红细胞钾作为荷斯坦牛耐热性遗传标记的研究

我国南方奶业,每年都因热应激对奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能的影响而造成巨大经济损失。为解决热应激问题,本文研究了144头母牛的红细胞钾含量,分析结果表明红细胞钾含量主要受遗传控制。该牛群红细胞钾含量的遗传力为0.318。平均红细胞钾含量为636.35±141.53mg/L,并呈正态分布,用其作为耐热性选择指标可靠、适用。最终将建立高产耐热品系,解决热应激这个问题。     

中国黑白花奶牛红细胞钾含量遗传性的研究

为了研究中国黑白花奶牛红细胞钾含量的遗传性,在广州、江西和黑龙江采集测定了829头黑白花奶牛的红细胞钾含量.结果表明黑白花奶牛红细胞钾含量呈正态分布,平均值为72.7±11.0mg/dl(33.1mg/dl-182.9mg/dl).同时据18头种公牛及其440头女儿的红细胞钾含量,采用公牛内半同胞资料得红细胞钾含量的遗传力为0.75;据53个母女对细红胞钾含量采用母女回归法得红细胞钾含量的遗传力为0.60.     

奶牛夏季产奶量与红细胞钾和S441遗传标记的研究

[目的]为探讨奶牛产奶量与红细胞钾含量和S441遗传标记是否存在联系.[方法]本研究以6～8月产奶量为依据将奶牛分为高产耐热组、中产组和低产不耐热组,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定红细胞钾含量,采用SCAR技术对S441遗传标记进行检测.[结果]表明:高产耐热组奶牛红细胞钾含量最低,90%有S441标记;中产组奶牛红细胞钾含量居中,40%有S441标记,低产不耐热组奶牛红细胞钾含量最高,10%有S441标记.[结论]初步得出奶牛耐热性能与红细胞钾含量呈一定的负相关,与S441遗传标记的有无存在正相关趋势.     

奶牛耐热性评定指标的研究

分别在热应激和非热应激期间对4O对母女牛采血,测定各项耐热性评定指标,分析热应激对诸项指标的影响,并估测各项指标的遗传力。结果,热应激对直肠温度、呼吸频率和血清皮质醇含量具有极显著影响,而对红细胞钾、血红蛋白及甲状腺素(T_4)含量影响不明显。血红蛋白含量和呼吸频率具有显著遗传性,其他指标遗传不显著。     

红细胞钾作为中国荷斯坦牛耐寒性选择遗传标记物的可靠性研究

在冷应激期间，对６个奶牛场的中国荷斯坦２９９头母牛和２０头公牛进行了红细胞钾含量的测定。结果表明，中国荷斯坦牛红细胞钾含量受牛场、胎次、产犊月份和生理因素的影响差异不显著。红细胞钾含量主要受遗传因素控制。采用公牛内母女回归法，估计红细胞钾的遗传力为０．２９７。具有较高的遗传力。试验表明，红细胞钾含量低的组，在冷应激期间，母牛的产奶量下降率低。据此初步证明红细胞钾作为中国荷斯坦牛耐寒性选择遗传标记物是可靠的。     

日粮钾水平对乳牛红细胞钾含量的影响

随机选择14头奶牛,作日粮中不同钾水平对红细胞钾水平影响的试验。试验期在基础日粮中分别添加氯化钾60,100,160g/·头,测定各添加阶段奶牛红细胞钾,血浆钾和全血钾含量。结果表明,日粮钾水平对红细胞钾含量无显著影响(P>0．05),但使血浆钾及全血钾含量升高     

评定奶牛耐热性的相关指标及在育种上的应用

我国南方奶业,每年都因热应激对奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能的影响而造成巨大经济损失。本文综述了评定奶牛耐热性的生理生化指标的研究与应用进展,并提出了利用这些生理生化指标建立奶牛耐热性能评定模型。据此模型区分耐热和不耐热牛群,最终建立高产耐热奶牛品种。     

DHI技术应用效果对比浅析

奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）是牛群遗传改良的基础．是改善牛群质量．提高奶牛生产性能和增加奶牛饲养科技含量的有效措施。DHI测定．一方面可以为奶牛遗传评定提供基础数据．另一方面可以为奶牛饲养管理提供分析报告。为此．本试验对延庆德大兴旺和鑫运两个奶牛养殖小区近两年的DHI报告中产奶天数、日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率以及体细胞数等指标进行对比分析研究．旨在为牛场科学管理提供指导,并分析各项指标与生产性能的关系．结果表明,体细胞数与目产奶量、乳脂率、蛋白率呈负相关。     

季节性变化对荷斯坦奶牛红细胞钾含量及红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活性的影响

产犊日期相近且处于产奶高峰期的35头奶牛,根据其夏季产奶量下降率的多少分为不耐热组和耐热组,其中下降率低于10%的被定为耐热组(n=16),下降率在40%以上的被定为不耐热组(n=19),分别测定春、夏两季奶牛红细胞钾含量和红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活性,并分析其与奶牛夏季产奶量下降率之间的关系。结果表明:荷斯坦奶牛夏季血液中红细胞钾含量极显著高于春季(P<0.01),红细胞钾含量在同一季节、不同组别之间差异较大,不耐热组奶牛春、夏两季的红细胞钾含量均显著高于耐热组(P<0.05);红细胞钾含量与奶牛夏季产奶量下降率呈中等强度正相关,其中春季奶牛红细胞钾含量与奶牛夏季产奶量下降率的相关系数为r=0.569(P<0.05),夏季奶牛红细胞钾含量与奶牛夏季产奶量下降率的相关系数为r=0.529(P<0.05)。荷斯坦奶牛夏季红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活力显著低于春季(P<0.05),红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活力在同一季节不同组别之间差异较大,不耐热组显著低于耐热组(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,春季奶牛红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活性与奶牛夏季产奶量下降率之间无显著相关性;夏季奶牛红细胞膜钠钾ATPase活性与奶牛夏季产...     

荷斯坦奶牛耐热分子遗传标记的研究

选取10头高产荷斯坦牛为实验材料,优化奶牛RAPD反应最佳体系,并在154条随机引物中筛选出稳定性好、带型清晰的引物64条。结合红细胞钾测定结果和生产性能测定,通过RAPD分析并筛选出3个与奶牛耐热性状相关的分子标记,以期应用这些分子标记进行高产耐热荷斯坦奶牛的选育。     

Genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in Holstein cows in Japan

We used test‐day records and daily records from provincial weather stations in Japan to evaluate heat tolerance (HT) in Holstein cows according to a random regression test‐day model. Data were a total of 1,641,952 test‐day records for heritability estimates and 17,245,694 test‐day records for genetic evaluation of HT by using milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS) in Holstein cows that had calved for the first time in 2000 through 2015. Temperature–humidity index (THI) values were estimated by using average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity records from 60 provincial Japanese weather stations. The model contained herd–test‐day, with lactation curves on days in milk within month–age group as a fixed effect. General additive genetic effect and HT of additive genetic effect were included as random effects. The threshold value of THI was set to 60. For milk yield, estimated mean heritabilities were lower during heat stress (THI = 78; 0.20 and 0.28) than when below the heat stress threshold (THI ≤ 60; 0.26 and 0.31). For SCS, heritability estimates (range 0.08–0.10) were similar under all heat stress conditions. Genetic trends of HT indicated that EBVs of HT are changing in an undesirable direction.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

低磷奶牛红细胞抗氧化功能的研究

利用自然病便，采取分组（血尿组、低磷组、对照组）对比的方法，对低磷奶牛红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）１、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）活性和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量进行了测定。结果表明，低磷组及血尿组奶牛红细胞平均ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活性明显低于对照组，而ＭＤＡ含量显著高于对照组及血尿组奶牛红直线相关分析表明，血清磷含量与ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性呈极显著正相关（相关系数及回归方程分别为ｒ＝０．９４     

Estimation of genetic parameters for heat stress,including dominance gene effects,on milk yield in Thai Holstein dairy cattle

Heat stress in tropical regions is a major cause that strongly negatively affects to milk production in dairy cattle. Genetic selection for dairy heat tolerance is powerful technique to improve genetic performance. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and investigate the threshold point of heat stress for milk yield. Data included 52 701 test‐day milk yield records for the first parity from 6247 Thai Holstein dairy cattle, covering the period 1990 to 2007. The random regression test day model with EM‐REML was used to estimate variance components, genetic parameters and milk production loss. A decline in milk production was found when temperature and humidity index (THI) exceeded a threshold of 74, also it was associated with the high percentage of Holstein genetics. All variance component estimates increased with THI. The estimate of heritability of test‐day milk yield was 0.231. Dominance variance as a proportion to additive variance (0.035) indicated that non‐additive effects might not be of concern for milk genetics studies in Thai Holstein cattle. Correlations between genetic and permanent environmental effects, for regular conditions and due to heat stress, were ? 0.223 and ? 0.521, respectively. The heritability and genetic correlations from this study show that simultaneous selection for milk production and heat tolerance is possible.     

自然生产条件下热应激周期变化揭示泌乳中期奶牛出现“热应激乳蛋白降低征”

本试验在连续3年时间里测定了上海地区热应激周期变化对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响。通过实地测定并计算分析,绘制了上海地区热应激周期变化图谱,揭示了整个热应激周期中不同热应激程度的分布状况。研究对比了自然生产环境下无热应激与中度热应激对奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响,发现中度热应激极显著降低了奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、总固体含量(P<0.01),而且显著增加了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。在热应激周期变化研究中发现,中度热应激显著升高泌乳奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率(P<0.05),而且呼吸频率比直肠温度对热应激变化的反应更快、更敏感。热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量的影响取决于热应激程度,2012年整个热应激周期的热应激程度比较低,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),但是2013年热应激程度更加严重,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。在牛奶品质中,受热应激影响最大的是乳蛋白合成量(P<0.01)。2012年和2013年2个热应激周期变化对其他乳成分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是两年的热应激周期变化都导致乳蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)和乳中尿素氮含量显著升高(P<0.05)。尤其值得注意的是,2012年热应激周期变化并没有导致奶牛采食量下降(P>0.05),而且产奶量也没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是仍然出现了乳蛋白含量下降和乳中尿素氮含量升高(P<0.05)。这表明热应激周期变化改变了泌乳中期奶牛氮代谢的途径,发生了氮营养重分配(repartitioning)现象,而且这种现象不依赖于采食量和产奶量,可以称之为“热应激乳蛋白降低征”(heat-stressed milk protein decrease syndrome,HS-MPD)。     

Genetically conditioned variability of metabolic profile parameters in dairy cows]

Individual heritability and differences in the concentration of the chemical components of the blood were studied in the dairy cows of the Slovak Spotted breed. The experiment was performed with 166 cows. The set comprised six groups of half-sisters from three stocks. The differences among the cows were statistically significant (alpha = 0.01) in the majority of the parameters studied: haematocrit, haemoglobin, pH, PO2, oxygen saturation of the blood; plasma potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, total protein, urea, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and esterified fatty acids. The coefficients of repeatibility for the mentioned parameters ranged from 0.19 to 0.75. The heritability coefficients were calculated for the parameters in which the inter-group differences were significant: total protein (0.62), magnesium (0.57), potassium (0.51), urea (0.49), glucose (0.45), phosphorus (0.43), calcium (0.39), haematocrit (0.37), haemoglobin (0.35), pO2 (0.29). The results suggest that some of the parameters under study are under certain genetic control.     

荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

【目的】探究中国荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体规律,并估计其遗传参数。【方法】2021年7月至2021年8月分别在2个规模化奶牛场测定了628头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛的牛嘴宽度及臀高、体高、体斜长和胸围等体尺性状,同时利用体斜长和胸围估计试验牛体重。利用SPSS 26.0软件分析了牧场、月龄和泌乳阶段等因素对牛嘴宽度的影响,以及牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间的相关关系;基于DMU软件采用单性状动物模型估计了牛嘴宽度的方差组分及遗传力。【结果】荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体平均值为17.28 cm,变异系数为5%,变异相对较小;牧场和月龄对牛嘴宽度均有极显著影响(P<0.01),泌乳阶段对牛嘴宽度有显著影响(P<0.05),牛嘴宽度随母牛月龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,泌乳初期牛嘴宽度显著小于其他泌乳阶段(P<0.05);牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01);荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的遗传力估计值为0.28,为中高遗传力性状。【结论】牧场和月龄对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响极显著,泌乳阶段对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响显著,牛嘴宽度与臀高呈较弱相关。荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度是一个具有中高遗传力的体尺性状。     

奶牛热应激的产生及防治措施

奶牛热应激是奶牛受到超过自身体温调节能力的高温刺激后,机体产生的一种非特异性应答反应,严重影响奶牛的生产性能,给奶牛场造成巨大经济损失。本文综述了奶牛热应激的产生原因、危害及防治措施。     

Milk yield did not decrease in large herds of high-producing Holstein cows in semi-arid climate of Mexico

This study aimed to determine the trends in milk production, fertility, temperature-humidity index (THI), and herd size in dairy herds from the Laguna region in northern Mexico. Records of 16 dairy herds of Holstein cows from January 2002 to December 2016 were used. Milk production was categorized in low and high levels. Milk production and fertility were analyzed using generalized equation estimation procedures by a model of repeated measures that included the effect of year, month, and productive level, an interaction for month × productive level, and herd effect was nested in productive level. For THI, a generalized linear model that included the effects of year and month was used. Dairy herds with high levels of milk production yielded more milk than those with low levels (P?<?0.001). Milk production in 2002 and 2016 was 27.4?±?0.6 and 32.3?±?0.7 L/cow/day, respectively. Fertility fluctuated throughout the study. Dairy herds with high levels of milk production recorded higher fertility than those with low levels (P?<?0.001). From October to April, THI was <?70, whereas it was >?73 from May to September, indicating that cows were in heat stress (20 h/day). The median herd size was 995 and 2569 cows in 2002 and 2016, respectively. In conclusion, in large herds, milk production increased over the years of study, whereas fertility showed a wave cycle; nonetheless, when THI was >?73, both milk production and fertility decreased.