高压和氯化钙结合处理对牛肉嫩度的影响

为探明高压和氯化钙（CaCl2）注射结合处理对僵直后期牛肉嫩度的影响,首先分别对CaCl2浓度、高压强度及保压时间对宰后36?h的牛背最长肌嫩度的影响进行分析,在3个单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面中心组合设计法,对高压和CaCl2结合处理嫩化牛肉的工艺参数进行优化,并通过透射电镜对肌纤维的超微结构进行分析。结果表明：以CaCl2浓度、高压强度和保压时间为自变量,剪切力值为响应值,得到的二次多项式回归模型拟合度高（决定系数R2=0.9742）;高压强度、保压时间、CaCl2浓度、高压强度和保压时间的交互作用对牛肉嫩化效果极显著（P＜0.01）,高压强度和CaCl2浓度的交互作用对牛肉嫩化效果显著（P＜0.05）。高压和CaCl2结合处理嫩化牛肉最佳工艺为：高压强度241?MPa,CaCl2浓度0.24?mol/L（样品质量5%的注射量）,保压时间14?min。应用此工艺嫩化牛肉,和对照相比牛背最长肌剪切力值下降了52.98%,肌纤维间隙增大,肌节完整性遭受破坏,牛肉嫩度明显改善。     

冷却牦牛分割肉酶嫩化技术研究

牦牛肉色泽鲜红，风味纯正，营养丰富，但肌纤维较粗，易出现“冷收缩”现象，使质地坚硬，嫩度下降。为提高冷却牦牛肉的嫩度，改善肉质，该研究将木瓜蛋白酶用于冷却牦牛分割肉嫩化，通过L₉(3⁴)正交试验选择出最佳嫩化工艺参数，即酶浓度9 mg/kg，处理温度15℃，处理时间3 h。采用注射嫩化法，真空包装、急速冷却后在0～4℃条件下贮藏。结果表明，木瓜蛋白酶可明显提高肉的嫩度，使剪切力值(48.44 N/cm²、肌纤维直径(8.03 μm)、失水率(5.91%)下降，口感改善，对冷却肉的贮藏性无影响(0～4℃，9 d)，操作方法简单，成本低，适合工厂化生产，实用性强。     

高压处理对牛肉感官特性与食用品质的影响

通过对宰后牛肉施加250 MPa的压力处理，分析测定处理后牛肉在贮藏期间理化指标的变化，研究了高压处理对牛肉感官品质的影响。试验结果表明高压处理能明显降低牛肉的剪切力和改善牛肉的嫩度(P<0.01)，高压嫩化的效果与肌肉的部位密切相关，压力处理对背最长肌和里脊的嫩化作用最明显。压力处理后牛肉的可溶性物质含量有所增加,但在贮藏后期差异不显著(P>0.05)，压力处理对牛肉中的游离氨基酸的影响不明显(P>0.05)，这也表明压力处理对牛肉风味的贡献与自然成熟的作用相近。通过研究可以得出结论，在室温下用250 MPa的压力处理宰后热剔骨(6小时以内)真空包装的牛肉10 min，0～4℃冷藏条件下贮存2～3 d，可获得嫩度好、其它感官指标不明显低于低温吊挂成熟7～10 d的产品。     

海蜇头糖蛋白超声辅助提取工艺研究

为提高海蜇头糖蛋白提取效果,采用超声辅助提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,采用超声处理时间、超声功率和提取时间三因素三水平响应面分析试验以优化此工艺条件.结果表明:海蜇头目标糖蛋白超声辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为超声处理时间15 min,超声功率300 W,提取时间60 min;在此工艺条件下,糖蛋白实际得率为9.14%,与模型预测值之间具有较好的拟合性.在3个因素中,超声处理时间,超声功率对糖蛋白得率的影响极显著,提取时间影响不显著,且相互之间无交互效应.     

施肥对梁山慈竹林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

对4种施肥(条施生物有机菌肥、条施复混肥、撒施生物有机菌肥和撒施复混肥)处理后的梁山慈竹林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳进行了研究.结果表明:4种施肥处理的土壤剖面有机碳和微生物量碳含量均高于对照,分别比对照增加了17.4％～39.1％和67.9％～137.1％.施肥种类对土壤有机碳含量影响差异显著(p＜0.05),F=6.15＞F0.05(1.6),施肥方式对土壤有机碳含量影响差异不显著,F=5.72＜F0.05(1.6),二者的交互作用影响差异显著(p＜0.05),且F交互作用＞F施肥种类.施肥种类对土壤微生物量碳含量影响差异极显著(p＜0.01),施肥方式对土壤生物量碳含量影响差异显著(p＜0.05),F=23.62＞F0.01(1.6),F=10.51＞F0.05(1.6),二者的交互作用差异极显著(p＜0.01),F=38.91＞F0.01(1.6),且F交互作用＞F施肥种类.研究结果说明,适当的施肥种类配合合理的施肥方式有利于土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的提高.     

模拟气候变化条件下太湖地区典型农田氮素的动态变化

在当前气候变化情景下,基于T-FACE(temperature-free air carbon dioxide enrichment)平台升高温度和CO2浓度,连续3a在小麦生长季对太湖地区典型土壤——乌栅土耕作层中无机氮素的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:在小麦3个生长季内土壤中NH+4-N的含量表现为先降低后升高;温度升高、CO2浓度升高和CO2浓度与温度同时升高的交互作用会导致土壤中NH+4-N含量降低,并且时间越长,影响效果越明显;在小麦3个生长季内土壤中NO-3-N的含量没有明显变化规律;CO2浓度升高和CO2浓度与温度同时升高的交互作用也能降低土壤中NO-3-N的含量;温度对土壤中NO-3-N含量的影响没有显著规律性;常规处理和CO2浓度升高处理的土壤中NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量有显著和极显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.538(p0.05),0.725(p0.01)。     

CO_2浓度升高对不同大豆品种根际微生物丰度的影响

为明确大气CO_2浓度升高对不同大豆品种根际微生物丰度的影响差异,全面解析在高CO_2浓度下由微生物参与的土壤生态系统碳转化过程,本研究选取1950年-2003年间东北黑土区推广的4个大豆品种,利用开顶式气候箱(Open Top Chamber,OTC)模拟大气CO_2浓度升高至550 ppm,采用荧光定量PCR方法,解析了CO_2浓度升高对不同大豆品种根际微生物丰度的影响。结果表明:CO_2浓度(p=0.006)和大豆品种(p=0.013)对根际细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数影响显著,CO_2升高对4个大豆品种根际土壤细菌丰度均有促进作用,而CO_2浓度和大豆品种的交互作用对根际细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数影响不显著(p=0.362);CO_2浓度、大豆品种以及两者的交互作用对根际真菌ITS基因拷贝数影响均为极显著(p0.001),真菌比细菌对CO_2浓度升高的响应更为敏感,与细菌和真菌生长所需的碳氮比和生长模式不同有关;CO_2浓度(p=0.169)、大豆品种(p=0.404)以及两者的交互作用(p=0.059)对根际反硝化细菌nir S基因拷贝数影响均不显著。     

不同暗沟间距对垂柳光谱和光合特性的影响

[目的]通过评估不同处理的改良效果,为西北地区利用暗沟处理措施改良盐碱土提供理论依据,从而解决西北地区大面积的盐渍土现象,实现土地的高效利用。[方法]以2年生垂柳为试验材料,对比分析了不同暗沟间距处理措施(CK为对照;T1为暗沟间距3m;T2为暗沟间距6m;T3为暗沟间距9m;T4为暗沟间距15m)对土壤理化性质、垂柳的生长和叶片光谱光合特性的影响。[结果](1)4种处理的土壤含水率、pH值和土壤含盐量与对照相比均有所降低;除T4处理外,其余处理均与对照之间具有显著性差异(p0.05),T3处理的土壤含盐量下降最多。(2)通过处理垂柳的各项生长指标均比对照组有所提高,T1处理效果最好,T4处理效果最差,T1与T2,T3处理之间差异不显著(p0.05)。(3)4种暗沟间距处理都能显著提高垂柳的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和叶绿素含量,T1与T2,T3处理之间差异不显著(p0.05),T4处理效果不及另外3种处理。[结论]在西北地区采用挖设暗沟排盐的方法可以有效排出盐分,综合考虑经济成本等因素,T3处理为最佳方案。     

外源物质浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发效应的影响

为提高老化种子的生活力和利用率，有效利用黄瓜种子，给黄瓜陈种子在生产中的应用提供数据支撑。以贮存11 a的黄瓜品种甘丰11号种子为材料，采用培养皿发芽法，研究不同外源物质CaCl2、KH2PO4、KNO3、SA、ZnSO4浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的影响。结果表明，5种不同浓度的药剂均能不同程度提高黄瓜种子的发芽率，以0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的促进作用最显著，其发芽率为(91.67±1.66)%、发芽势为(87.90±1.40)%、发芽指数为53.63±2.15，较对照只加入清水处理分别提高31.58%、56.96%、69.37%，各处理间差异达到显著水平(P ＜ 0.05)。生产中可以选用0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸泡处理黄瓜陈种子。     

提高罐藏蘑菇的得率的研究

为了探讨提高罐藏蘑菇得率的更好方法，用正交试验设计方法进一步分析浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中各因素以及蘑菇的预煮时间、预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率的影响。试验结果表明，在浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中，只有冷藏处理显著影响罐藏蘑菇的得率。蘑菇的预煮时间与预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率也有较显著的影响。将蘑菇在2℃的条件下作20～24 h的冷藏处理后再预煮，并适当延长预煮时间可提高罐藏蘑菇的得率。     

原料肉的机械前处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿品质的影响

为了改善猪肉切片火腿出水、质构和口感问题,以精选猪后腿肉的股四头肌为主要原料,研究5种机械处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿系水性(蒸煮损失率、压榨失水率和杀菌失水率)、质构特性(硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼度)、色泽和感官品质的影响。5种对原料肉的机械处理工艺包括只滚揉、注射腌制液后滚揉、嫩化后滚揉、注射后嫩化滚揉、腰刀绞制后滚揉。结果表明:注射和嫩化均可显著降低火腿的蒸煮损失率和压榨失水率,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的蒸煮损失率最低,为7.90%,而腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿切片杀菌失水率最低,为2.66%,注射后嫩化滚揉与腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿压榨失水率均最低,并且均显著低于其他处理组。注射和嫩化均可提高产品的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度,注射嫩化滚揉组合处理与进行1种机械处理或2种机械处理相比,样品具有更好的质构特性,但是5种机械处理工艺中,腰刀绞制后滚揉的猪肉火腿硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度均最大。注射和嫩化有利于提高产品的亮度值(L*)和红度值(a*),降低产品的黄度值(b*)。通过感官评价可知,只经过滚揉的火腿具有最差的感官品质,注射后滚揉和嫩化后滚揉火腿的感官品质差异不大,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的质地和切片性低于腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿,但是显肉性和色泽优于腰刀绞制后滚揉火腿。因此,工业化生产建议原料肉采用注射后嫩化滚揉处理,猪肉切片火腿具有最好的品质。     

Effects of organic and inorganic calcium compounds on soil-solution pH and aluminium concentration

The reactions of two organic (citrate and fulvate) and two inorganic (chloride and phosphogypsum) calcium compounds were studied during leaching of columns of unsaturated acidic soil. The potential of these compounds to decrease the aluminium concentration in the soil solution and remove exchangeable aluminium, and their effects on soil acidity are described. The calcium citrate solution increased the soil solution pH from 5 to a maximum value of 7 in the upper portion of the column. In contrast, the fulvate, calcium chloride and phosphogypsum solutions had little effect on soil-solution pH. Treatment with calcium citrate, or fulvate solution that contained 51 mm Na, removed most of the exchangeable aluminium from the column. The cation exchange sites in the upper portion of the column were saturated with calcium, and the cation exchange capacity of the soil was increased from 35 to c. 80 mmol_c kg^?1 in the calcium citrate treatment. Leachate from this treatment contained low (< 2 mm ) calcium concentrations and high aluminium concentrations. In contrast, the above changes were not shown by the calcium chloride and phosphogypsum treatments. In these treatments the calcium concentration in the leachate was equal to that in the inflowing solution, which indicated that calcium was transported through the entire column. These results suggest that calcium alone was ineffective in displacing aluminium from the cation exchange sites and a strong complexing agent such as citrate or fulvate is needed to mobilize the exchangeable aluminium.     

Einfluß von Natriumchlorid und Mycostatin auf den Mineralstoffgehalt im Blattgewebe und die Feinstruktur der Chloroplasten

Effect of Sodium Chloride and Mycostatin on the Mineral Content of Leaf Segments and on the Fine Structure of Chloroplasts Leaf segments of bean, barley and sugar beet were treated for several hours with 25 meq NaC1 or with the antibiotica mycostatin. The effect of these treatments on the content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride in the leaf segments and on the fine structure of chloroplasts was studied. In bean sodium chloride treatment induced strong efflux of potassium and swelling of the chloroplasts. Sodium sulfate or mycostatin had the same effect. Despite of the strong efflux of potassium the content of calcium and magnesium in the segments was practically unaffected. Addition of 1 meq calcium to the external solution prevented the effect of sodium chloride on efflux of potassium as well as on the fine structure. In barley sodium chloride or mycostatin also induced efflux of potassium and swelling of the chloroplasts. These effects, however, were less pronounced than in bean. Again the content of calcium and magnesium in the segments was practically unaffected, and the addition of 1 meq calcium compensated the effect of sodium chloride. In sugar beet both mycostatin and sodium chloride did not induce efflux of potassium, despite of a strong influx of sodium in the sodium chloride treatment. In both treatments no change in the fine structure of the chloroplasts was observed. It was proved by isolation of chloroplasts that the typical sodium chloride induced differences in efflux of potassium from the leaf segments is also reflected in efflux of potassium from the chloroplasts. The results indicate the causative connection between efflux of potassium and change in the fine structure of the chloroplasts. Differences between the three plant species with respect to efflux of potassium induced by sodium chloride or mycostatin are reflections of different membrane properties. The presence of calcium in the external solution is much more important for the membrane stability of bean than it is for sugar beet e. g. The results obtained with leaf segments are a good reflection of the different tolerance of these three plant species to high sodium chloride concentrations under field conditions.     

用超声波活体检测建立肉牛宰后性状的预测模型

为了对肉牛进行早期选择并适时屠宰,该文通过超声波活体检测技术获得6种国内常用肉牛杂交品种和本土品种(60头)8月龄、22月龄眼肌面积和背膘厚数据,集中育肥屠宰后,用50头幼龄牛和成年牛超声测定的眼肌面积、背膘厚及体重建立了成年牛宰后性状(眼肌面积、背膘厚、产肉性状(高档肉质量、后部肉质量、优质肉质量和胴体质量))的数学预测模型,并对加入体重资料前后的预测模型进行检验分析.结果表明,屠宰后眼肌面积、背膘厚预测模型的决定系数小于0.75,但产肉性状预测模型的决定系数均大于0.75,经10头牛数据验证,所有模型预测结果与实测结果无显著差异,说明利用超声波技术测得幼龄牛或成年牛的眼肌面积和背膘厚预测屠宰后眼肌面积、背膘厚和产肉性状是可行的,且加入体重的预测模型较未加入的模型更为精确.     

Effects of salinity,rootstock, and position of sampling on macro nutrient concentration of pomegranate cv. Gabri

In order to study the effects of salinity, rootstock, and position of sampling on macronutrient concentration of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. “Gabri,” a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 0 and 70 mM sodium chloride and calcium chloride (1:1), three graft combinations (Gabri non-grafted as a control, Gabri/Tab-o-larz, and Gabri/Malas-e-yazdi), and two positions of sampling (lower half and upper half shoot), with three replications. The results showed that mineral concentration of sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium in shoot and root increased while that of magnesium decreased with salt treatment. The graft combination of Gabri on Tab-o-Larz rootstock had the lowest of sodium and chloride levels in the lower half shoot. Also, calcium concentration in the lower half shoot and potassium concentration in the upper half shoot were higher in the graft combination of Gabri on Tab-o-Larz rootstock. These results imply that Tab-o-Larz rootstock restricts the uptake or transport of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) from root to shoot; furthermore, it can be used as a salt-tolerant rootstock for pomegranate cv. Gabri.     

长期施用含氯化肥对棕壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物的影响

【目的】氨氧化微生物是氨氧化过程的主要驱动者,氨氧化过程作为硝化作用的限速步骤对氮循环具有重要作用。本研究以沈阳农业大学棕壤含氯化肥长期定位试验的土壤为研究对象,探讨了连续34年施用高氯和低氯化肥对棕壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物的影响。【方法】该长期试验在等量氮、磷、钾条件下,设置高氯和低氯处理,共8个处理:T1(不施肥);T2(单施尿素);T3(尿素+氯化钾);T4(尿素+过磷酸钙);T5(尿素+过磷酸钙+氯化钾);T6(尿素+磷酸一铵+氯化钾);T7(尿素+氯磷铵+氯化钾);T8(硝酸磷肥+过磷酸钙+氯化钾),T7为高氯处理。采集0—20cm土壤样品,利用荧光定量PCR技术测定氨氧化细菌(AOB)和古菌(AOA)丰度,并结合土壤硝化潜势和基本化学性质,分析长期施用含氯化肥对棕壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物丰度的影响及影响氨氧化微生物丰度的主要环境因素。【结果】长期施肥降低了土壤pH值,高氯处理降低得最多,显著低于其他处理;高氯处理的土壤硝化潜势也显著低于其他处理,且除高氯处理外,配施磷肥的处理土壤硝化潜势显著高于不施磷处理。各处理土壤中AOA丰度均显著高于AOB,高氯处理土壤中AOA、AOB丰度均显著低于其他处理,土壤硝化潜势与AOA和AOB均呈显著正相关关系。【结论】连续施用高氯化肥34年显著降低了棕壤AOA和AOB丰度,抑制了硝化潜势。该结果可为通过含氯化肥的合理施用来调节土壤AOA和AOB,进而调控土壤氮素循环提供参考。     

Impact of Supplemental Calcium Chloride on Yield,Quality, Nutrient Status,and Postharvest Attributes of Tomato

Little is known regarding the impact of calcium chloride applications during growth and development on tomato postharvest quality. This trial investigated supplemental calcium chloride applications on yield, nutrient content, texture, and postharvest quality of tomato fruit. Calcium (Ca) nutrient solution concentrations were: 60, 180, and 360 mg·L^?1 calcium, while foliar applications were (0, 1, and 2% calcium chloride w/v). Plants grown with 60 mg·L^?1 Ca had a high incidence of blossom end rot, which was not affected by calcium chloride sprays. Fruit nutrient concentrations were affected by calcium delivered through the nutrient solution. As fruit cluster position increased, fruit nutrient concentrations significantly decreased. Foliar calcium chloride sprays affected fruit soluble solids content and dry weight, but did not affect texture. Pericarp elasticity increased concomitantly with calcium in the nutrient solution. Postharvest disease incidence was not affected by calcium treatment, though weight loss during storage was negatively affected by calcium chloride sprays.     

丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl_2复配对砀山酥梨的保鲜效果

研究了砀山酥梨用丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配剂涂膜处理后低温冷藏(0℃~2℃)的保鲜效果。结果表明,丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配剂对砀山酥梨具有明显的保鲜作用,其中以DKLO2(40μl/L丁香叶油+1%壳聚糖+1%CaCl2)浸涂保鲜效果最好,可显著延缓砀山酥梨采后硬度和可溶性固形物的下降,可使呼吸高峰较对照推迟10d出现,并能显著抑制MDA含量的增加及相对电导率和PPO活性的上升;贮藏至第30天,SOD活性较对照增加95.61%,CAT和POD活性分别是对照的2.22及4.28倍。DKL02浸涂处理可使砀山酥梨的贮存期达7个月。     

ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY GIBBSITE

The effects of the salts were studied using I per cent suspensions of gibbsite at pH 5.5 and 26°C. At 480μM phosphate and I mM calcium, the kinetic pattern was an initial rapid adsorption reaction, which approached equilibrium in 24 h, revealing a slower reaction. Adsorption isotherms determined at 24 h, with a range of final phosphate concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 μ in solution, were not affected by 20 mM sodium or potassium chloride or 10 mM magnesium chloride. Increasing calcium chloride from o to 20 TIM increased the adsorption of phosphate over the range from 1 to 100 μM final phosphate concentration. At lower (0.1 μM) and higher (1000 μM) phosphate, the effect of calcium was smaller. These results help to explain several effects of the various cations on the adsorption of phosphate by clays and soils, when effects of neutral salts on pH are also considered.