种公牛的饲养管理

正种公牛指符合品种标准,具有繁殖育种价值并作选留的公牛。培育优秀种公牛是养牛的重要内容。本交时,l头公牛每年可配几十到100头母牛。如果采用人工授精和冷冻精液技术,一头公牛则可配几千甚至上万头牛。采用冷冻精液进行人工授精,可以不受时间和地理条件的限制。冷冻精液的保存期可达10~20年,这就为优良种公牛的充分利用创造了条件。养好种公牛的目的,就是要让其保持有健壮的体质、充沛的精力和生产出品     

日本北海道公牛管理和冻精制作

公牛管理日本北海道家畜改良事业团有5所种公牛站,各饲养公牛20头左右,每头公牛平均担负配种母牛约7000—8000头次,人工授精师负责1100—1200头母牛的配种任务。事业团本身不作公牛后裔测定,委托北海道乳牛检定协会和良种登录协会进行。以自繁本国公牛为主的改良事业团,与完全饲养引进公牛的日本荷斯坦繁殖服务会社相比较,条件设施略逊一筹,以养公牛多、精液解冻后活力高蜚名,     

加拿大奶牛群的遗传改进(续)

公牛的选择和评定程序选择:人工授精合作组织是在经地方政府严格审批下,并严格执行联邦政府的卫生标准由生产者开办的。6个主要的人工授精中心每年约测验350头幼年公牛。这些公牛是北美指数最高的公牛和母牛的儿子,且每个公牛在能采精时的最早年龄跟大约400头母牛交     

牛的繁殖技术问答(二)

14．牛的配种方法有几种，哪种方法最好？答：牛的配种方法有自然和人工两种。以人工授精方法为最好。15牛的人工授精是怎么回事？答：牛的人工授精是利用器械，以人工的方法，将采得的公牛精液输人母牛的生殖器官内，使其受孕的一种配种方法。16人工授精有哪些好处？答：（）能充分发挥优质种公牛的作用。在自然交配的情况下，一年中1头种牛仅能配4O至60头母牛。若实行人工授精，每头种牛可配50O至2O00头母牛。（2）实行人工授精能够提高母牛的受胎率。因为实行人工授精时，可将所采得的精液完全输入到母牛的子宫或子宫颈内，增加了卵子…     

奶牛、肉牛人工授精技术操作规程

正人工授精是利用器械采取公牛精液,经检查处理后再用器械把精液直接输入到发情母牛生殖道内,以代替公母牛自然交配的一种方法。这种配种方法可充分发挥优秀种公牛的配种能力和遗传潜力,可配母牛数量增多,受胎率高,减少种公牛饲养数量,从而节约饲养管理费用,减少疾病传播,可作完整的配种记录,便于选种选配,有利于科研、育种工作和品种改良。目前各大、中型养牛场一般都采用人工授精技术进行配种,而在小型养牛场和个体养牛户当中,对此项技术应     

世界西门塔尔牛

西门塔尔牛是世界著名的兼用品种,也是全世界分布最广、数量最多的品种之一.目前许多国家都争相发展.欧洲国家如瑞士、西德、法国等,西门塔尔牛已占牛总数相当大的比重.南斯拉夫本世纪初首次引入西门塔尔牛.1986年已有成年母牛(包括怀孕小母牛)288.7万头,占成年母牛总数的46%.每年约有78.0万头母牛人工授精(占母.牛总数的58%),其中8.1万头母牛要记录产奶量.11个人工授精站的360头公牛中的285头是西门塔尔牛.每年有380头小公牛用来测定生产性能,120-365天     

牛精液的品质检查与稀释

人工授精是采用假阴道人工采集种公牛的精液,通过质量检查和稀释后,再把精液通过器械注入母牛生殖道内,以代替公牛、母牛自然交配的配种方法. 采用人工授精技术,可提高优良公牛的配种效率,特别是在使用冷冻精液技术的情况下,1头种公牛1年可配母牛达万头以上,并实现远距离异地配种,减少生殖道疾病的传播.对推动牛的杂交、改良和提高繁殖力,具有重要意义.     

利木赞牛与雷南牛杂交一代的观察

1996年3月,广东省徐闻县畜牧局开始利用南德文公牛与雷州黄母牛人工授精配种,几年来,产下了大批雷南牛。2000年6月,又利用利木赞公牛与雷南母牛人工授精配种,至2004年7月底止,总共受配4378头,受胎2656头,总受胎率60.7%,出生仔牛1158头。我们对利木赞公牛与雷南母牛杂交一代在本     

肉牛繁殖技术

正牛的繁殖是用优质公牛细管冻精通过人工授精,使母牛受胎,产犊而完成。繁殖是增加牛的数量、提高质量的必要手段。在营养与饲养管理条件满足其需要的情况下,母牛一年可繁殖一胎,一头母牛终生可产犊5～9头。现有的肉用杂种牛体成熟期通过改良     

种公牛繁殖机能障碍

据日本农林省的调查资料,在最近十年间,日本饲养种公牛的头数逐年减少,主要是因为运输组织的现代化和冷冻精液技术的进展。反之,用于自然交配的头数却逐年增加,这并不是因为人工授精普及率下降,主要由于种公牛繁殖机能的障碍。调查资料指出,1975年日本每头乳用公牛平均授精350头母牛,自     

冷配与本交改良地方肉牛经济效益的比较

[目的]为了推广高效繁殖技术,提高母牛利用率和良种覆盖率,从而提高农民养牛效益奠定基础.冷配技术在地方肉牛品种改良中起重要作用.[方法]本调查凭借冷配(员)这一技术平台抽样调查了湘中、湘南、湘北和湘西冷配与本交的成本,并分析了冷配与本交在广大农村肉牛品种改良中的优缺点,[结果]表明冷配可以打破时间、空间和雌雄个体差异较大等限制,最大限度地利用优良公牛的潜在繁殖能力,可大大缩减品质低劣公牛的头数,不但节约了成本,同时迅速提高牛群的生产质量,还能减少或防止本交引起的传染性疾患.[结论]应针对性的加强冷配工作.     

褪黑素对荷斯坦奶牛妊娠率及生殖激素的影响

试验旨在探明皮下注射褪黑素（MT）对荷斯坦奶牛配种妊娠率及血清生殖激素的影响。用计步器法确定自然发情的首次配种荷斯坦奶牛150头，对其中70头进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，12 h后进行人工输精；选择170头产后首次配种的荷斯坦奶牛进行同期排卵-定时输精处理，其中90头荷斯坦奶牛最后一次注射促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone，GnRH）的同时进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，16 h后进行人工输精。在进行二次配种的荷斯坦奶牛中选择153只进行皮下注射褪黑素。荷斯坦奶牛输精后20~35 d进行妊娠检查，详细记录首次配种妊娠母牛头数、二次配种妊娠母牛头数、产犊数。选取同期排卵-定时输精的荷斯坦奶牛25头，皮下注射褪黑素8 h后用放射免疫法检测其血清中褪黑素、促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E₂）的含量及35 d妊检时妊娠母牛血清中孕酮（P₄）含量。结果显示，与自然发情和同期排卵对照组相比，其对应的皮下注射褪黑素组荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率及产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05）；皮下注射褪黑素组的双犊率显著提高（P<0.05），首次配种妊娠率和产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05），二次配种妊娠率和产犊率均差异不显著（P>0.05）。血清激素检测结果表明，与对照组相比，皮下注射褪黑素组血清中褪黑素、LH、E₂含量均显著增加（P<0.05）；35 d妊检时，皮下注射褪黑素的妊娠母牛P₄含量显著增加（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，皮下注射褪黑素能够提高荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率、产犊率及血清中LH、E₂和P₄含量，说明皮下注射褪黑素能够促进卵母细胞成熟和排卵，并提高配种妊娠率。     

A comparison of performance of the Ovsynch treatment program between cycling and non-cycling cows within seasonally-calving dairy herds

OBJECTIVE: To compare performance of the Ovsynch program on reproductive performance between cycling and non cycling cows in seasonally-calving herds. PROCEDURE: An Ovsynch mating program (100 mg Gonadorelin on day 1 and day 9, 500 mg of Cloprostenol on day 7 with fixed time artificial insemination on day 10) was administered to 3,559 cows from 14 herds in Australia and New Zealand. Cycling status before planned start of mating was determined. All cows were treated and artificial insemination continued for at least 25 days after fixed time artificial insemination. Pregnancy testing was performed 75 to 100 days after fixed time artificial insemination. Multivariable modelling examined the impact of the Ovsynch program and other risk factors upon reproductive performance. RESULTS: Thirty percent of cows were classified as no visible oestrous (NVO). Odds of being NVO increased significantly for cows that were young, recently calved, and in low body condition. The fixed time artificial insemination conception rate was 35.7% and 33.2%, 21-day pregnancy rate was 54.5% and 48.4% and 42-day pregnancy rate was 69.7% and 62.6% for cycling and NVO cows respectively. Odds of pregnancy increased significantly for cows calved more than 40 days by planned start of mating, in greater body condition, and cycling, and there was a significant interaction between body condition and cycling status in both models. The return-to-service rates by 24-days were 67.6% and 55.9% and by the end of the AI period were 86.9% and 81.5% for cycling and NVO cows respectively. Odds of return to service increased significantly for cows in greater condition score in both models. Odds of return were increased for cycling cows in the 24-day multivariable model. CONCLUSION: The Ovsynch program may provide a useful treatment option for NVO cows within seasonally-calving pasture-based dairy herds.     

奶牛人工授精的优缺点和技术要点

奶牛人工授精技术加速了奶牛品种改良进程,实现了将优秀种公牛精液跨区域、超时限的利用共享,极大地促进了养牛业的发展.以奶牛人工授精应用现状为出发点,介绍了人工授精技术的优点和不足,最后结合自身工作经验,从发情鉴定、适时配种、精液解冻、精液检测、输精、精液保存和妊娠检测等技术要点进行概述,以期更好地促进奶牛人工授精技术的应...     

饲养管理方式对甘南牦牛繁殖力及杂交后代影响的研究

[目的]为了研究加强种公牛和母牦牛的饲养管理对母牦牛的繁殖效果和杂交后代生长发育的影响.[方法]本试验用大通牦牛和其冻精杂交甘南牦牛,通过对试验组的种公牛、母牦牛和杂交后代进行补饲、延长放牧时间和提前断奶等措施,研究了203头母牦牛的繁殖效果和其杂交后代的生长发育情况.[结果]表明,自然交配试验组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别比对照组提高9.19%、11.03%、14.10%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低3.3%、3.87%;人工授精组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别提高6.74%、5.48%、10.52%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低4.07%、4.62%.加强母牦牛的饲养管理,所产犊牛的初生重比传统饲养管理条件下母牦牛所产的犊牛初生重公母分别增加2.92 kg和2.07 kg,提高19.80%和14.22%.6月龄体重分别增加12.82 kg和12.23 kg,提高17.45%和16.88%.[结论] 用大通牦牛改良甘南牦牛,采用人工授精和自然交配都有良好的效果,加强种公牛、母牦牛饲养管理是提高牛群繁殖力的有效方法,对后代生长发育影响明显.     

奶牛人工授精受胎率影响因素和提高措施

奶牛人工授精是以人工方法,采用机械手段采集优质种公牛的精液,再经过机械手段将特定处理后的精液输入母牛生殖道的一种生产技术方式。人工授精操作能极大减少种公牛的养殖数量,节约养殖成本,提高优质种公牛的利用效率,加快品种改良进程,促进育种工作的开展。但由于奶牛人工受精是一个侵入性的操作,一旦操作不合理或者各个细节把握不完善,会造成繁殖母牛出现严重的繁殖障碍,降低母牛的受胎率,不利于提高品种改良和扩大养殖效益。该文主要论述奶牛人工受精受胎率的影响因素,提出相应的改进措施。     

Pre-mating injection of an analogue of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and pregnancy rates to first insemination

Two hundred and ninety two dairy cows received a subcutaneous injection of a 2.5 ml solution containing 10 microg GnRH-analogue (Receptal, Hoechst A.G.) 0-6 hours before insemination, while 284 cows acting as controls were injected with 2.5 ml of sterile pyrogen-free water at the same time. The two groups, the treated and the control, were formed by matching (pairing) each oestrous cow with another on the basis of interval from calving to first mating, condition score, and age on the day of first mating after calving. The cows were in 3 factory supply dairy herds, which were visited daily during the first 3 weeks of the mating season. All the cows presented for mating each day were inseminated by the same technician using 0.5 ml of ambient-temperature semen containing 2 million spermatozoa per insemination. The semen used on any particular day originated from one ejaculate of one bull (same batch number). The cows were manually examined for pregnancy 2 to 3 months after their first insemination. A similar response was seen in all three herds irrespective of the interval from calving to mating. First mating pregnancy rates were 9.3% higher in the Receptal-treated cows than in the control group (P = 0.025). It is suggested that Receptal may have a beneficial effect on the pregnancy rate of cows that have recently ovulated as well as on those having delayed ovulation.     

提高母牛冻配受胎率的措施和方法

本文从加强母牛的饲养管理、加强技术员的输配训练、检查治疗母牛的繁殖疾病、掌握母牛发情鉴定水平、保存和检查精子活率等方面来如何提高母牛冻配受胎率进行生产实践的总结,以供参考。     

Greater participation by veterinarians in the reproductive management of dairy cattle

A program involving greater veterinary participation in detection of estrus and artificial insemination of cattle was evaluated in a 700-cow dairy herd from January 1987 through August 1988. Previous reproductive performance was below normal. First-service pregnancy rate from artificial insemination was 42%, and mean number of nonpregnant days for the cows was 120. Between postpartum days 55 and 62, all cows with functional corpus luteum assessed by rectal palpation were administered prostaglandin each Monday morning. Return visits were made to the herd each Thursday and Friday to observe cows and to inseminate those in estrus. On the other 5 days of the week, the owner or his employees inseminated all cows in estrus. The first-service pregnancy rate for 842 cows observed in estrus and inseminated by the veterinarian was 59%. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated by the owner and his employees increased from 42% to 50%. The mean number of nonpregnant days for all 700 cows decreased from 120 to 98 days, resulting in approximately $46,000 of increased income for the dairyman or approximately a 4 to 1 return on investment in veterinary service. Results indicate that veterinarians could improve herd reproductive performance and solve chronic herd breeding problems by more actively participating with their clients in estrus detection and artificial insemination programs in cattle. The program allows practicing veterinarians an opportunity to observe cows for estrous behavior, establish their own pregnancy rate data, demonstrate to owners the importance of observing primary signs of estrus, and teach expert artificial insemination techniques.     

羊腹腔镜子宫角人工输精技术

采取人工授精技术可极大提高羊的生产性能，增加优秀个体所占比例，加快选育速度；可有效利用具有最优遗传性状的公羊，快捷而有效的增加优秀种羊的推广面与覆盖度；减少种公羊饲养管理费用与死亡率；防止因交配而感染疾病，提高母羊的受胎率。目前，研究人员在新鲜精液的基础上，又开发出了冷冻精液输精，冷冻精液可减少养殖场种公羊的饲养数量，控制养殖场的公母比例，大幅降低养殖成本，提高养殖场的经济效益。作者介绍了阴道输精技术及腹腔镜子宫角输精2种常用输精技术，同时简述了其优缺点；阐述了腹腔镜子宫角输精技术的各项操作流程及操作过程中的注意事项和术后护理等，旨在为腹腔镜子宫角输精技术提供理论依据及在实践过程中提供技术支持。