芒市奶水牛生产现状调查及分析

为了更好地建设云南省现代农业奶牛（奶水牛）产业技术体系,2013年8月6—8日,德宏州畜牧站组织人员对芒市奶水牛生产现状展开调查。芒市目前有奶水牛养殖户148户;饲养奶水牛854头,其中能繁奶水牛487头（挤奶水牛174头,占能繁奶水牛总数的35．79／6）、后备奶水牛184头、犊牛175头、种公牛8头;挤奶水牛月均产奶30．60t,日均产奶1．02t,头日均产奶5．86kg。通过入户调查,进一步摸清了芒市奶水牛生产现状,剖析了目前奶水牛业存在的问题,并针对性地提出了发展建议。     

后备奶牛营养与健康技术研究进展

后备牛时期是奶牛养殖的关键阶段,后备牛的健康和生长发育对于奶牛的一生都至关重要,优秀的后备奶牛培育离不开科学、专业的技术支撑.现代后备奶牛培育技术上开始不断呈现标准化以及科技化的特点,要牢牢抓住后备牛培育技术推广这一关键点,健全后备奶牛培育科技推广体系,推进后备奶牛的科学培育,充分发挥技术在提高后备奶牛培育水平和相关研...     

奶水牛同期发情效果的影响因素研究

本实验旨在探讨不同药物处理、季节和生产阶段对奶水牛同期发情效果的影响，为进一步优化并提高同期发情效果提供依据。选择2～8岁、体重350～700 kg的本地奶水牛90头(后备牛40头、经产牛50头)。试验一：选取33头后备牛，随机分为2组，采用GnRH+PGF_2α+GnRH法(GnRH组)和CIDR+PGF_2α法(CIDR组)处理，在秋季观察其同期发情效果；试验二：选取40头后备牛，采用GnRH+PGF_2α+GnRH法处理，观察春季、秋季和冬季奶水牛同期发情效果；试验三：选用17头后备牛和50头经产牛，采用GnRH+PGF_2α+GnRH法处理，观察不同生产阶段奶水牛同期发情效果。结果表明：GnRH组和CIDR组的发情率、排卵率分别为94.12%、81.25%和81.25%、76.92%；冬季、秋季发情率(100.00%、94.12%)均高于春季(58.33%)(P<0.01)，秋、冬两季差异不显著；排卵率由高到低依次为冬季(90.91%)、秋季(81.25%)、春季(57.14%)(P>0...     

后备牛营养需要与培育的研究进展

后备牛生长发育阶段是高产奶牛养殖的关键时期,结合不同生理阶段的后备牛研究结果,就后备牛各阶段的生理特点和营养物质需要做一综述,为优质后备牛的培育提供科学依据。     

犊牛奶粉养育杂交水牛犊效果观察

北流市自实施牛品种改良和水牛奶业开发项目以来,奶水牛养殖从无到有,迅速发展到目前规模养殖场26家,存栏奶水牛1890头,水牛奶市场价格坚挺在8.00元/kg。由于用水牛奶养育犊牛成本太高,养殖业主不重视犊水牛培育,造成良种资源浪费,对水牛奶业可持续发展造     

从营养和饲养角度加强后备牛的培育

后备牛时期是奶牛养殖的关键阶段.从营养和饲养的角度阐述了后备牛培育过程中的几个关键环节,提出了后备牛饲养过程中要注意的事项,对于后备牛的饲养和管理有一定的指导意义.     

后备牛营养需要与培育的研究进展

后备牛生长发育阶段是高产奶牛养殖的关键时期。结合本研究室对不同生理阶段的后备牛研究结果，本文就后备牛各阶段的生理特点和营养物质需要做一综述，为优质后备牛的培育提供科学依据，为生产实际贡献营养参数。     

中国荷斯坦后备奶牛生长发育规律的研究

通过对西安现代化农业开发公司草滩农场170头荷斯坦牛后备牛初生,4月龄至16月龄体高、体长、胸围及体重进行测定,统计各月龄体高、体长、胸围及体重的累积生长的平均值、绝对生长值、相对生长值,对应绘制出四项指标的累计生长、相对生长曲线;分析了西安地区中国荷斯坦牛的早期生长发育状况,为制定后备牛的培育方案奠定了基础。     

尹成杰提出南方奶水牛产业带构建设想

本刊讯:日前,“中国奶水牛业发展高端战略研讨会”在北京召开。会议就加快我国奶水牛业发展政策措施和宏观战略以及奶水牛繁育与水牛奶加工战略、奶水牛业区域发展战略等进行了深入细致地研讨。农业部副部长尹成杰出席开幕式并就加快我国奶业和奶水牛产业发展作了专题报告。尹成杰指出,奶水牛业是我国奶业的重要组成部分。加快奶水牛产业发展,是我国农业和农村经济结构调整和奶业结构调整的重要内容,是促进我国奶农增收的主要途径。要采取有效措施,大力发展奶水牛业,加快南方奶水牛产业带的建设。尹成杰说,加快奶水牛产业发展,要以科学发展…     

奶水牛养殖的关键技术措施

随着我国奶水牛养殖的不断推广,人们愈发重视奶水牛养殖有关技术措施的应用,并以期通过合理的养殖技术的推行,有效的提升奶水牛养殖的效果,进行进一步的优化和改善,为我国未来奶水牛养殖打下基础。本文通过对现一阶段奶水牛养殖环节的品种选择、饲养模式、饲养管理等技术环节进行研究分析,结合我国南方现阶段奶水牛养殖的特征,推动奶水牛养殖的发展,促进我国畜牧业发展的多样化。     

Feeding dairy calves and replacement heifers in South-western Sweden: a survey

Daily feed rations, their nutrient contents and live weight gains were recorded for calves and replacement heifers from birth to calving in 122 Swedish dairy herds. Preweaned calves were fed whole milk (45% of the herds), milk replacer alone or milk replacer combined with whole milk. Calf starters were the most frequently used concentrates for preweaned calves, whereas grain dominated for weaned calves and heifers. Grain was supplemented with protein concentrates until 6 months of age and at calving. Grass/clover hay was the dominant forage for preweaned calves, whereas grass/clover silage alone or in combination with hay was the most common forage for calves and replacement heifers from 6 months of age. Heifers grazed semi-natural grasslands, leys or a combination of semi-natural grasslands and leys in 33, 15 and 52% of the herds, respectively. According to Swedish recommendations, calves in a majority of the herds were fed too low concentrations of crude protein from weaning to 6 months of age and calves were fed too low a metabolizable energy content inadequate for a daily weight gain of 700 g at weaning. Median live weight gain from birth to calving was only 567 g per day. Correct feed ration formulations and strategic grazing management could be means to increase weight gain and hence to decrease rearing costs of calves and replacement heifers in Swedish dairy herds.     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛健康问题及淘汰情况分析

为揭示宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛在周岁前的健康问题和淘汰情况,收集了2013—2020年宁夏地区12 个规模化牧场的后备牛出生记录、健康问题记录和淘汰记录,统计了后备牛周岁前发生的主要健康问题,重点分析了后备牛腹泻和肺炎的发生情况随后备牛月龄和自然月份的关系;此外,还分析了后备牛周岁前的淘汰情况,以及淘汰风险与后备牛月龄和自然月份的关系。宁夏地区的荷斯坦牛中,腹泻和肺炎是后备牛在周岁前最易发生的健康问题,占所有健康问题的75%。后备牛腹泻集中发生在2月龄以内的犊牛中,肺炎病例在周岁前的各生命阶段中均有分布,总体上随着后备牛月龄的增加而减少。不同自然月份中,后备牛腹泻和肺炎的发生情况存在较大差异,腹泻在1~2月发生较多,肺炎在1~6月发病较多,冬季是宁夏地区规模化牧场健康管理的重点季节。周岁前的后备牛淘汰时,其平均淘汰日龄为160.21±110.00 天;随着后备牛月龄的增加,后备牛淘汰风险逐渐降低;不同自然月份中,8~12月淘汰的后备牛较多。结果揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛周岁前的健康事件和淘汰发生情况,为该地区规模化牧场的后备牛管理提供了有用信息。     

Effect of management factors and blood metabolites during the rearing period on growth in dairy heifers on UK farms

Growth rates during rearing affect the age and body weight (BW) of replacement heifers at first calving. Diet and disease can affect growth via altered metabolic hormone concentrations, but are difficult to monitor accurately on commercial farms. This study investigated the effect of management and metabolic indices (IGF-I, insulin, glucose and urea) on the growth rate of 509 Holstein-Friesian heifers on 19 UK dairy farms. Size (BW, heart girth, height and crown-rump length) was measured at approximately 1, 6 and 15 months. The mean daily weight gain up to 6 months for all calves was 0.77 kg/day, with extreme variability both between cohorts of calves (range 0.49–1.02 kg/day) and between individual calves within farms (range 0.45–1.13 kg/day). Growth was enhanced by supplemental colostrum, by milk replacer as opposed to whole milk and by ad libitum milk feeding and was reduced by gradual weaning and dehorning after weaning. Larger group size slowed growth before weaning (>6 calves) but increased it post-weaning (>20 calves). These management differences were reflected in altered plasma IGF-I concentrations, which were positively associated with growth throughout the rearing period. Larger calves at 1 month had a greater weight gain up to 6 months. Sub-optimum growth of some heifers within each cohort was established at an early age and resulted in animals reaching the start of breeding at an inadequate size (BW range 209–498 kg at 15 months). This could be alleviated by altered management strategies and improved monitoring of growing heifers.     

奶牛不同生理阶段血清微量元素含量和氧化状态

选择3～4月龄犊牛、后备母牛和成年母牛(产奶后期、产前及产后1月内).测定了血清Se、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe含量厦谷胱甘肤过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,除Zn含量外,所测元素含量犊牛明显低于后备母牛和成年牛(P<0.05或P<0.01),后备母牛和成年牛之闻差异不显著(P>0.05),血清Se含量在产奶后期和产前明显下降(P<0.05),血清Cu、Mn含量在产后1月内有降低的趋势,但与产前相比均差异不显著(P>0.05);所测血清氧化状态指标与年龄无明显关系,在妊娠末期和泌乳早期发生改变,血清CAT、GSH-Px、SOD活性和MDA含量在产前和产后1月内最高.表明犊牛上述所测指标最低,奶牛产前和泌乳早期血清微量元素含量和氧化状态失衡.     

Effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers

Two experiments were done to evaluate the effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate, anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. In experiment 1, good control of nematode contamination of pasture was indicated by lower worm burdens in tracer calves that grazed with 15 heifers treated orally with a single bolus and by significantly decreased numbers of nematode eggs in the feces of the 15 treated heifers, as compared with numbers of eggs in the feces of 15 nontreated control calves. Significant differences in weight gain were not seen between treated and nontreated heifers, probably due to low amounts of larval exposure, the small number of heifers evaluated, and parasitic resistance in the heifers, which may have developed as a result of prestudy exposure to contaminated pasture. In experiment 2, done 1 year after the 1st experiment, using the same pastures that were used in experiment 1, young heifers were used. Many of the heifers were parasite naive at the beginning of the experiment (ie, nematode eggs were not found before the experiment). Treatment with the bolus was effective in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in the heifers and in controlling nematode contamination of pasture. Compared with nontreated heifers, treated heifers had significantly higher cumulative weight gains, a significant decrease in plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and a significant decrease in worm egg excretion. The number of worms acquired by tracer calves that were grazed with treated heifers was significantly less than for tracer calves that were grazed with nontreated heifers.     

Epidemiological study of parasite infection in a cow-calf beef herd in Quebec.

The patterns of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections in a previously untreated Aberdeen Angus cow-calf herd were observed between May 1988 and December 1990. The cow-calf herd and replacement heifers were on separate pastures. The relatively high mean faecal egg counts of cows and heifers at the time of turnout were mainly owing to the maturation of hypobiotic worms. The strongyle egg counts of calves began to rise soon after turnout onto pasture and reached peak levels at the end of the grazing season. The number of infective larvae on pasture was highest during September/October. Ostertagia, Cooperia and Nematodirus were the most prevalent genera found at necropsy and on pasture. Larvae of these nematodes were able to overwinter on pasture and Ostertagia larvae, additionally, were able to overwinter in the host as arrested early fourth stage larvae. The high egg output of cows at the time of turnout may serve as a source of infection for their calves and be responsible for the late-season rise in pasture larval counts.     

中国规模化牧场后备奶牛疾病与淘汰现状

后备奶牛健康生长对其未来生产性能具有重要影响.调研结果表明,呼吸系统疾病和营养代谢疾病是导致后备奶牛发病的主要原因,占比分别为46.0％和38.4％.而后备奶牛中发病最多的为哺乳犊牛,占比达51.4％.目前,哺乳犊牛发病率正在逐年降低,从2015年的43.3％降至2019年的25.4％.此外调研发现,造成后备奶牛被动淘...     

Factors affecting dystocia and early calf mortality in Angus cows and heifers.

Calving performance records (965,417) from purebred American Angus herds throughout the United States were used to study dystocia and early calf mortality during the period from 1972 to 1985. A sample of 53 (n = 83,467) herds was used to establish reasonable limits on the expected frequency of dystocia and mortality within and among herds that have good reproductive management programs and to verify the frequencies of scores in all other herds (n = 4,130) reporting calving performance information. The data were analyzed by logistic regression models. Dystocia and perinatal mortality, to a lesser extent, were found to be more frequent in heifers than in cows. The odds of unassisted births vs births with major difficulty were 11.58 times greater in cows than in heifers. In heifers, the odds of an unassisted birth increased with age of dam and decreased with birth weight of calf. At a baseline age of 22 mo the odds of an unassisted birth for calves weighing 30 and 40 kg were .13 and .02 times lower than the odds for calves weighing 20 kg. Alternately, at 29 mo, the odds of an unassisted birth for heifers producing a 20-kg calf were 4.53 times greater than at 22 mo. Survival of calves to 24 h in heifers was primarily affected by birth weight. Heifers producing calves at intermediate weights of 29 kg had higher odds of producing live calves at all ages. Considering all heifers calving at 22 to 29 mo relative to 20-kg calves, the odds for survival to 24 h were 3.83 times greater for 29-kg calves and lower by a factor of .52 for 40-kg calves.     

THE EFFECT OF LICE INFESTATION ON THE GROWTH OF HEREFORD CALVES

SUMMARY Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of cattle lice on the productivity of young calves. In both experiments the main species present was Linognathus vituli. In the first experiment, treatment of grazing heifers and their suckled calves did not improve the overall bodyweight gain of either the heifers or the calves. The calves experienced a rapid build-up in lice populations during autumn and early winter which was associated with mild transient pathogenic effects, but this was followed by an apparent ‘self-cure’ reaction and compensatory gain during late winter. In the second experiment young calves were placed in feedlots and fed high and low planes of nutrition. Treatment to remove lice did not result in any improvements in growth rate on either plane of nutrition; however it was clear that untreated, undernourished calves had heavier lice infestation.     

提高母牛繁殖成活率技术研究

针对晋南牛饲养管理粗放、母牛繁殖成活率低、经济效益差等主要问题,通过一系列主 因地制宜、切实可行、技术配套、易于推广的提高母牛繁殖成活率的技术措施和组织措施,并对课题顺利实施谈了几点体会。