加工番茄膜下滴灌墒情监测点的数目研究

针对加工蕃茄自动化滴灌系统墒情监测中监测点的合理布设问题,2010年在新疆生产建设兵团农八师国家农业科技园区,开展了墒情观测点合理数目确定的田间试验研究。以膜下滴灌加工番茄的土壤含水率监测数据为基础,结合经典统计学与地统计学原理,分析论证了以加工番茄为种植作物的田间墒情监测点的数量。结果表明,在120m×90m的膜下滴灌加工番茄区域内,其平均地块全方向的变程值为23．81m,在置信水平95％,采样误差5％“的条件下,合理的采样数目为18～20个。     

滴灌棉花灌溉决策支持系统研究

为满足新疆膜下滴灌棉花生产管理需要,研究开发了滴灌棉花灌溉决策支持系统。主要包含了数据库管理、实时墒情诊断、灌溉实时决策、生产管理决策等功能。使用水量平衡方法及消退系数法进行土壤墒情预报,使用泰森多边形等方法计算平均含水率,使用模糊综合评判进行灌溉实时决策。在实际使用中,能较准确的预测土壤墒情并实时指导田间灌溉,取得了预期的效果。     

南疆棉田节水灌溉智能控制系统的研究与设计

南疆的内陆气候为棉花生长提供了得天独厚的自然条件,但该地区棉花种植范围广,极端干旱,灌溉面积大。为解决传统灌溉方式自动化程度低、水资源浪费严重、能效低等问题,本文以变频调速、无线通信、传感器、自动控制等技术设计了一套基于南疆棉田滴灌模式下的节水灌溉智能控系统。该系统采用高精度土壤温湿度传感器,远程在线采集土壤墒情,以此来实现墒情(旱情)自动预报、灌溉用水量智能决策、远程/自动控制水泵电机等灌溉设备的变频运行;通过工控机智能管理平台选择灌溉方式,实时监测整个灌溉过程,获得作物最佳灌溉时间、灌溉水量及需采取的节水措施。从而获得灌溉预报结果,科学、合理指导适时适量的灌溉,达到自动化程度高、节水、节能的目的。     

南疆自动化滴灌棉花灌溉制度的研究

2015年,在新疆阿克苏地区农一师阿拉尔市塔河种业一场原有的棉花膜下滴灌系统基础上,改造成为自动化滴灌工程,并对自动化滴灌棉花灌溉制度和土壤墒情进行了试验研究。以典型的一个轮灌组为例,采用自动化技术监测同时工作的各出地桩(灌水小区)流量、管道压力及其相应灌溉片区里的土壤墒情变化,分析各灌水小区的灌水量与产量的关系。结果表明:灌水量增加到一定程度后,产量随着灌水量增加反而减少,灌溉定额为7 426 m3/hm~2时,产量达到最高值6 567.60 kg/hm~2,可为条件相似地区推广自动化技术和编制灌溉制度提供参考。     

滴灌条件下核桃土壤水分空间变异性

在新疆阿克苏地区温宿县核桃林场30 m×60 m(一根支管控制)的范围内,布置土壤水分监测点共计435个.利用地统计学方法,研究了核桃在滴灌条件下田间土壤含水率在空间上的变异规律,以便为核桃滴灌自动化灌溉系统中墒情监测传感器的合理布设及墒情预测提供理论依据.结果表明,滴灌条件下的采样幅度一定时,增大采样间距对土壤水分变...     

不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。     

土壤墒情监测预报技术研究进展

对已有墒情预报模型和土壤水分检测技术进行简单分析,总结了各自特点,发现现有土壤墒情检测技术在性价比层面还需提高,各墒情预报模型所受限制较多,仍没有较为通用、准确成熟模型,目前国外在这方面的热点研究集中于依靠"3S"技术,技术水平更为成熟,值得借鉴。对土壤墒情监测预报技术的前景进行了展望。     

非充分灌溉青贮玉米土壤墒情预报的人工神经网络模型

土壤墒情预报是农田适时适量灌溉与科学管理的基础,田间土壤墒情的变化受降水、灌溉、植株蒸腾、土壤蒸发、根系层下边界水分通量及外界气象因素的影响,关系比较复杂。利用内蒙古锡林浩特市典型草原区的青贮玉米土壤水分试验资料,建立了土壤墒情预报的BP神经网络模型,并利用部分实测资料对网络进行检验,取得了较好的效果。结果表明BP神经网络模型可以对区域土壤水分进行动态预测,方法简便可行。     

津巴布韦加工番茄膜下滴灌技术要点

结合津巴布韦当地气候、土壤等条件,利用膜下滴灌技术,选用适合当地栽培的番茄品种,详细介绍了加工番茄膜下滴灌栽培技术要点,包括机械整地、种植方式、水肥管理,以及病虫害防治等。这对充分发挥当地资源优势,提高加工番茄的产量和品质,提高农产品创汇具有重要的现实意义。     

安徽淮北地区墒情监测预报和抗旱信息系统研究

阐述了在安徽淮北地区建立墒情预报和抗旱信息系统的重要性，提出适用于淮北地区的土壤墒情监测方法和预报模型，并对系统的系统传输、结构及功能作了较详细的介绍。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。