基于SWAT模型的寒旱区积雪与融雪期径流模拟应用研究——以锡林河流域上游为例

研究寒旱区积雪与融雪期的径流模拟。以锡林河流域1971-2000年实测气象水文资料为基础,根据锡林河特有的地区性与季节性特点,运用SWAT2012模型,开展锡林河流域上游不同年型积雪与融雪期径流模拟,研究并探讨SWAT2012模型在我国北方寒旱区的适用性。结果表明:率定期中,Ens=0.76,R2=0.79;验证期中,Ens=0.53,R2=0.61。SWAT2012模型对锡林河流域积雪与融雪期的径流模拟结果符合要求。     

基于SWAT模型和SUFI-2算法的黄柏河东支流域径流模拟研究

黄柏河东支流域是宜昌市重要的水源地,该流域的高精度径流模拟对于流域水资源高效管理具有重要意义。以黄柏河东支流域为研究对象构建SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SWAT-CUP软件中的SUFI-2算法进行参数敏感性分析、参数率定、模型验证和不确定性分析,模拟2008-2016年的月径流过程。研究结果表明,选取的19个参数对于模拟的径流过程均有不同程度的影响,其中CN2、ESCO、SOL_K最为敏感。玄庙观、天福庙、西北口和尚家河站的月径流模拟过程与实测过程线吻合程度较高,在率定期和验证期所有站点的纳什系数NSE、均方根误差与标准差比值RSR、百分比偏差PBIAS均在误差范围内。不确定性分析表明,所有站点的P-factor均大于0.6,R-factor均小于1,大部分观测值落在95PPU内,说明模拟的不确定性较小。总之,所构建的SWAT模型在黄柏河东支流域具有较好的适用性,模型模拟精度高,不确定性小,能准确地模拟流域的径流过程。     

基于SWAT模型的合理亚流域划分和径流模拟

以葫芦河流域为研究对象,建立2006-2012年流域月尺度SWAT模型,探究不同亚流域划分下模型对流域径流、泥沙、营养物的响应情况,确定流域亚流域划分水平,并在此基础上进行月尺度的径流模拟,验证其适用性。结果表明:(1)径流与硝氮的变化幅度相差不大,7个亚流域划分后相对误差均小于10%,泥沙与有机氮、有机磷、氨氮、总氮、总磷的变化趋势基本一致,通过分析确定葫芦河流域合理的亚流域划分水平为37个左右;(2)通过PSO算法得到合理亚流域划分下模型的月径流模型可以用于葫芦河流域的SWAT模型径流模拟,其率定期和验证期的R~2值依次为0.84和0.81,Ens值依次为0.76和0.62,模拟效果理想。研究结果可为葫芦河流域进一步的水文模拟研究提供有效的参考依据。     

基于SWAT模型的卧虎山水库流域径流模拟

为探讨SWAT模型在中小流域的适用性,以卧虎山水库流域为例,在3S技术的支持下,制备了SWAT模型所需的DEM、土地利用、土壤及气象等数据库,构建了卧虎山水库流域SWAT分布式水文模型,并以2007-2009年实测数据对模型参数进行率定,以2010-2011年数据进行模型验证。结果表明,逐月径流量模拟值与实测值的Nash效率系数、相关系数均大于0.70,相对误差小于15%。总的来说,SWAT模型能够较好地模拟卧虎山水库流域的地表径流过程,可以在该地区推广应用。     

CMADS与传统气象站数据驱动下的SWAT模型模拟效果评价——以苦水河流域为例

为探究传统气象站数据和中国大气同化数据集(CMADS)驱动下的SWAT模型在气象站稀缺的干旱流域径流模拟效果,分别利用上述两种气象数据驱动宁夏苦水河流域SWAT模型,并以水文站实测月径流资料对模型进行了参数率定及验证。结果表明:率定期(2008-2012年)CMADS和常规气象数据支撑下的模型纳什系数分别为0.846和0.642,决定系数分别为0.741和0.597;验证期(2013-2016年)模型纳什系数分别为0.816和0.619,决定系数分别为0.752和0.628,即CMADS驱动的模拟精度高于传统气象站数据的模拟精度,CMADS可为缺少气象数据的区域建立SWAT模型提供数据支撑和精度保证。     

基于SWAT模型的西江流域径流模拟研究

采用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,在整个珠江流域构建分布式水文模型,对西江流域1951~2008年的月径流过程进行模拟。选取西江流域的迁江、柳州、武宣3个水文站的径流数据,利用SWAT模型自带的敏感性分析模块和自动率定模块,采用LH-OAT敏感性分析方法和SCE-UA算法分别对选取的各参数进行敏感性分析和参数率定,并对率定模型进行验证。敏感性分析结果表明,不同的参数对流域月径流过程表现出不同程度的敏感度,其中CN2、ESCO、SOL_AWC、CH_K2和ALPHA_BF的敏感度较高,是较敏感因子。从率定和验证结果来看,3个水文站的径流模拟效果均较好,Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数ENS均在0.75以上,其中柳州站和武宣站率定期和验证期的ENS在0.8以上。SWAT分布式水文模型在西江流域月径流模拟中的应用效果良好。     

基于SWAT模型的山区冰雪融水河流的日径流模拟研究

针对冰雪融水河流的产流与汇流特点,基于SWAT模型能量平衡计算原理,充分考虑地形、辐射、风、下垫面及冻土等因素对融雪的影响,研究了山区冰雪融水河流的日径流,基于遥感数据与地理信息数据得到的积雪信息,以及玛纳斯河流域1980—1995年气象、径流等实测数据,建立了适合山区融雪河流的SWAT分布式流域水文模型,并模拟了玛纳斯河流域出山口处肯斯瓦特水文站的日径流,模拟相对误差为17%、Nash Sutcliffe效率系数为0.73,模拟结果合理可靠,为研究冰雪融水河流的径流模拟提供了有效的途径。     

基于SWAT模型的三水河流域径流模拟

以三水河流域作为研究区,基于GIS构建流域的SWAT分布式水文模型,建立流域模型的空间数据库和属性数据库,对影响模拟径流结果的几个重要参数进行敏感性分析,并应用1980 1986年的水文气象数据进行参数率定,应用1987-1990年的实测数据进行模型验证.通过对月径流模拟值和实测值的比较,校准期和验证期的相对误差、判定系数和ENS系数分别为-18％、0.73、0.71和12％、0.76、0.72.基于这些评价指标可知SWAT模型在三水河流域径流模拟中有良好的可靠性和适用性,可以作为该流域水资源综合管理的支撑模型之一.     

基于VIC模型与SWAT模型的径流模拟对比研究

首先对VIC模型与SWAT模型进行了简介,然后将两个模型应用到湖北省白莲河流域,探讨其在中小流域尺度的径流模拟中的适用性,同时进行径流模拟的对比研究.利用白莲河流域的水文气象数据、DEM数据、植被类型和土壤类型等资料,经过数据的收集整理建立白莲河流域的VIC模型与SWAT模型.采用1995-1999年汛期(4-10月)作为模型参数的率定期,2002-2004年汛期(4-10月)作为模型参数的检验期.研究结果表明:两个模型基本能够反映白莲河流域的日径流水文过程,具有一定的适用性.     

清水河流域农业非点源污染模拟及特征分析

为探讨冬奥核心区所在的清水河流域农业非点源污染特征,利用SWAT模型对清水河流域进行污染模拟及特征分析.通过前期对流域内河流水质监测和评价分析可知,该流域农业非点源是重要污染来源,且降雨和径流会对水质影响较大.借助ArcGIS平台构建清水河流域SWAT非点源污染模型,并利用实测径流数据对模型进行了率定和验证,结果表明S...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。