奶牛乳房炎类型与病原菌感染之间相关性的研究

通过对 2 858份不同类型乳房炎奶样的细菌学检验 ,结果分得细菌共 2 4种 31 38株 ,其中分离鉴定出与乳房炎有密切关系的病原菌 1 2种 1 96 8株 ,病原菌检出率为 6 2 .72 %,各种类型乳房炎常见病原菌的区系分布总的趋势是一致的 ,绝大部分是以无乳链球菌为主 ,其次是停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和乳房链球菌等。但不同类型之间、同一类型不同等级之间及隐性乳房炎泌乳期和干奶前之间奶样的细菌分布和细菌种类有所不同。乳房炎的轻重与病原菌检出率呈正相关。奶牛乳房即使在健康的状态下也存在着带菌现象     

临床型奶牛乳房炎致病菌的分离与鉴定

试验对呼和浩特市某奶牛场16头患临床型乳房炎荷斯坦泌乳牛的奶样进行了乳房炎病原菌的种类及其致病性研究。试验共分离出5种36株细菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌12株,占总菌株的33.33%;大肠杆菌11株,占总菌株的30.56%;无乳链球菌7株,占总菌株的19.44%;停乳链球菌4株,占总菌株的11.11%;粪链球菌2株,占总菌株的5.56%。动物致病性试验结果表明,分离出的5种细菌均具有一定的致病能力,是引起该奶牛场临床型乳房炎的主要病原。     

呼和浩特及周边地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验

为了弄清呼和浩特及周边地区奶牛乳房炎的分布情况,鉴定主要致病菌的耐药特征,为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据,对内蒙古呼和浩特及周边地区部分奶牛场进行了调查,共采奶样100份进行细菌分离鉴定并对主要病原菌进行药敏实验.结果表明,导致该地区奶牛乳房炎的病原菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌.检测出的124株病原菌中,有金黄色葡萄球菌36株,占32.1%;无乳链球菌36株,占32.1%;停乳链球菌24株,占21.4%;大肠杆菌16株,占14.3%;其它菌12株,占10.7%.4种主要病原菌对各药物敏感性不同,对环丙沙星、左氟沙星、氧氟沙星和先锋霉素V均较为敏感,但对青霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明等有较强的耐药性.     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎试验(LMT)对来自西安市某个牛场的76份奶样作隐性乳房炎检验，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，该牛场的隐性乳房炎检出率为33％，阳性乳样中细菌检出率为93．4％。阴性乳样中病原菌检出率为28％，在检出的94株细菌中，共有5种菌22株是与乳房炎有关的病原菌。其中葡萄球菌和链球菌占病原菌总数的90％以上。是引起该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

山东不同地区乳房炎和非乳房炎牛奶中主要病原菌的调查

通过对13个地区35个牧场的985份非乳房炎奶样和284份乳房炎奶样进行常见病原菌分离鉴定,以期了解山东地区牛奶中主要病原菌的流行情况。采用常规方法与生化鉴定、PCR技术对样品进行细菌分离鉴定,利用系统进化群试验对大肠杆菌致病性进行分析。结果显示:(1)获得金黄色葡萄球菌150株(11.82%),大肠杆菌248株(19.54%),无乳链球菌35株(2.76%),停乳链球菌18株(1.42%),乳房链球菌49株(3.86%);乳房炎样品细菌检出率(51.41%)明显高于非乳房炎样品(35.94%)(P<0.01);(2)青岛地区样品检出率(67.91%),高于其他地区(P<0.05),金黄色葡萄球菌在青岛检出率(50.0%)最高,大肠杆菌在东营的检出率(40.0%)最高;乳房链球菌在日照的检出率(31.25%)最高,无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌在各地的检出率无明显差异;(3)6月份样品中细菌检出率(67.91%)最高,且明显高于其他采样时间(P<0.01);(4)248株大肠杆菌中,共生群A群213株(85.89%),致病群35株(14.11%),乳房炎样品致病群检出率(22.39%);明显高于非乳房炎样品(11.05%)(P=0.023)。表明山东省牛奶中主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,乳房炎样品细菌和致病群检出率均高于非乳房炎样品,不同地区致病菌检出率存在差异,且夏季最高,秋冬季节低。     

2013—2014年南宁地区临床型奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了了解南宁周边地区大型养殖场现阶段奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类、组成及药敏情况,试验对南宁地区3个大型奶牛场多次采集到的奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明:试验分离得到7种共73株细菌,其中包含无乳链球菌12株(16.43%)、停乳链球菌7株(9.58%)、乳房链球菌3株(4.11%)、金黄色葡萄球菌14株(19.17%)、大肠杆菌34株(46.57%)、变形杆菌2株(2.74%)、黏质沙雷杆菌1株(1.37%);分离菌株对青霉素G、氨苄西林、头孢拉定、复方新诺明等抗生素有不同程度的耐药性。说明南宁地区现阶段奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类的变化不大,但病原菌组成呈现非典型化,且病原菌对常用广谱抗生素的耐药性呈增强趋势。     

临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本研究无菌采集唐山市某奶牛场临床型乳房炎病牛的奶样30份,对奶样进行了病原菌的分离培养、生化鉴定及药敏试验。从30份奶样中共分离到8种156株细菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌58株(37.2%)、大肠杆菌17株(10.9%)、表皮葡萄球菌10株(6.4%)、无乳链球菌38株(24.4%)、乳房链球菌15株(9.6%)、停乳链球菌16株(10.3%)、克雷伯氏菌1株(0.6%)、变形杆菌1株(0.6%)。结果表明,葡萄球菌、链球菌为主要病原菌,其次是大肠杆菌,占总菌数的98.7%(154/156);药敏试验结果表明,主要致病菌对中药组方1(M、G)(蒲公英、连翘、瓜蒌、通草、川芎、土贝母、芙蓉叶、金银花、王不留行、当归)、中药组方2(G)(黄芪、党参、当归、通草、川芎、白术、木通、甘草、王不留行、路路通)、中药复方黄连乳腺炎注射液(M)、新霉素呈高度敏感。     

新疆铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及主要病原菌药敏试验

本试验从新疆铁门关地区采集166份乳房炎患牛的奶样,进行了细菌分离鉴定并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明,从奶样中共分离出12种267株细菌,其中主要病原菌为:金黄色葡萄球菌86株,检出率33.6%;大肠杆菌68株,检出率25.5%;停乳链球菌33株,检出率12.4%;无乳链球菌25株,检出率9.4%。临床型乳房炎大部分为混合感染(混合感染的感染率为61.4%),隐性乳房炎大部分为单独感染(单独感染的感染率为88.5%)。选择16种抗生素采用K-B纸片法对分离出的病原菌进行药敏试验,4种主要病原菌对头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮、克林霉素、氟苯尼考敏感。该试验为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了理论依据。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎与隐性乳房炎之间的相关性研究

为探讨奶牛子宫内膜炎和隐性乳房炎之间的相关性,在宁夏地区3个大型奶牛场(根据临床型子宫内膜炎的诊断标准)选择子宫内膜炎患牛111头,用兰州隐性乳房炎检测法检测(LMT)乳样,其中82.5%的病牛同时患有隐性乳房炎,然后进行了子宫样和乳样的采集,并用常规细菌分离、培养结合高智能全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统(VITEK 2 Campact),确定引起宁夏奶牛子宫内膜炎的病原菌有18种110株,引起乳房炎的病原菌有23种107株,其中大肠杆菌、停乳链球菌、克氏库克菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假单胞杆菌、乳房链球菌、产色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞杆菌、产酸克雷伯菌、副溶血弧菌、克雷伯氏菌可以同时引起奶牛子宫内膜炎和隐性乳房炎。     

铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及体外抑菌试验

为查清铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的种类及筛选出敏感药物,提高乳房炎的防治效果,从铁门关地区规模牛场和散养户采集乳房炎奶样,进行病原菌的分离与生化鉴定。选择部分中药、抗生素和乳头药浴液分别采用琼脂平板打孔法、K-B纸片法和二倍稀释法对主要病原菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明:从166份乳样中共分离出12种267株细菌,其中主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(占32.2%)、大肠杆菌(占25.5%)、停乳链球菌(占12.4%)、无乳链球菌(占9.4%)。临床型乳房炎病例中72.9%为混合感染,隐性乳房炎病例中88.5%为单独感染。体外抑菌试验中,头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮、氟苯尼考对4种主要病原菌敏感,洗必泰的最低抑菌浓度最小。试验结果可为铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.