日粮蛋白质水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响

用5种蛋白质水平(0￣3周分别为19.44%、20.69%、21.56%、22.43%、23.26%;3～6周对应的为17.62%、18.78%、19.56%、20.34%、21.52%),研究了日粮蛋白质水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对肉仔鸡增重和免疫功能均有显著影响,蛋白质不足或过量都将使肉鸡生产性能和免疫力下降,蛋白质不足比过量对肉鸡生长和免疫的更为不利。使肉鸡获得最大生产性能和最佳免疫力的蛋白质水平并不一致。本试验中,3周龄前获得最佳生产性能的蛋白质水平为22.43%,获得最佳免疫力的蛋白质水平为20.56%￣21.56%;3￣6周龄时二者基本一致为19.96%。     

High vitamin D3 requirements in broilers for bone quality and prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia and interactions with dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A

1. Two experiments were carried out to investigate responses in performance and bone compositional and structural characteristics in broilers fed diets containing 4 concentrations of vitamin D3 (5, 20, 125 and 250 microg cholecalciferol/kg) at different concentrations of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A. 2. In experiment 1, body weight and tibia breaking strength were maximised at 14d with 250 microg vitamin D3/kg, tibia ash was maximised with 125 microg vitamin D3/kg. A high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) was decreased to very low levels with 125 microg vitamin D/kg. 3. At 42d, performance and bone characteristics showed no response to vitamin D3 concentrations above 20 microg/kg. 4. Dietary vitamin A within the range 2-4 to 4.5 mg retinol/kg did not show any interaction with vitamin D3 status at either age. 5. In experiment 2, responses to vitamin D3 were strongly influenced by dietary calcium/available phosphorus. With 13 g calcium and 5 g available phosphorus/kg, performance and bone characteristics responded to vitamin D3 concentrations up to 125 microg/kg but more was needed at less optimal concentrations of calcium and available phosphorus. TD incidence was minimised with 250 microg/kg. 6. This study shows that high dietary concentrations of vitamin D3 can prevent TD. It is concluded that the vitamin D3 requirement of broilers up to 14 d of age at optimal dietary calcium and available phosphorus concentrations may be in the range 35 to 50 microg/kg for cortical bone quality and up to 250 microg/kg for prevention of TD. The vitamin D3 requirement for cortical bone quality after 14 d is not higher than 20 microg/kg. These requirements are much higher than earlier estimates and may be related to higher calcium requirements of modern broiler genotypes. Current regulations limiting maximum vitamin D3 concentrations in broiler starter diets may need to be reviewed.     

日粮维生素A水平对肉鸡组织CaBP基因表达影响的研究

采用完全随机试验设计,将192只8日龄健康AA雄性肉鸡称重后随机分为4个处理组,每处理组6个重复,每个重复8只。在以玉米和豆粕为主要原料的基础日粮中分别添加VA1500,3000,15000和45000U/kg构成试验日粮,试验期5周。应用SYBR GreenI实时定量RT-PCR技术测定肉鸡胫骨、十二指肠组织中CaBP基因表达量,研究不同VA水平对肉鸡组织CaBP基因表达的影响。结果表明:随着日粮VA添加量的增加,十二指肠CaBP基因表达降低,当VA水平增加至15000,45000U/kg时,CaBP基因表达量有降低趋势(P>0.05),其中以45000U/kg添加组的CaBP基因表达量最低。虽然日粮VA水平对肉鸡胫骨组织中CaBP基因的表达影响较小,但当添加水平为45000U/kg时胫骨组织中CaBP基因表达量有降低的趋势。说明过量VA对骨骼代谢影响的机制之一是过量VA降低了与钙、磷代谢有关的CaBP的基因表达,进而影响钙、磷代谢和骨骼发育。     

Effects of dietary vitamin E and fat supplementation on pork quality

The effects of dietary vitamin E (VE, alpha-tocopherol acetate) and fat supplementation on growth and carcass quality characteristics, oxidative stability of fresh and cooked pork patty in storage, fatty acid profiles of muscle and adipose tissue, and VE concentrations of plasma, muscle, and adipose tissue were studied. Six hundred pigs were allocated to 1 of 6 diets and fed for 63 d in a 3 x 2 factorial design. The dietary treatments included 3 fat levels (normal corn, high oil corn, high oil corn plus added beef tallow) and 2 levels of VE supplementation (40 IU/kg, normal VE supplementation; and 200 IU/kg, high VE supplementation). At 113 kg of BW, 54 pigs were slaughtered as a subsample to evaluate dietary effects on pork quality. Growth performance and meat quality characteristics did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. The high level of VE supplementation had a beneficial effect on the oxidative stability of pork as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Lean tissue had lower (P < 0.05) TBARS in the group fed the high VE than in those fed the normal VE level. The TBARS values differed among storage periods (0 to 6 d) and also between fresh and cooked ground ham. Fat type did not significantly affect total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids proportions in the neutral and polar fraction of muscle. Adding VE acetate led to greater (P < 0.05) monounsaturated and total unsaturated fatty acid proportions in neutral lipids of muscle and adipose tissues. Increasing dietary levels of VE acetate increased the concentration of VE in plasma and muscle. These results indicate that dietary VE acetate supplementation increased (P < 0.05) lipid stability and the VE concentration of muscle.     

α-硫辛酸对肉仔鸡肉品质及肌纤维组织特性的影响

本试验研究了α-硫辛酸对肉仔鸡肉品质及肌纤维组织学特性的影响。采用单因子四水平有重复试验设计,将240只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为4个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮上添加硫辛酸0、300、600、900mg/kg的日粮,试验期42d。结果表明:硫辛酸显著降低肉仔鸡平均日增重(P0.05)和日采食量(P0.05);硫辛酸显著增加肉仔鸡肌肉a(P0.05),显著降低肌肉b(P0.05)、剪切力(P0.05);硫辛酸显著降低肉仔鸡肌纤维直径(P0.05),并显著增加肌纤维密度(P0.05);硫辛酸组显著增加慢肌(P0.05)、快红肌(P0.05)、肌球蛋白重链基因mRNA的相对表达百分比(P0.05),并显著降低快白肌肌球蛋白重链基因mRNA的相对表达百分比(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,硫辛酸可以通过影响肉仔鸡肌纤维组织特性、肌纤维类型的分布,而改善肉品质。     

矿物质和维生素与蛋壳品质的关系

蛋壳平均含有机物质 4％、碳酸钙 93％、碳酸镁 1％、磷酸钙和磷酸镁 2.8％。蛋壳质量指标包括蛋比重、壳重、蛋壳变形值、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳抗裂强度及单位表面积的壳重等。无论种蛋还是商品蛋，每年因蛋壳质量而引起的损失相当大。营养是影响蛋壳品质的重要因素，本文将着重阐述营养因素中矿物质和维生素与蛋壳品质的关系。 1矿物质 1.1钙 　　日粮钙的供应水平是影响蛋壳质量的决定因素，它决定蛋壳的脆性。成年母鸡每日维持需摄入钙 0.17g，产一枚蛋需钙 2.0g～ 2.2g，而产蛋前半期钙的吸收率为 55％～ 60％，产蛋后期减至 40％，故每产一…     

天然维生素E对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

本试验研究天然维生素E对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,并时其与化学合成维生素E的效果进行比较.选择480只1日龄健康罗斯308肉仔鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复15只鸡,分别饲喂基础日粮(未添加维生素E)中添加天然维生素E 60、120 mg/kg和180 mg/kg以及添加化工合成维生素E 60 mg/kg的试验日粮,试验期42 d.结果表明,添加天然维生素E的各试验组与化工合成维生素E组相比,肉仔鸡全期的平均日增重、平均日采食量和饲料转化率均无显著差异(P>0.05);对肉品质的测定结果中,肌肉pH值、肉色、嫩度以及保水性也无显著影响(P>O.05);对血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的影响无显著差异(P>O.05).化工合成维生素E组的丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著高于各天然维生素E组(P0.05),表明天然维生素E组提高了机体的抗氧化能力.     

大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

在玉米-大豆浓缩蛋白型低寡糖基础日粮中分别添加0%、0．5%、1．00％或2．00％的大豆寡糖（水苏糖含量为83．7％），研究了不同添加量大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响。选用192只1日龄AA肉公鸡，随机分成4个处理组，每个处理设6个笼（重复），每笼8只鸡。结果表明：大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响存在剂量反应关系，低剂量表现为促进作用，高剂量则表现为抑制作用；而且生长前期剂量反应程度强于生长后期。添加0．50％大豆寡糖，使1～21日龄生长阶段肉仔鸡的ADG比对照组显著提高了6．16％（P〈0．05）；使22～42日龄、1～42日龄的ADG和1～21日龄、22～42日龄、1～42日龄的ADFI有增加的趋势，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；添加1．00％大豆寡糖，使22～42日龄、1～42日龄肉仔鸡的ADG和22～42日龄、1～42日龄的ADFI及F／G有增加的趋势，使1～21日龄的ADG和ADFI有降低的趋势，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；添加2．00％大豆寡糖，使1～21日龄、1～42日龄的ADG显著降低了11．13％和5．75％（P〈0．05），1～21日龄的F/G显著增加了8．67%（P〈0．05）；22～42日龄的ADG和1～21日龄、22～42日龄、1～42日龄的ADFI有下降的趋势，22～42日龄、1～42日龄的F／G有增加的趋势，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

维生素C、E及其交互作用对肉仔鸡生长性能及鸡肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素C、E(VC、VE)及其交互作用对肉仔鸡生长及其鸡肉品质的影响。试验采用4×4完全随机试验设计将800只1日龄健康的艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分成16个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只。其中,VE设4个添加水平,分别为50、100、200、400 mg/kg日粮,VC的添加水平为50、100、200、400 mg/kg日粮。结果表明:在生长前期(0～21 d),日粮VE、VC的添加量对肉仔鸡日增重均无显著影响(P>0.05),VE、VC的互作效应在生长前期对肉仔鸡日增重和料重比的影响均不显著(P>0.05),前期VE(200 mg/kg)×VC(50 mg/kg)组料重比最低;在生长后期(4～6周龄),日粮VE、VC的添加量对肉仔鸡日增重、料重比的影响均显著(P<0.05),VE、VC的互作效应对肉仔鸡生长后期日增重和料重比的影响均显著(P<0.05);不同的VE、VC处理组之间pH 45 min、pH 12h、pH 24 h值、肉色、肌间脂肪、最大剪切力的差异均不显著(P>0.05),且VE、VC之间无显著的互作效应(P>0.05);不同维生素E组之间的滴水损失率差异极显著(P<0.01),...     

燃料乙醇DDGS对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质及胫骨质量的影响

分析燃料乙醇DDGS营养成分及毒素含量,研究此种DDGS对肉仔鸡生产性能、肉品质及骨骼质量的影响。试验选用240只1日龄科宝艾维茵48肉仔鸡,随机分成4组,每组6个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,1～21日龄阶段,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组饲喂含有10%燃料乙醇的DDGS日粮;22～35日龄和36～49日龄两个阶段,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂含有10%、20%和30%燃料乙醇的DDGS日粮。结果表明:DDGS显著降低1～21日龄肉仔鸡采食量(P<0.05);DDGS显著增加肉仔鸡腿肌黄度(P<0.05);DDGS显著增加肉仔鸡骨矿物含量(P<0.05)、胫骨长度(P<0.05)及胫骨重量(P<0.05)。DDGS具有改善胫骨质量的作用。     

Effects of high dietary vitamin A supplementation on tibial dyschondroplasia, skin pigmentation and growth performance in avian broilers

An experiment was conducted to study high dietary vitamin A on tibial dyschondroplasia, growth performance and skin pigmentation in broilers. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were randomly allotted to three treatments: group C (control group), in which broilers were fed basic diet containing vitamin A 5512IU/kg diet; group A, in which broilers were fed basic diet with addition vitamin A 35512IU/kg; group B, broilers were fed basic diet with supplement vitamin A 65512IU/kg. The experiment lasted 35d and at the end of the trial, broilers were killed and the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for the assessment of TD incidence and TD index, skin from the same area of breast and tibia in broilers were collected to determine pigmentation. The results showed that a high level vitamin A significantly increased the rate of TD incidence and TD index, but middle level vitamin A did not have a significant effect on that. Both low and high retinoic acid decreased growth performance and skin pigmentation in broilers. It suggests that a high dietary vitamin A cause tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers, decreased growth performance and skin pigmentation. It is likely that the effect of vitamin A on TD is mediated through a depression of vitamin D status.     

Influence of low levels of dietary aflatoxins on Eimeria tenella infections in broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the adverse effects of an interaction between low levels of dietary aflatoxins (AF) and Eimeria tenella infection on broiler chicks. A set of 1-day-old chicks were raised for 35 days in the following groups: a control group, a group fed AF, a group fed AF and inoculated with E. tenella (AF + E.ten), and a group inoculated with E. tenella alone. AF in the contaminated diet were given at 200 ppb starting from the seventh day after hatching while E. tenella was inoculated at a dose of 5 × 10⁴ sporulated oocysts per chick at the 14th day after hatching. Worsened performance traits and high mortality were all observed in the treated birds, particularly the AF + E.ten group. Lesion scores and oocyst outputs were not different within groups. Chickens fed with AF had significantly increased serum ALT and ALP activities as well as decreased albumin content. They also showed hepatomegaly, hepatocytic vacuolation and necrosis, an atrophied bursa of Fabricius, and a thymus with tissue depletion. E. tenella-infected broilers displayed a significant reduction in packed cell volume, hemoglobin content and lymphocyte percentage, and showed hemorrhagic typhlitis. The deficits in hepatic function and hematologic parameters as well as the gross pathological, and histopathological changes, were more common and more severe in the group that was exposed to both aflatoxicosis and coccidiosis than in the groups exposed to either treatment alone. Thus, the combination of aflatoxicosis and E. tenella infection may influence the course of coccidial infection due to additive effects.     

不同配比油脂对肉鸡脂类代谢的影响

以肉鸡为动物模型,探讨了日粮中添加不同配比油脂后对其脂肪代谢的影响。648只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡,试验期为42 d。CON组为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO组为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO组为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油配比的油脂。结果表明:42 d,各组腹脂重、皮下脂肪厚度与肌间脂肪厚度、胸肌含脂率、腿肌含脂率均无显著性差异(P>0.05);SO、COP组总甘油三酯含量低于COV组(P<0.05);COP组血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量低于LO组(P<0.01)与CON组(P<0.05);COP组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的比值高于LO、COC、COV组(P<0.01),SO组显著提高(P<0.05);SO组肉鸡血清中总脂酶活性高于CON组(P<0.05),肝脏中COP、COC、COV组脂蛋白脂酶、肝脂酶与总脂酶活性都显著提高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:配比油脂组与豆油组在不影响脂肪沉积的情况下,改善了肉仔鸡的体脂分布,且对脂质代谢具有很好的调节作用,其中豆油组与以棕榈油为主的配比油脂组效果较好。     

含双低菜粕的肉鸡日粮适宜能量水平研究

选1日龄艾维茵肉用仔鸡300羽,按体重相对一致的原则随机分成4组。各组中试验前期(0～3周)“华双3号”双低菜粕等氮替代日粮豆粕的比例为50%,试验后期(4～6周)替代比例为62.5%。每阶段各组试验日粮蛋能比保持一致,前期为3.3g/MJ,后期为3.78g/MJ。试验前期各试验组日粮代谢能值分别为11.27MJ/kg、11.7MJ/kg、12.12MJ/kg、12.54MJ/kg;后期代谢能值分别为11.7MJ/kg、12.12MJ/kg、12.54MJ/kg、12.96MJ/kg。39d的饲养结果表明:无论是在试验前期还是试验后期,第2、3、4组试验鸡的体增重都极显著高于日粮能量浓度最低的第1组(P<0.01),但2、3、4组试验鸡之间的体增重差异不显著。从全期的饲料利用率来看,第4组的饲料利用率最好,与试验1、2组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),也显著高于试验3组(P<0.05);同时第2、3组均极显著地优于第1组(P<0.01)。在经济效益方面,试验2组每只毛利分别比试验1、3、4组高1.03元、0.09元和0.12元。从本次试验来看,在肉鸡生长前期、后期以双低菜粕等氮替代日粮豆粕比例分别为50%和62.5%时,日粮适宜的代谢能值为0～3周龄12.12～12.54MJ/kg,4～6周龄12.12～12.54MJ/kg。     

Effects of dietary supplements of selenium, vitamin E or combinations of the two on antibody responses of broilers

1. The effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on some immune parameters were investigated in broilers. 2. Broiler chicks were fed on maize-soybean diets with different concentrations of vitamin E (0-200 mg/kg) and selenium (0-0.2 mg/kg diet) either alone or in combinations from 1 to 42 d of age. 3. Chicks were immunised against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 21 d of age and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres were determined after 10 d. 4. Chicks receiving supplements of 200 mg vitamin E/kg and 0.2 mg selenium/kg produced significantly higher HI antibody titres. This was associated with an increased serum concentration of total immunoglobulins and circulatory immune complexes. 5. The chicks given 200 mg vitamin E/kg and 0.2 mg selenium/kg had significantly heavier spleen and bursa. 6. These results suggested that vitamin E and selenium have synergistic effects on immune responses.     

饲粮添加Vc对腹水肉鸡缺氧诱导因子-1α基因表达及机体氧化与抗氧化能力的影响

通过饲粮添加1.5mg/kg三碘甲状原氨酸(3,3′,5-triiodothyronine,T3)诱导肉鸡产生腹水综合征(AS),研究了饲粮中添加不同剂量的VC对肉鸡机体氧化与抗氧化能力、肺脏缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)基因表达及AS发病率的影响。结果表明:饲粮中添加不同剂量的VC可不同程度降低肉鸡心脏指数和AS发病率,1000mg/kgVC可显著降低肉鸡心脏指数(P<0.05);饲粮VC可增加AS肉鸡肝脏和血液的总抗氧化能力,降低MDA的含量,饲粮添加100、1000和10000mg/kgVC可显著降低AS肉鸡肝脏和血液MDA的浓度(P<0.05),添加100、500和10000mg/kgVC可显著提高血液T-AOC活性(P<0.05);VC可以显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)降低AS肉鸡肺脏HIF-1αmRNA和蛋白质表达水平,在1000mg/kg时,HIF-1α蛋白的表达量达到极显著性差异(P<0.01);从血液生化指标来看,VC可降低AS肉鸡血液中乳酸的水平和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活力,在500、1000mg/kg时达到显著性差异(P<0.05)。以上结果表明饲粮中添加1000mg/kgVC对肉鸡AS有较好的防治效果。     

Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E on cardiac lipid peroxidation and growth performance in broilers at risk of developing ascites syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of high dietary amounts of vitamin C or vitamin E and oxidative stress on the heart and growth performance of broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level. ANIMALS: 360 chicks (1-day-old broilers). PROCEDURE: Birds were randomly assigned to 3 groups (120 chicks/group). Each group of birds was fed a specific diet (control group, basal diet containing 12 mg of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate)/kg of feed without additional ascorbic acid; vitamin E group, basal diet supplemented with 75 mg of vitamin E/kg of feed; and vitamin C group, basal diet supplemented with 400 mg of ascorbic acid/kg of feed) throughout the entire 7 weeks of the study. Feed consumption and body weight of chicks were recorded on a weekly basis. Nine randomly selected birds from each group were euthanatized each week. Remaining birds were euthanatized at the end of the study. Samples of cardiac tissues were obtained to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Vitamin E-supplemented diets resulted in better growth performance, lower rates of feed conversion, and lower TBARS content. Vitamin C-supplemented diets resulted in lower feed consumption and lower rates of feed conversion. When used separately, neither of the vitamins had any effect on mortality attributable to ascites syndrome. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is recommended that diets supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E, or both be fed to broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level to improve growth performance.     

维生素A对0～12周龄青农灰鹅抗氧化性能的影响

选用1日龄青农灰鹅200只,随机分为5个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复10只。在玉米-豆粕型日粮基础上分别添加0（处理Ⅰ）、1 500（处理Ⅱ）、3 000（处理Ⅲ）、6 000（处理Ⅳ）和12 000IU/kg（处理Ⅴ）的维生素A,试验期12周。分别测定了第4、12周龄青农灰鹅血清和肝脏中GSH-Px、T-SOD、CAT活性、抑制羟自由基（.OH）能力、抗超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）活性、MDA含量和T-AOC。结果显示,基础日粮中添加维生素A能够显著提高4周龄青农灰鹅血清和肝脏SOD活力、T-AOC、抗超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）活性和抑制羟自由基（.OH）能力,降低MDA含量（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;显著提高血清GSH-Px、CAT活力（P〈0.05）。12周龄显著提高血清和肝脏GSH-Px、SOD活力、抗超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）活性和抑制羟自由基（.OH）能力（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,降低MDA含量（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;显著提高血清CAT和T-AOC活力（P〈0.05）。结果表明,日粮中添加维生素A可显著提高青农灰鹅血清和肝脏的抗氧化性能,增强抗氧化酶活性,降低自由基的产生。综合各项指标,本试验条件下,0～4、5～12周龄日粮维生素A添加水平均以6 000IU/kg为宜。