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征（ＰＲＲＳ）标准毒株的检测,证明该方法不仅能够扩增出特异性的核酸片段。同时可以从基因水平上区分ＰＲＲＳＶ美洲型和欧洲型。使用该方法对国内临床上疑似为ＰＲＲＳ的送检样品进行检测,结果为阳性,并确定基因型均为美洲型。该研究建立的从组织中直接提取细胞总     

Phylogenetic and Molecular Characterization of the Equine Influenza Virus A (H3N8) Causing the 1997 and 2004 Outbreaks in Morocco

Reported here are the results of antigenic and genetic characterization of equine influenza strains causing local outbreaks reported in Morocco, respectively, in 1997 and 2004. The antigenic and genetic characterizations of the equine influenza virus H3N8 are reported here. The highest similarity between the HA1 nucleotide sequences of A/equine/Nador/1/1997 and those of A/equine/Rome/5/1991 and A/equine/Italy/1199/1992 demonstrate that A/equine/Nador/1/1997 belongs to the European lineage. On the other hand, A/equine/Essaouira/2/2004 and A/equine/Essaouira/3/2004 were classified in the predivergent lineage. The present work emphasizes the importance of a national influenza survey program, which requires a collaborative laboratory network to promote the collection and characterization (antigenic and genetic) of equine influenza viruses in real time.     

Changes in 5-Fluorouracil-induced external granular cell damage during the time-course of the developing cerebellum of infant rats

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent that blocks DNA synthesis and replication by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase. This study aimed to elucidate 5-FU-induced changes in the external granular cells (EGCs) in the cerebellum of infant rats and the possible underlying mechanism. Six-day-old infant rats were injected subcutaneously with 40 mg/kg of 5-FU, and their cerebellums were examined at 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after treatment (HAT), and 2, 4, and 10 d after treatment (DAT). The width of the external granular layer (EGL) decreased from 24 HAT to 4 DAT in the 5-FU group compared to that in the control group. However, the width in the 5-FU group was comparable to that of the control group at 10 DAT. The number of apoptotic cells, cleaved caspase 3-labeling index (LI%), p21^cip1-LI%, and expression levels of p53, p21^cip1, and Fas mRNAs increased at 24 HAT. However, no changes were detected in the expression levels of Puma and Bax mRNAs at any time point. BrdU-LI% increased at 6 and 12 HAT but decreased at 24 HAT. The phospho-histone H3-LI% decreased from 6 HAT to 2 DAT. The width of the molecular layer decreased compared to that of the control group at 10 DAT. No differences were observed in Purkinje cell development. These results indicate that 5-FU inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis of EGCs via activation of Fas and caspase-3 without the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway and induced p53-dependent G1-S and G2-M phase arrest.