三峡库区坡耕地有限顺坡耕作模式及减蚀效应

有限顺坡耕作坡耕地地块坡长因坡度而异,可依据细沟侵蚀发生临界确定,在野外调查和实验基础上提出了有限顺坡耕作地块坡长推荐值。研究表明,较无措施坡耕地而言,采取水平沟、埂坎和地埂植物篱等措施的坡耕地减蚀效益分别达到63%、77%和94%,具有显著的理水保土作用。同时,有限顺坡耕作模式具有成本低,高效实用,操作简单方便,农民易于接受等优点,适合在三峡库区推广。     

植物篱在坡耕地水土保持中的作用研究综述

坡耕地不仅是人们赖以生存的重要生产资料,同时,也是水土流失最为严重的一种耕地类型,成为水土流失的主要策源地。在多年的实践中探寻到植物篱结构能有效改善坡耕地水热条件、加强渗透水流、减少地表径流,从而达到控制坡耕地水土流失的效果。本文概述了国内外植物篱的起源发展,植物篱在国际上的研究始于20世纪70年代末,80年代末引入贵州,90年代初期植物篱模式在我国开始兴起,90年代后期植物篱的试验研究逐步扩大。国内外学者主要针对植物篱种类、植物篱水土保持生态经济效应、植物篱减蚀机理、植物篱根土复合体固土机理等开展了大量研究,取得了丰硕的科研成果。最后,对植物篱模式的建设提出了几点建议。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土流失效果

在北京地区采用自然降雨和模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度（5%、10%、15%、20%）下对裸露坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果一致表明,狼尾草和野古草2种草篱均可显著降低坡耕地水土流失,且狼尾草草篱的效果显著好于野古草草篱。在自然降雨下（平均雨强13.3 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少72.7%的地表径流和86.3%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少53.8%的地表径流和64.1%的土壤流失;在模拟降雨下（平均雨强49.5 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少80.7%的地表径流和94.5%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少59.5%的地表径流和71.5%的土壤流失。另外,2种等高草篱防治水土流失的效果与坡度成显著负相关关系,随坡度增加2种草篱的水土保持功能逐渐减弱,但至20%坡度时,其对径流和土壤流失的降低作用仍维持在40%和50%以上。回归分析结果显示,草篱因素已经超过坡度和雨强,成为控制坡耕地水土流失的首要因素。     

径流条件下坡耕地侵蚀规律的研究

为确定径流条件下坡耕地的侵蚀规律,采用不同流量对10°及15°坡的坡耕地进行径流冲刷试验。试验结果表明:坡面土壤的产流量、产沙量随流量、坡度的增大而增加,但增加幅度不同,流量及坡度越小,坡面的减流减沙效应越显著;相同流量、相同坡度下,产流量呈先增加后趋于平稳的趋势,产沙量呈先增加后减少最后趋于稳定的趋势。     

土壤密度对土壤抗侵蚀性的影响

通过研究不同密度土壤的抗冲性、抗蚀性及抗剪强度,探索密度与土壤抗侵蚀性之间的相关关系,并进一步分析密度对土壤抗侵蚀性影响的机理。研究表明,随着土壤密度的增大,土壤的抗冲性与抗剪强度增强;但在土壤密度小于1.27g/cm3时,土壤的抗蚀性随着土壤密度的增大而增加,当土壤密度大于1.27g/cm3时,土壤的抗蚀性随着土壤密度的增大而减小。     

冬小麦根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

土壤的抗侵蚀能力包括土壤的抗冲性和抗蚀性。根系的固结缠绕对土壤的抗侵蚀能力具有显著的影响。以不同含量的冬小麦根系的土样为研究对象,采用静水崩解法和抗冲槽法测定其抗冲性和抗蚀性。结果表明：根系能够降低土壤的崩解速率,即随着根系含量的增加,土壤崩解率缓慢降低。研究结果显示：土壤崩解过程可以分为吸水崩解阶段、快速崩解阶段、稳定崩解阶段3个阶段,随根密度增加,根系作用延长了土壤吸水崩解和快速崩解阶段,降低了土壤崩解速度。土壤抗冲刷系数随着根重密度的增加呈递增的二次函数关系。     

黄土区不同生长期大豆坡耕地的抗蚀性特征

土壤抗侵蚀能力对土壤侵蚀的发育有重要影响,土壤抗蚀性是评价土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一。黄土高原土壤侵蚀普遍发生,研究黄土区坡耕地土壤抗蚀性特征对于该地区实现可持续发展有重要意义。通过室外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对黄土区不同生长期大豆坡耕地的抗蚀性特征进行研究。研究结果显示土壤抗蚀性指数在苗期-结荚期增长较快,并于始粒期达最大,在始粒期-鼓粒期均逐渐降低。0~5 cm土层土壤抗蚀性最强,10~20 cm土层抗蚀性最弱。开花期、结荚期、始粒期与鼓粒期,5~10 cm土层土壤抗蚀性最强,10~20 cm土层最弱。这表明土壤抗蚀性与大豆生长以及根系在土壤内分布状况关系密切,随着大豆的生长,其根系渐趋发达,固土能力变强,始粒期之后植株由营养生长转向生殖生长,根系生长逐渐停止并开始衰减,土壤抗蚀性减弱。但不同深度土壤的根系含量不同,导致不同深度土壤的抗蚀性有所差别。     

坡面生物调控措施对土壤水分入渗的影响

为了研究不同生物调控措施的植被覆盖度、降雨强度和坡度以及各因素间交互作用对土壤水分入渗的影响,本文通过室外人工模拟降雨试验,对不同生物调控措施坡面的土壤水分入渗规律进行了探索。结果表明：1）有生物调控措施坡面的土壤稳定入渗率较裸坡偏大,且差异极显著,但生物调控措施坡面之间的差异并不明显。2）降雨强度、坡度与土壤稳定入渗率间不是线性单值函数,均存在使土壤稳定入渗率最大的临界雨强与临界坡度。稳定入渗率随植被覆盖度增加的速率是非恒定的,存在着增速变化的临界植被覆盖度。临界植被覆盖度前,稳定入渗率的增加速率很快,之后,迅速降低并趋于稳定。3）坡面径流调控度随雨强增大而减小;相同雨强下不同措施坡面径流调控度排序为：黑麦草＞春小麦＞苜蓿＞裸坡。4）采用SPSS软件通过逐步回归分析法提取了影响土壤稳定入渗率最显著的单因子交互作用项,建立了包含降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度在内的多因素非线性入渗模型,通过实测数据对其进行验证发现该模型精度较高。     

不同土壤前期含水率和坡度下黄壤分离临界水动力特性

土壤分离临界水动力学参数是侵蚀预报研究的基础内容,但关于不同近地表土壤水分条件下坡面侵蚀发生临界起动关键影响因子及其内在机制尚不清楚。本研究选取长江中上游地区典型黄壤为研究对象,试验设计5个土壤前期含水率(5%~23%)和5个坡度(1.0°~10.0°),利用冲刷槽实测土壤分离临界水动力学参数,探讨土壤分离临界水动力学参数对不同土壤前期含水率和坡度耦合作用的响应。结果表明:土壤分离临界流速、临界水深和流态均与坡度和土壤前期含水率呈幂函数减小关系;在坡度小于5.0°时,土壤分离临界水动力参数受坡度和土壤前期含水率耦合作用的影响;而在坡度大于5.0°时则主要受坡度的影响。因此,当坡度大于5.0°时,可直接采用简化幂函数方程对土壤分离临界水动力参数进行估算。在本研究试验条件下,坡面土壤分离临界水流流态基本属于层流、缓流,发生紊流、急流的概率很小。坡度和土壤前期含水率对坡面流阻力有重要的影响,阻力系数随临界单宽流量和雷诺数的增加呈幂函数下降趋势。     

降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和地形因子(坡度和坡长)对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响。试验处理包括2个降雨强度(50、100mm/h),2个坡度(5°、10°),2个坡长(5、10m)。结果表明:不同试验处理条件下,当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h,坡面径流量增加1.4~12.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m,坡面径流量增加0.1~3.1倍;坡度对坡面径流量的影响较复杂,受降雨强度和坡长的综合影响。降雨强度、坡度和坡长皆对坡面侵蚀量有重要影响。当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h时,坡面侵蚀量增加4.2倍;当坡度由5°增加到10°时,侵蚀量增加0.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m时,侵蚀量增加0.5倍,表明降雨强度增加对黑土区坡面侵蚀量影响最大。而当降雨强度、坡度和坡长均增大时,坡面侵蚀量增加18.0倍,说明这3个因素交互作用对坡面侵蚀的影响远大于各因素的单独影响或2个因素交互作用的影响。坡面径流量与降雨强度的关系最密切,其次是降雨强度-坡长交互作用和降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用;坡面侵蚀量与降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用的相关关系最显著,其次是降雨强度和降雨强度-坡长交互作用。分别建立了坡面径流量和侵蚀量与降雨强度、坡度和坡长的经验关系式。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。