高直链淀粉小麦西农836淀粉理化性质及消化特性分析

淀粉是人体摄入碳水化合物的主要来源,经消化后以葡萄糖的形式被人体吸收,其消化特性与人体健康密切相关。为探究小麦品种西农836淀粉理化性质与消化特性的关系,以商品粉金沙河、香雪、金龙鱼作为对照,测定其与西农836中直链淀粉含量、淀粉粒度和结晶度、糊化特性以及体外消化率的差异,并在小鼠体内模拟消化。结果表明,与金龙鱼、金沙河、香雪相比,西农836淀粉中直链淀粉含量和B型淀粉粒含量最高,与前3者差异显著（P<0.05）;西农836淀粉的峰值温度最高,峰值黏度和最终黏度最低;淀粉体外消化试验结果显示,西农836的快消化淀粉（RDS）、总消化淀粉（RDS+SDS）含量最低,抗性淀粉（RS）含量最高。小鼠体内消化试验结果表明,与金沙河相比,灌食西农836淀粉的小鼠血糖峰值较低,说明高直链淀粉小麦西农836有利于延缓消化和控制血糖升高。相关性分析结果显示,直链淀粉含量与抗性淀粉含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。     

Changes in sugar,ash and minerals in four guava cultivars during ripening

Investigation of four guava cultivars showed that when the fruits were harvested at different stages of growth and development, total sugars increased slowly during the initial growing period followed by rapid increase during maturation and repining for all cultivars. The maximum level varied from 7.5 to 26.9%. Individual sugars: (fructose, glucose and sucrose) increased slowly during the initial growing period followed by rapid increase during maturation and ripening for all cultivars. The cultivars differed in their final sugar content; fructose varied from 5.6 to 7.7%, glucose from 1.9 to 18.1%, and sucrose from 6.2 to 7.8%. Total ash for all cultivars decreased slowly during the initial growing period followed by a sudden increase in the latter stage of maturation and ripening, with maximum level varying from 5.2 to 7.9%. Minerals: Ca, Mg, Na, K and P, for all cultivars decreased slowly during all stages of development. These results suggest that when guava fruits were picked 106–126 days after fruit set it ensures sufficient amount of total sugars and appreciable amount of minerals.     

春玉米子粒灌浆期可溶性糖含量变化与淀粉积累关系的研究

以田间种植的高淀粉(郑单19)、高油(通油1号)和普通型(吉单209)春玉米为材料,探讨不同类型玉米杂交种之间可溶性糖含量变化与淀粉积累的关系。从授粉后第7天开始,每隔7d选取果穗测定子粒的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉含量。郑单19的淀粉含量在子粒灌浆的前期和后期都高于通油1号和吉单209;郑单19的蔗糖含量在前期较低,在后期较高,吉单209和通油1号的蔗糖含量变化趋势相似;在前期郑单19的葡萄糖含量高于其它两个杂交种,果糖含量显著高于蔗糖和葡萄糖含量;在前期和中期郑单19的果糖含量低于其它两个杂交种。结果表明,在子粒灌浆前期果糖的转化是淀粉积累的主要限制因素。     

小麦胚乳Wx蛋白缺失对淀粉含量和淀粉特性的影响

为给面条小麦亲本材料的筛选提供可靠依据,用SDS-PAGE和STS-PCR结合的方法鉴定了24个品种的Wx蛋白亚基组成,测定了这些品种的淀粉含量、膨胀势和RVA参数。结果表明,与正常材料相比,Wx蛋白亚基缺失材料的胚乳中直链淀粉含量减少,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量变化不明显,Wx蛋白亚基缺失的数目越多,直链淀粉含量减少得就越多,糯麦的直链淀粉含量最少。在本研究参试材料特定遗传背景干扰的情况下,在Wx蛋白的三个亚基中Wx-A1蛋白亚基对直链淀粉含量影响最大。Wx蛋白亚基的缺失还使面粉的膨胀势、RVA参数的高峰粘度、崩解值增大,峰值时间延长,而使最终粘度、回生值和糊化温度降低,Wx蛋白亚基缺失的数目越多,这些特性变化的幅度越大。在缺失单个亚基的情况下,Wx-B1亚基的缺失使小麦粉的淀粉特性表现最好。相关分析表明,直链淀粉合成数量的减少是导致上述淀粉特性发生变化的主要原因。     

不同直链淀粉含量小麦品种的淀粉粒度分布特征

为研究不同类型小麦品种淀粉粒的分布特征,以直链淀粉含量(Am)不同的3组小麦品种为供试材料,分析其成熟期胚乳的淀粉粒度分布。结果表明,9个小麦品种淀粉粒粒径大小范围均为0.4~45.0μm,体积与表面积分布均呈双峰曲线,数目分布表现为单峰变化;B型淀粉粒数目占总数目的99.8%~99.9%。Am不同的3组小麦品种的A、B型淀粉粒体积百分比存在显著差异,糯小麦B型淀粉粒体积百分比最高,高Am组的最低。不同类型小麦籽粒A、B型淀粉粒的数目百分比无显著差异,说明糯小麦籽粒B型淀粉粒体积百分比升高主要是由于其个体体积较大所致。     

Effects of two novel Wx-A1 alleles of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on amylose and starch properties

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has three Wx proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1), which are granule-bound starch synthases I and are responsible for the amylose synthesis of flour starch. The effects of two novel Wx-A1 proteins identified by gel electrophoresis on amylose content and starch properties were analyzed. The variant Wx-A1 protein coded by the Wx-A1i allele was present in smaller amounts and produced less amylose (7.3%) compared to standard lines with the Wx-A1a allele (21.5%). Wx-A1i generated altered starch properties; greater swelling power (SP), glucoamylase digestibility, starch paste clarity, and gelatinization enthalpy in differential scanning calorimetry. The starch from Wx-A1i also showed an altered pasting profile on a Rapid Visco-Analyzer, greater peak viscosity, smaller final viscosity, and lower pasting temperature. The Wx-A1i allele is a novel genetic resource for reducing amylose content in wheat. The other Wx-A1 protein coded by the Wx-A1j allele showed a more basic isoelectric point compared to Wx-A1a on an electrophoretic gel. The amylose content of Wx-A1j did not differ from standard Wx-A1a. Starch SP, paste clarity, and glucoamylase digestibility also suggested that Wx-A1j produced amylose as much as Wx-A1a.     

玉米子粒淀粉研究进展

本文综述了玉米淀粉生物合成途径和子粒胚乳遗传变异研究进展,阐述了发展高淀粉玉米在国民经济中的意义,并探讨了利用淀粉修饰型胚乳突变体进行淀粉品质育种的策略和方法。     

Rheology and texture of starch gels containing iodine

The objective of this study was to investigate the textural and rheological properties of starch gels containing different levels of iodine. The research goal is to understand the architectural organization of granules by utilizing iodine as a marker. Corn (CS), wheat (WS), potato (PS) and tapioca (TS) starch gels containing varying concentrations of iodine were prepared in a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The gels were analysed by using a rheometer for small-deformation properties and also by using a texture analyser for large deformation properties following storage for 1 or 7 days. With increasing concentration of iodine, the firmness of gels decreased and the extent of decrease varied for the different starches. The extent of change in complex modulus (G*) of the gels was highest in the A-type starch, CS, but was different from WS, which is also an A-type starch. The G* for PS gels (B-type) decreased with the addition of 0.1% iodine but there was no significant difference upon increasing the iodine concentration. The G* for the C-type TS gels was lower than 15 Pa. These observations suggest a difference in the microstructure of the starch gels formed, likely resulting from differential leaching of polymers.     

小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的近红外漫反射光谱法快速检测

为寻找一种简便易行的小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量测定方法,以91个普通小麦品种及高代稳定品系为材料,采用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归法,对利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRS）法测定小麦完整籽粒淀粉及直链淀粉含量进行了研究。结果表明,采用一阶导数+减去一条直线、矢量归一化光谱预处理,分析谱区为7 501.9~5 450 cm-1、7 501.9～4 597.6 cm-1,分别建立淀粉、直链淀粉含量的校正模型,校正和预测效果最佳。模型的校正决定系数(R2cal）分别为0.894 8和0.920 6,交叉验证决定系数（R2cv）分别为0.690 2和0.827 6,外部验证决定系数（R2val）分别为0.815 1和0.806 7;各项误差为1.479~1.080。表明利用NIRS分析法测定完整小麦籽粒的淀粉和直链淀粉含量是完全可行的。     

Rheological properties of starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios

The rheological properties of corn starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios (80/20, 50/50, 23/77, and 0/100) were systematically studied by Haake rheometry. The starches were initially pre-compounded with water to designated moisture content levels using a twin-screw extruder. A single-screw extruder with a slit capillary die was then used to characterize the shear stress and melt viscosity characteristics of sample pellets, as a function of both moisture content (19–27%) and extrusion temperature (110–140 °C). The melts exhibited shear thinning behavior under all conditions, with the power law index (0 < n < 1) increasing with increasing temperature and moisture content in the majority of cases. The higher the amylose content, the higher is the viscosity (for example, η increases from 277 Pa s to 1254 Pa s when amylose content increases from 0% to 80% under a certain condition), which is opposite to the sequence of molecular weight; amylopectin-rich starches exhibited increased Newtonian behavior. These rheological behaviors are attributed to the higher gelatinization temperature of amylose-rich starches, and in particular the multiphase transitions that occur in these starches at higher temperatures, and the gel-ball structure of gelatinized amylopectin.     

Starch fine structure and physicochemical properties of specialty rice for canning

The long-grain, specialty rice cultivars, Bolivar, Cheniere, Dixiebelle, and L-205 are used for wet-pack canning. These cultivars have similar apparent amylose content but showed differences in canning, pasting, and gelatinization properties. Starch fine structures were analyzed to rationalize observed differences in functionality. Cheniere amylopectin had the lowest weight-average molar mass (M_w), shortest average chain length (CL), smallest z-average radius of gyration (R_z), lowest proportion of long chains (DP 37–65), and highest polydispersity; while its amylose had the largest M_w and R_z. These structural features were associated with more leached solids in the canning broth, lower volume expansion, lower peak and final viscosity, and lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Bolivar amylopectin had the largest M_w, longest average CL, largest R_z, highest proportion of long chains (DP 25–65), and lowest proportion of short chains (DP 6–12); while its amylose had the smallest M_w and lowest polydispersity. These structures were associated with lower levels of leached solids, higher volume expansion, and higher peak and final viscosity. L-205 was similar to Bolivar in most structural and functional properties; those of Dixiebelle were either comparable to Bolivar or intermediate to Bolivar and Cheniere. These findings point to the importance of the molar mass of amylopectin and the proportion of long and short chains on the canning stability of rice.     

Amylose-inclusion complexes: Formation,identity and physico-chemical properties

Many ligands can form inclusion complexes with amylose. Their presence induces a conformation change involving the transformation of amylose double helices to a single helix. The resulting so called V-amylose is compact and has a central hydrophobic cavity in which the hydrocarbon chain of the ligand can reside. We discuss the different ways of formation of amylose-inclusion complexes, with emphasis on amylose–lipid complexes. Both amorphous and semicrystalline amylose-inclusion complexes are considered. The influence of variables in the synthesis reactions on the physico-chemical characteristics of amylose–lipid complexes is highlighted and the hydrolysis and functionality of (in situ formed) amylose–lipid complexes, such as their possible role in starch-based systems, is reviewed.     

不同直链淀粉含量小麦淀粉理化性质与消化特性研究

为深入理解小麦直链淀粉含量与淀粉理化性质及消化特性之间的关系,以4份直链淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种为材料,分析了其淀粉理化性质以及消化特性方面的差异。结果表明,随着直链淀粉含量的增加,回生值呈增加趋势;在体外消化前期,4个小麦品种的淀粉消化速率差异显著,西农836最慢,陕糯1号最快。这种差异与直链淀粉含量及回生值密切相关,说明直链淀粉比支链淀粉更易于回生,糊化后的冷却过程中更容易发生分子间部分重排和再结晶,重新组装成有序的聚集体,导致供试材料之间快速消化淀粉含量及总体消化程度不同。直链淀粉含量高的品种具有更多的B型小淀粉粒,但是大量B型小淀粉粒的存在并没有导致淀粉消化速率以及淀粉总体消化程度的提高,说明淀粉充分糊化后,粒度的差异并不改变淀粉消化特性。     

Functionality of native tetraploid wheat starches: Effects of waxy loci alleles and amylose concentration in blends

Partial waxy (reduced amylose) and fully waxy (amylose-free) tetraploid durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) were used to investigate the relationships between both intra- and inter-granular variation in amylose concentration and starch functionality. Starches isolated from each genotype (intra-granular amylose variants) were compared to those of commercially available hexaploid wild-type and waxy starches, and functionalities compared to blends (inter-granular variants) of durum waxy and wild-type starches of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, & 30% amylose content. Starch particle size distributions were not significantly different amongst partial waxy and wild-type genotypes; waxy samples had significantly smaller mean starch granule size. Few significant differences for crystallite melting and related intrinsic heat as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were observed. The detected differences in starch gel color or gel strength generally were observed for the waxy samples relative to wild-type. Numerous significant differences were observed via Rapid-Visco Analysis (RVA). Pasting peak viscosity and breakdown were inversely proportional to % amylose. Wx-B1 null final viscosity differed significantly from that of all other blends and genotypes, demonstrating that genotypic differences exist amongst the partial waxy types, independent of amylose concentration per se.