人工饲养条件下棕黑锦蛇肾脏病变的初步观察

为提高人工养蛇的成活率,对实验室饲养的棕黑锦蛇进行初步健康检查。通过解剖观察,发现部分蛇患有肾脏疾病,病变肾脏可分为两类:肾脏水肿和肾脏坏死。组织学观察,棕黑锦蛇肾脏出现了类似哺乳动物病变肾脏的肾小球硬化和肾间质纤维化,而这两种病变均为肾衰竭的前期表征。在人工饲养条件下,由于棕黑锦蛇肾脏出现了严重的结构损伤,导致了其生活状态不佳,而引起疾患的原因有待于进一步研究。     

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎是由传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)所致的一种急性、高度接触性传染病,其病理特征是肾脏肿大、输尿管扩张,不同日龄、品种的鸡均有易感性.幼鸡感染发病后表现为高发病率和高死亡率.鸡IBV血清型众多,仅引起肾脏病变的毒株就至少有16个不同血清型,国内不同地区分离、鉴定的肾型IBV也明显存在着毒力和血清型的差异.     

某蛋鸡场发生痛风的病因及其血液生化指标的测定

禽痛风是由于家禽体内蛋白质代谢障碍产生大量的尿酸或肾脏受损伤导致尿酸及尿酸盐排泄障碍,大量尿酸及尿酸盐在肝脏、胃肠、肠系膜、心脏、输尿管、肾脏等脏器的表面或间质中沉积,也可在关节腔、关节囊等处蓄积.在临床上,根据禽痛风的症状特点及病变类型将禽痛风分为关节型痛风和内脏型痛风.目前,对家禽痛风还无特效治疗方法,常导致家禽生产性能降低和家禽死亡,给养禽场(户)造成巨大的经济损失.笔者通过对某鸡场禽痛风发生的病因调查以及血液生化指标的测定,探索禽痛风发生的原因和机理,为临床防治痛风提供依据.     

肉仔鸡肾型传染性支气管炎的诊断与治疗

鸡的传染性支气管是由冠状病毒引发的一种急性、高度接触性呼吸道传染病。主要发生于蛋鸡和雏鸡。根据不同病毒株感染后侵害主要脏器的差异。临床上常分为呼吸型传支、肾型传支、腺胃型传支、生殖型传支。其中的肾病变型毒株对肾脏有亲嗜性,侵入鸡体后除呼吸型传支的症状外,主要使肾脏发生严重病变,这种病型称为“鸡传染性支气管炎肾病变型”,简称“肾型传支”,大多发生于雏鸡,尤其是肉用仔鸡。     

羊肠毒血症的防治

羊肠毒血症系由D型魏氏梭菌感染所引起,呈地方性流行,绵羊易感性高于山羊。临床分为最急性型和急性型两种,病羊主要出现全身症状和消化道症状,剖检呈多器官出血和水肿病变,肾脏出现软化。预防本病需加强管理并科学开展疫苗免疫。抗生素对本病有一定的治疗效果。     

屠宰猪肾脏病变的特征

屠宰猪肾脏的检疫、检验及处理是动物卫生检疫工作中的一个重要环节.由于屠宰猪肾脏病变多而且比较复杂.现将动物检疫工作中肾脏的常见病变初步归纳如下:     

警惕信鸽的肾损病

所谓信鸽的肾损病就是近几年来在信鸽的鸽群中经常发生的肾脏损伤性疾病。信鸽的肾脏损伤性疾病是由多种致病因素引起的肾脏肿胀、肾小叶消失、肾结石症、内脏型痛风、输尿管增粗、阻塞等病变。以上各种病变严重危害着信鸽的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠道和活动性关节。     

鸡的肾脏疾病

1发生原因 1.1传染性肾病 1.1.1肾型传染性支气管炎 是由肾型传染性支气管炎病毒引起的以肾脏病变为主的传染性支气管炎类型。 1.1.2传染性法氏囊病 人们有一种共识,那就是传染性法氏囊病毒与传染性支气管炎病毒是同时存在的,然而引起肾病的病原体,是传染性支气管炎病毒。传染性法氏囊病主要病变在法氏囊,但可在肾脏见到不明显的散发性病变。 1.1.3产蛋下降综合征 当鸡只感染了引起产蛋下降综合征的腺病毒时,可见到轻微的肾脏病变。 1.1.4传染性肾炎 病原为一种微小核糖核酸病毒,主要引起雏鸡肾脏病变。 1.1.5雏鸡白痢 可形成典型的肾…     

家禽肾脏病变的鉴别诊断

正家禽养殖过程中因为饲养管理不规范、环境恶劣、滥用药物等因素导致各疾病时有发生,而好多疾病都会引发肾脏出现一系列问题,比如肿胀、充血、出血、尿酸盐沉积等等。常见的能够引起肾脏发生病变的疾病有肾型传染性支气管炎、传染性法氏囊炎、禽流感、痛风、霉菌中毒、药物中毒等等。本文从肾脏的功能、意义、病原、病变特征等方面     

鸡群投药注意要点

鸡痘分为皮肤型(病变在皮肤)、白喉型(病变在口腔、咽喉和气管等黏膜表面)和混合型3种,一年四季都可发生,以雏鸡和中雏发病最多,雏鸡死亡率较高.     

Sur les variations morphologiques et architecturales des reins des oiseaux domestiques (Gallus domesticus, Meleagris gallopavo, Anser domesticus, Anas boschas domestica)

On the Morphological and Architectural Variations of the Kidneys in Domestic Fowls The investigations have been carried out on kidneys injected with latex and corroded in HCl. The kidneys were taken from 3 cocks, 20 hens, 2 turkey-cocks, 4 turkey hens, 2 drakes, 5 ducks, 5 ganders and 3 geese at the age of 6 months to 1 year. The territorial distributions of the renal vessels are similar in all the four species. Venous “by-pass” and anastomosis not mentioned in the literature have been described. The renal arteries manifest a high degree of variability concerning their origins and ramifications. Our hypothesis of the “longitudinal traction” correlates the “contracted” and “elongated” forms of the kidneys and their architectonics with the longitudinal development of the pelvis, i. e. the adaptation of the apparatus locomotorius to the living conditions of the species.     

Ultrasonographic Features of the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Kidney

Nine healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were used to characterize the ultrasonographic size and anatomical structure of the kidneys. Sonographic evaluations were performed with the aid of a 12-MHz linear probe. Kidney measurements included total width and length, total organ area, cortex and medullary thickness, and width and length of the renal pelvis. Based on the results of this study, normal chinchilla kidneys are located retroperitoneally, with the right kidney in a more cranial location than the left. Statistical analysis showed that measurements were similar between contralateral kidneys and between sexes. Chinchilla kidneys have a single papilla and a wider renal pelvis compared with the renal pelvis of dogs and cats. Moreover, chinchilla kidneys have a longer medullary area. The data herein may aid diagnosis of renal disease in chinchillas, avoiding misinterpretations of ultrasonic findings involving the kidneys of this species.     

牦牛肾集合系统解剖结构的铸型分析

旨在探讨牦牛（Bos grunniens）肾集合系统的解剖结构。运用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（acrylonitrile butadiene styrene，ABS）铸型技术，制作24个牦牛肾集合系统标本，通过观察标本，记录肾集合系统的解剖特点。结果显示：肾盂在所有标本中都存在，根据输尿管近端有无扩张分为两种类型：扩张型肾盂和未扩张型肾盂，后者更多见（58.3%）。集合系统中有前、后两个肾大盏，肾小盏通过漏斗状结构与肾大盏相连，一个漏斗状结构连接1～5个肾小盏。牦牛肾集合系统前后区域肾小盏数量差异显著（P<0.01），其中，后部肾小盏数量比前部多。根据肾前后区域和中间区域尿液收集引流特点，将牦牛肾集合系统分为两种类型：A型和B型。肾中间区域肾实质尿液的收集和引流依赖前、后肾盏组的为A型，独立于前、后肾盏组的为B型，在牦牛中，A型是常见类型，占70.8%，其次是B型，占29.2%。牦牛肾集合系统由1个肾盂、2个肾大盏和多个（11～21）肾小盏构成，根据尿液引流特点分为A、B两种类型，其中A型较常见。     

Analysis of Casts of the Kidney Collection System Anatomical Structure in the Yak

This work aims to study the anatomical structure of the yak kidney collection system. Twenty-four collecting system casting specimens, which were made by ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), were observed to study its anatomical structure. The results showed that the renal pelvis was present in all casts and is classified into 2 types, dilated or nondilated (58.3%), with or without the dilated origin of the ureter. All casts had 2 major renal calyces toward the cranial and the caudal poles. Minor renal calyces were connected to the major renal calyces by an infundibulum, which drained 1 to 5 minor renal calyces. The number of minor renal calyces in the caudal region was significantly more than that in cranial (P<0.01). The yak kidney collection system was classified into 2 types according to the character of drainage. The type A, which was composed of the collection system that presented two major caliceal groups and mid-zone drainage was dependent on these major groups, and type B, which mid-zone drainage was independent of the polar caliceal groups, the type A (70.8%) was more common than type B (29.2%) in the yak. The collection system of yak kidney was composed of 1 renal pelvis, 2 major renal calyces, and multiple (11-21) minor renal calyces. According to the characteristics of drainage, it was divided into 2 types, A and B, of which type A is more common.     

Pathological and aetiological studies of multifocal interstitial nephritis in wasted pigs at slaughter

Multifocal interstitial nephritis in pigs has been associated with several infectious agents. The objective of the present study was to investigate several different potential infectious agents associated with "white-spotted" kidneys in pigs suffering from wasting at slaughter (aged 6-8 months). Twenty-nine case kidneys (with a "white-spotted" gross appearance) classified into 3 macroscopic lesional grades, and 15 control kidneys (lacking gross lesions), were obtained from a pig abattoir. Laboratory analyses to detect potential associations with the aforementioned pathological condition with Leptospira spp., porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and bacteria, were carried out. Microscopically, interstitial nephritis with a lymphofollicular inflammatory pattern (follicular nephritis) was observed in both case and control kidneys, with a higher frequency seen in the former ones. No leptospires were identified, although antibodies to the Pomona and Bratislava serovars were detected. Some pyogenic bacteria were also isolated from both case and control kidneys. PCV2 nucleic acid was only detected in 1 case kidney. PRRSV antigen was not found in any tested sample. Some pigs were tested positive for PPV by serology. Apparently, none of the studied agents were specifically associated as being the potential cause of the renal lesions in the studied wasted pigs. The fact that these chronic lesions may have been the consequence of a previous infection with one of these studied microorganisms, or more, and eventually with other non-tested infectious agents during the growing-finishing period, cannot be ruled out.     

BILATERAL PERINEPHRIC PSEUDOCYSTS AND POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS IN A FERRET

A 3-year-old castrated male domestic ferret was evaluated for abdominal distention. Survey lateral and dorsoventral abdominal radiographs were made. There were two soft tissue radiopacities consistent with grossly enlarged kidneys displacing small bowel and colon cranially, ventrally and caudally. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed bilateral perinephric pseudocysts and polycystic kidneys. The perinephric pseudocysts were found to be dilated renal capsules on exploratory surgery and were drained. On follow up examinations, the pseudocysts were drained by ultrasound-guided paracentesis. The perinephric cyst fluid was distinguished from urine by measuring creatinine concentration and plans were made to resect the renal capsules due to rapid re-accumulation of pseudocyst fluid. The ferret's condition deteriorated and euthanasia was performed. Post-mortem examination was declined by the owner. Perinephric pseudocysts are rare and this is the first published report in a ferret. Ultrasound examination is the most rapid, accurate and non-invasive method for diagnosis of perinephric pseudocysts.     

RENAL TRANSIT TIME OF 99mTc-DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTACETIC ACID (DTPA) IN NORMAL DOGS

The transit time of 99mTc-DTPA in the kidneys is an indicator of renal function that has been used in humans for the diagnosis of renal obstruction, renal artery stenosis, and rejection of renal transplants. Its use, however, has not been reported in the dog. 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy was performed in 8 normal dogs and the time of peak was calculated as the time between the injection and the maximum renal uptake. Deconvolution analysis was performed to estimate the renal retention function using 3 different techniques, i.e. the matrix method, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, and the constrained least square method. The parenchymal and whole kidney mean transit times were calculated from the deconvolved renogram using alternatively the thorax and the aorta as the input function. Average mean transit times ranged from 137 to 184 seconds. Parenchymal mean transit time was significantly shorter than whole kidney mean transit time (P<0.03). Mean transit time calculated with the thorax as the input function was significantly longer than mean transit time calculated with the aorta (P<0.001). No differences were observed between mean transit time calculated with the matrix, FFT and constrained least square methods.     

Effects of serial ultrasound-guided renal biopsies on kidneys of healthy adolescent dogs

Ten healthy mixed-breed dogs were used to evaluate the functional and structural effects of serial ultrasound-guided renal biopsies obtained with an automated biopsy needle. In each dog, one lateral renal cortex was biopsied at 2, 4, and 6 months of age; the other kidney was the control. Five dogs had two tissue cores and five dogs had four tissue cores taken on each biopsy occasion, and one core was examined microscopically. One week before each biopsy and a month after the final biopsy, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by renal scintigraphy. Dogs were then euthanized for evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions attributable to the biopsies. There was no difference between GFR values for biopsied kidneys and those of control kidneys ( P >0.05). Microscopic lesions were not identified in biopsies taken at 2 and 4 months, but focal lesions were found in three of 10 specimens taken at 6 months of age. At necropsy, six of 10 biopsied kidneys had small visible capsular scars, and linear tracts <2 mm wide were observed on cut surfaces in six of 10 biopsied kidneys cut transversely into slices 5 mm thick. Discrete light microscopic lesions were observed in 25 of 452 (5.5%) of randomly selected 6-mm-diameter sections of renal cortex from biopsied kidneys. We conclude that serial renal cortical biopsies can be obtained by our method from healthy adolescent dogs with minimal risk of inducing changes that might be confused with those of a progressive renal disease.     

Acute effects of a gamma-glutamylated derivative of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine on renal function and ultrastructure in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: site-specific toxicity involving S1 and S2 cells of the proximal tubule.

It has been established that L-gamma-glutamylated derivatives of alpha-amino acids are delivered more efficiently to the kidneys than are the parent alpha-amino acids. Therefore, we synthesized L-gamma-glutamyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC), the simplest L-gamma-glutamylated derivative of the nephrotoxic alpha-amino acid S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (L-DCVC), and investigated its effects on renal function and ultrastructure in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Intravenous doses of 23.15 and 92.60 mumol of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC/kg of body weight induced significant increases in urinary protein output and significant decreases in the clearance of inulin during the 6-hour post-injection period. Changes were not observed in any of the other 13 renal function variables or in the 11 plasma and blood variables that were monitored throughout the same period. Both doses of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC induced renal ultrastructural lesions in the S1 and S2 cells of the canine proximal tubule; the remaining 8 cell types downstream and the glomeruli were not damaged. The onset and magnitude of renal function changes and the cell types affected by L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC were virtually identical to those observed previously following IV administration of equivalent doses of L-DCVC to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Rapid removal of the L-gamma-glutamyl group from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC (ie, deglutamylation) resulting in formation of the parent alpha-amino acid, L-DCVC, can best explain the extreme similarity in the nephrotoxic profiles of these 2 toxicants.     

Chronic renal failure in young dogs–possible renal dysplasia

The clinico-pathological findings are described in thirteen young dogs with advanced renal disease. All but three dogs were less than 2 years old. Some had signs of renal dysfunction since birth. Presenting signs were variable but anorexia, lethargy and weight loss were most frequent. All dogs had raised blood urea levels and most passed dilute urine; proteinuria and anaemia were variable findings. At necropsy all dogs had extra-renal lesions of renal failure and finely granular or lobulated, shrunken kidneys. The microscopical appearances of the kidneys were not those of amyloidosis, inflammatory or glomerular disease but were considered likely to be of developmental origin. The renal lesions were divided into three histologically distinct groups.

• 1 Predominantly cystic and connective tissue changes, characterized by striking dilatation of glomerular capsular spaces and cortical tubules.
• 2 Atypical connective tissue changes in which there were segmental bands of fibrous tissue containing primitive glomerular and tubular structures.
• 3 Predominantly glomerular and connective tissue changes, characterized by varying degrees of glomerulosclerosis and widespread calcification of glomeruli, tubules and blood vessels.

All groups had cortical and medullary interstitial fibrosis but minimal inflammatory cell infiltrates.