应用复合酶调整蛋鸡饲料配方的研究

近 2 0年来由于酶制剂工业迅速发展 ,由单一酶改复合酶作饲料添加剂 ,效果显著 ,酶用量降低 ,给畜禽养殖业带来可观的经济效益。目前 ,一些先进国家饲用复合酶的应用面已达 80 %。在欧洲与澳大利亚肉鸡试验证明 ,饲用酶 ( 0 0 5 %用量 )提高饲料代谢能为 0 49～ 0 93ＭＪ/ｋｇ ,相当每ｔ饲料提高 39～ 74ｋｇ玉米的代谢能。本试验酶制剂 ( 0 1 %用酶量 )提高代谢能值为 1 0 2ＭＪ/ｋｇ,相当每吨饲料提高 81ｋｇ玉米的代谢能。在饲料中添加 0 0 5 %～ 0 1 %饲用酶意味着在每吨饲料中添加 39～ 81ｋｇ玉米的代谢能。加酶后输入如此多的…     

复合酶和能量的当量关系

饲用复合酶能够提高饲料表观代谢能。目前酶制剂的使用却依然存在着随意性,很多试验仍停留在简单的验证酶制剂的效果上,关于酶制剂的添加水平,是个值得研究的瓶颈问题。酶制剂的价值如能以一个固定的数值参与饲料配方设计,将极大地改变配方的灵活性和实用性,本文主要就畜禽日粮中添加复合酶对畜禽饲料代谢能值的改善效果作一综述,探讨复合酶的能量当量值,为酶制剂的高效使用提供一定的依据。     

家禽营养研究进展及添加剂应用新技术(续)

２饲料添加剂及其应用技术进展２．１饲用酶制剂在肉仔鸡饲料中添加酶制剂的研究比较多。王健鹏等（１９９４）在小型（８１７型）肉鸡饲料中添加３种复合酶各为０．１％,其增重分别比对照组提高了２１．２％、１９．５％和６％,饲料／增重比对照组降低约１１％,另外,胸肌氨基酸总量比对照组增加Ｔ３．３％。林在康等（１９９５）在ＡＡ肉仔鸡饲粮中添加０．１％复合酶,结果发现饲料于物质消化率提高了５９％,有机物消化率提高了５．４％,能量消化率提高了６．６％。陈侠勇等（１９９４）在肉仔鸡饲料中添加０．０２％、０．０５％水…     

不同营养水平饲粮中添加饲用复合酶对肉鸡生产性能的影响

试验用360只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,采用二因素D-饱和最优设计,考察不同营养水平饲粮及复合酶添加量对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响。饲粮营养水平在基础日粮的水平上用谷壳进行稀释,能量、蛋白质及氨基酸水平分别降低0%～11.51%;复合酶的添加量为0%～0.23%。复合酶制剂添加量和饲粮营养水平都是影响肉鸡生产性能的重要因素。降低饲粮营养水平显著降低肉鸡增重和饲料转化效率(P<0.05);复合酶制剂添加量对肉鸡的生产性能和养分利用率呈二次曲线关系(脂肪利用率除外)。复合酶的适宜添加量为0.1%。低营养水平时复合酶作用效果更大。复合酶的表观能值与营养水平有关,低营养水平时复合酶的表观能值越高。在本试验条件下,添加0.1%复合酶,饲粮营养水平可降低5%左右。     

复合酶制剂对肉猪前期生产表现与营养物质消化率的影响

本研究用９６头冀合白猪杂优猪，测定了玉米豆饼型饲粮添加复合酶制剂对肉猪前期生产性能和饲料中各营养物质消化率的影响。结果证明，可显著提高日增重和饲料报酬，并以０．７％和１％酶制剂组生产性能最高，０．３％酶制剂组每千克增重成本最低；饲粮中添加复合酶制剂可提高粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪的消化率，结合肉猪前期消化生理特点，粗纤维酶应是肉猪前期酶制剂配方首要考虑成分。     

复合酶制剂对生长猪生产性能和养分消化性的影响

选择３５日龄断奶体重在９ｋｇ左右的长大二元杂交仔猪２４头,随机分成两组,研究添加复合酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响。选择体重在３５～４０ｋｇ６头阉公猪采用全收粪法进行消化试验,研究复合酶制剂对日粮养分表观消化率的影响。实验结果表明,添加酶制剂能显著提高生长猪的生产性能和日粮养分的表观消化率,与对照组相比,日增重提高８．２９％,饲料转化率提高８．８９％,粗纤维表观消化率提高３６．７６％,粗蛋白质表观消化率提高１７．２３％,干物质表观消化率提高９．７５％。     

肥育猪可消化赖氨酸需求参数研究

试验选用７０头体重约５１ｋｇ的三元杂交猪,随机分为７组,分别饲喂含赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）水平为０．５３％,０．６０％,０．６５％,０．７０％,０．７５％,０．８０％,０．９０％的玉米－豆粕－花生粕型饲粮,至体重约９３ｋｇ结束。结果表明,５１－９３ｋｇ肥育猪的赖氨酸需求参数为０．７０％,采用回－直吻合术猪测定基础饲粮饲料的氨基酸消化率, 应的真可消化和表观可消化赖氨酸值分别为０．６４％和０．５９％;以消化能（ＤＥ）浓度表示,则上述３值分别为０．５２ｇ／ＭＪ ＤＥ、０．４８ｇＭＪ ＤＥ和０．４４ｇ／ＭＪ ＤＥ。     

脱脂米糠日粮添加复合酶制剂和阿魏酸酯酶对生长猪养分消化率的影响

试验旨在研究脱脂米糠日粮添加多糖酶-植酸酶复合酶制剂和阿魏酸酯酶对生长猪养分消化率的影响。试验用6头安装回肠末端瘘管,初始体重约18㎏的阉割公猪(杜洛克×大白猪×长白猪)按3×3重复拉丁方设计,随机分为3组,分别饲喂基础日粮(D),基础日粮+300 mg/kg复合酶(DC),基础日粮+300mg/kg复合酶+700 mg/kg阿魏酸酯酶(DCF)3种饲粮。结果表明,添加复合酶制剂能显著提高生长猪回肠末端干物质、灰分、粗纤维和总能在表观消化率,以及灰分和钙在全消化道表观消化率(P<0.05)。日粮中再添加阿魏酸酯酶能显著提高生长猪回肠末端灰分和钙表观消化率以及灰分在全消化道表观消化率(P<0.05)。酶制剂添加并不影响生长猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率(P>0.05)。结果提示复合酶制剂和阿魏酸酯酶可以改善米糠日粮在生长猪中的养分消化率。     

饲用复合酶制剂对肉鸡的屠宰性能及肠道健康的影响

研究旨在探讨饲用复合酶制剂对肉仔鸡肠道健康的影响。按重复组体重一致的原则,试验分1个对照组和3个试验组:分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+酶制剂(试验1组)、低能量日粮+酶制剂(试验2组)、低能量日粮(试验3组)。饲养周期42 d,测定存活率、均重、日增重、日采食量、消化道生理、屠宰性能、肠道微生物数量。结果表明,在饲料中直接添加饲用复合酶能改善肉仔鸡的生产性能,降低饲料能量后添加酶制剂对肉仔鸡的生产性能不但没有负面影响,还有改善肉鸡生产性能的趋势,饲用复合酶制剂对屠宰性能和肠道微生物数量无显著影响。     

利用固态发酵技术改善饲料消化率和提高家禽养殖效益

目前．饲用酶制剂的种类很多．但就酶制剂的组成来分,可分为单一酶制剂和复合酶制剂两大类。商品酶大都是复合酶,复合酶制剂可同时降解饲粮中多种底物,最大限度地提高饲料的营养价值。因此在设计日粮配方时,需要考虑这部分因为使用酶制剂而产生的有效营养价值,通过降低日粮本身的营养浓度而降低饲料成本,提高饲料生产和养殖业的经济效益。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.