一株不发酵乳糖致病性大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定

从广东某珍珠鸡场发病死亡的初产珍珠鸡肝脏中分离到一株细菌,经培养特性与生化特性观察,以致病性试验和血清型鉴定,结合其16SrRNA序列分析,判定其为大肠杆菌。这是一株不发酵乳糖的致病性大肠杆菌。     

珍珠鸡巴氏杆菌病的诊断与防治

2003年吉林省某经济动物养殖基地饲养的珍珠鸡,发生了以呼吸困难、哮喘、发热等为主要症状的疾病。通过临床症状观察、病理剖检和实验室检查,确诊为珍珠鸡巴氏杆菌病,同时采取了防治措施。结果表明,氯霉素和蒽诺沙星对珍珠鸡巴氏杆菌有很好的治疗效果。     

Response of Chickens to Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from a Guinea Fowl

An isolate of Newcastle disease virus obtained from a guinea fowl was characterized as a viscerotropic velogenic strain based upon pathogenicity index studies. Following inoculation of the viral isolate oronasally into 3-week-old chickens, clinical signs appeared after an incubation period of 4–5 days and included dullness, depression, dyspnoea, diarrhoea and leg paralysis. The virus caused a mortality of 56% with haemorrhages at the tip of the glands of the proventriculus and caecal tonsil. Histopathological changes were prominent in the lymphoid organs, being characterized by depletion, degeneration and necrosis of the lymphoid tissues. The brain was the first organ affected, with changes being noticed 3 days after infection. Isolation of virus from various organs was more frequent from 5 to 10 days after infection, but the virus persisted in some of the organs until 21 days after infection. In spite of the high mortality, a good immune response was elicited by the isolate, as was evident from the antibody titre.     

The Structure of the Harderian Gland of the Guinea Fowl at Embryonic and Post Embryonic Stages

The Harderian gland of the guinea fowl is a bright, pink and relatively large orbital organ situated at the ventromedial aspect of the orbit. It possesses a single duct that has its exit on the convex medial surface. The outline is irregular with its caudal half narrower than the rostral half, and possessing a slight constriction about the mid point. Histologically, the gland had been outlined with the existence of a large contorted lumen by day 18 of incubation. The surface epithelial lining showed two layers of cells all through and lymphocytes were also present. By day 19 of incubation, certain zones of the surface epithelium had become pseudostratified and some of these cells contained vacuoles indicative of secretory materials within their cytoplasm. By day 21, few definitive acini with lumina had been observed and at day 23, the epithelium had assumed only a single layer of cells that were tall columnar cells, except at the junctions of the folds. By day 24, the tunica propria seemed to have completely disappeared with the acini occupying every available space. Plasma cells were seen three days after hatching.     

笼养珍珠鸡产蛋期高死淘率的原因分析

为了获得高产蛋量和高受精率,珍珠鸡产蛋期通常采用全阶梯层笼饲养方式,但是笼养珍珠鸡产蛋期高死淘率一直是困扰人们的问题,排除重大疫病如禽流感、新城疫、传染性肠炎等因素,产蛋期珍珠鸡死淘率均高达30%以上,常常由产蛋初期的每笼3只很快减少为每笼1～2只,有的反季节生产珍珠鸡种群甚至由开产之初的5 000只减少至产蛋后期的1 000多只.     

Studies on the Pathogenicity of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates in Guinea Fowl

Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and guinea fowl were characterized as viscerotropic, velogenic strains on the basis of their mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity index, intravenous pathogenicity index and cloacal and conjunctival mean death time. The pathogenesis of the disease caused by both the strains was studied in 4-week-old guinea fowl. Both strains had an incubation period of 5 days and the birds showed dullness, depression, anorexia, diarrhoea and paralysis of the legs. They also exhibited nervous signs such as incoordination, muscle tremors and trembling of the neck at the advanced stage of the disease. Mortality reached 52% in the group infected with the chicken isolate but it was only 8% in the birds infected with the guinea fowl isolate. No specific changes were observed at post-mortem examination except haemorrhages at the tip of the glands of the proventriculus and in the caecal tonsil. Changes in the lymphoid organs and brain were always present in both the groups. Despite the low mortality, the guinea fowl isolated had multiplied in various organs in the birds. In both groups, the frequency of virus isolation increased from 5 to 10 days post infection.     

L-酪氨酸对泰和乌骨鸡胸腺肥大细胞数量的影响

黑色素是反映乌骨鸡肉质的重要标志,也是影响市场价格的重要因素,但乌骨鸡黑色素生成的机理仍未完全阐明.该试验在饲料中添加不同浓度的L-酪氨酸,通过甲苯胺蓝组织化学染色法检测和分析胸腺肥大细胞的数量变化,探究外源性L-酪氨酸和乌骨鸡胸腺肥大细胞之间的相关性.胸腺石蜡切片苏木精-伊红(HE)染色结果表明,在泰和乌骨鸡胸腺中有...     

伊莎珍珠鸡与艾维茵种鸡杂交试验

本研究以伊莎珍珠鸡为母本,艾维茵鸡为父本做杂交试验。杂交种蛋受精率为８５％,受精蛋孵化率为６９．８％;杂交一代雌雏外形酷似珍珠鸡幼雏,但毛色为淡黄色夹杂几点黑斑,成活率很低;杂交一代雄雏外形酷似艾维茵幼雏,毛色也是淡黄色夹杂几点黑斑;育肥结果表明杂交一代生长速度介于珍珠鸡与艾维茵鸡之间。     

Comparative Staging of Embryo Development in Chicken,Turkey, Duck,Goose, Guinea Fowl,and Japanese Quail Assessed from Five Hours After Fertilization Through Seventy-Two Hours of Incubation

Normal tables of chicken embryo development are used to define specific stages of morphogenetic progression from the first cleavage divisions through hatching. Although established for the turkey and Pekin duck, the application of the normal tables of chicken embryo development to other birds of commercial and research importance needs be examined. Chicken, turkey, Japanese quail, and Pekin duck blastoderms from oviductal eggs showed differences in the rate of development that were inversely correlated with egg size. Oviposited eggs from these and additional species (goose, Muscovy and mule ducks, and Guinea fowl) were examined after 24 to 72 h of storage and at 6-h intervals up to 72 h of incubation. There was variation in the developmental stages of the blastoderm at the time of oviposition between and within the species and strains examined. Although it is recognized that the temporal rate of development will differ between different species and strains, the external features of any embryo in any given stage will be nearly identical.     

Characterization of a Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Apparently Normal Guinea Fowl (Numida melagridis)

This report describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis). With a mean death time of 54 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.80, the isolate has been identified as velogenic by biological methods. Fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence analysis of the isolate indicated the presence of two pairs of basic amino acids at the C-terminus of the F2 region and phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the F1 region, confirming the velogenic nature of the isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate revealed that this isolate is genotypically related to other neurotropic velogenic isolates like Iowa/Salsbury, Texas GB, Kansas/Manhattan and mesogenic Michigan.     

珍珠鸡源IBDV的分离鉴定及其卵黄抗体的制备

从一群发病的珍珠鸡中分离到1株病毒,经鸡胚接种、琼脂扩散试验、PCR快速检测试验和病毒基因序列的测定,证实了所分离的病毒为IBDV。将该病毒制成灭活疫苗,接种开产的蛋鸡制备卵黄抗体。结果显示该卵黄抗体经免疫扩散试验测定抗体效价可达1∶256,符合无菌标准,对雏鸡也没有任何不良反应。临床试验表明:该卵黄抗体对该养殖场珍珠鸡的传染性法氏囊病的治疗有效率达91%、预防有效率达100%。     

珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡和雉鸡肉质风味前体物含量的对比研究

试验比较了3种珍禽珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡和雉鸡胸肌中风味前体物肌苷酸及其代谢产物、脂肪酸、游离氨基酸、总还原糖和硫胺素的含量.结果表明3种珍禽之间总还原糖含量、硫胺素含量差异显著(P＜0.05);雉鸡肉质中校正肌苷酸含量显著高于珍珠鸡和贵妃鸡中的含量(P＜0.05),而珍珠鸡和贵妃鸡肉质中校正肌苷酸含量差异不显著(P＞0.05);总不饱和脂肪酸含量雉鸡要显著高于珍珠鸡和贵妃鸡(P＜0.05),珍珠鸡和贵妃鸡之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);贵妃鸡中总游离氨基酸含量显著高于珍珠鸡和雉鸡(P＜0.05),珍珠鸡和雉鸡中总游离氨基酸含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

孵化期间乌骨鸡种蛋水分和钙变化及胚胎生长的研究

孵化期间，乌骨鸡种蛋内蛋黄和蛋清的含水量变化呈互补性，即蛋黄含水多时，蛋清含水少，而胚胎的含水量是逐渐减少的。12日龄前，蛋壳，蛋肖，蛋黄中钙含量变化相对较小，12日龄后，蛋壳中的钙比蛋清，蛋黄中的钙变化大，且成为胚胎发育的主要钙源。试验还发现，孵化前蛋黄和出壳时剩余蛋黄内的水，钙含量相差不大，但18日龄前后，蛋黄内的钙大幅度上升，证实蛋黄有富集钙的功能，乌骨鸡胚胎的重量与孵化时间的关系呈指数式回归。     

珍珠鸡蛋与海兰褐鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分比较分析

珍珠鸡是从国外引进,经人工驯养育成的一个特色品种,其蛋用性能获得了显著进展,为加快蛋产品的开发力度,增加其附加价值,对珍珠鸡蛋和海兰褐鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分进行比较分析。试验随机抽取新鲜珍珠鸡蛋、海兰褐鸡蛋各100枚,测定其蛋外、内在品质及主要营养成分,采用Duncan新复极差法、皮尔逊相关系数进行比较分析。研究表明,在外部品质方面,海兰褐鸡蛋蛋重高于珍珠鸡蛋15.54g（35.61%）,有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;珍珠鸡蛋蛋壳厚度比海兰褐鸡蛋的蛋壳厚0.14mm（40%）,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;由于蛋重的差异,两种鸡蛋蛋黄比例、蛋白比例、蛋壳比例也均有极显著差异（P〈0.01）。在内在品质方面,两种鸡蛋蛋清pH、蛋黄高度、蛋黄系数均无明显差异;珍珠鸡蛋浓蛋白高度比海兰褐鸡蛋的低3.02mm,有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;浓蛋白系数比海兰褐的高0.87,有显著差异（P〈0.05）;珍珠鸡蛋蛋黄颜色比海兰褐鸡蛋的颜色大一个罗氏比色值,有显著差异（P〈0.05）。在营养成分上,以g/枚为单位,珍珠鸡蛋的主要营养成分除胆固醇高于海兰褐鸡蛋外,其他均低于海兰褐鸡蛋。以g/100g为单位,珍珠鸡蛋水分含量明显低于海兰褐鸡蛋,相差12.62（20.21%）,差异极显著（P〈0.01）,脂肪含量也低于海兰褐鸡蛋,差异显著（P〈0.05）,相差1.34（4.4%）,其它营养成分均高于海兰褐鸡蛋。珍珠鸡蛋是较海兰褐鸡蛋小、壳厚、水分含量低、营养丰富的浓缩型蛋,为珍珠鸡蛋的蛋品开发创造了条件。     

The Anatomy of the Cloacal Bursa (Bursa of Fabricius) in the Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris galeata)

The cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the guinea fowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with a short thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with a slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursae originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at die mid section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 12 – 14 primary folds. Histologically, the outline of the bursa was well established by day 18 of incubation. The primary folds had also been formed. Lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa at this day. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of two layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering. At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had two layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had three layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously. At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. It was possible to distinguish the cortex from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Tiny vesicles within the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells at the mucosa and follicles were observed. Macrophges were also observed within the gland. At day 21, blood vessels were observed in the cortex of the follicles. The maximum number of primary folds (14) had been formed. At day 22, serveral follicles had severed connections with the mucosal epithelium. The mucosal lining had dropped to a single layer of cells in some areas. Goblet cells were observed amongst the mucosal cells. A plasma cell had first appeared. By day 25, dead cells had increased quite in number and there was also an increase in number of medium and small-sized lymphocytes within the gland. By day 26, the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicu-lar spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sizes of debris. By day one post-hatch, each fold was completely filled with follicles that were separated by thin connective tissue strands.     

乌骨鸡、珍珠鸡及其杂交后代线粒体DNA序列分析

骡鸡是乌骨鸡和珍珠鸡直接杂交的后代 ,但在遗传学上仍没有被证实。本实验分析了骡鸡、珍珠鸡和乌骨鸡共 5 9个个体的mtDNAD环部分序列 ,发现在同一对引物扩增时存在长度变异 ,乌骨鸡序列为 5 39bp ,珍珠鸡为4 98bp ,而骡鸡或同于珍珠鸡 ,或同于乌骨鸡。序列分析进一步支持骡鸡是乌骨鸡和珍珠鸡的远缘杂交后代     

Exercising the Pregnant Mare from Day 16 to Day 80 of Gestation

Our previous research has demonstrated moderate exercise can be detrimental to early pregnancy in the mare, but little work has examined exercise after pregnancy has been detected. We exercised mares (n = 8) 6 days a week for 45 min from Day 16 until Day 80 of gestation. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to evaluate embryonic vesicle size, fetal length, and uterine blood flow. Blood was sampled every other day to analyze cortisol and progesterone concentrations. Results indicated that exercising pregnant mares (n = 4) led to greater (P < .01) cortisol concentrations 30 min after the exercise period. No overall treatment effect could be detected in progesterone concentrations; however, following Day 60 of gestation, progesterone concentrations were lower (P < .05) in exercised mares. Additionally, progesterone concentrations peaked earlier in exercised mares at Day 52 of gestation compared to peak levels at Day 68 of gestation for control mares. No significant effects were detected in embryonic vesicle size. Fetal length tended (P = .06) to be longer in the conceptus of exercised mares. Uterine blood flow did not differ between groups but increased as pregnancy progressed (P < .001) in both groups. All mares in this study went on to deliver healthy foals and suffered no difficulties during parturition. These results indicated that moderate exercise was not detrimental to mare pregnancy.