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Abstract Effect of weeding regime (unweeded control, hand weeding once, 4 weeks after transplanting (w.a.t.) and hand weeding twice, 4 and 7 w.a.t.) and different plant spacings (20 × 2.5 cm, 20 × 5 cm, 20 × 10 cm, 20 × 15 cm and 20 × 20 cm) on weed growth and performance of transplanted rice were tested in a split-plot design. Grain yield and number of panicles were not significantly different in both weeding treatments from the unweeded control at 20 × 2.5 to 20 × 10 cm spacings, showing that, at closer spacings weed control may not be necessary to increase grain yield. The number of weeds at harvest was significantly lower in the weeded plots than the unweeded control at all spacings used. Weed weight at harvest was significantly affected by weeding regime at all spacings except at 20 × 2.5 cm, where no significant difference was observed between the weeded and the unweeded plots. Plant spacings significantly affected the grain yield and weed weight, but did not affect the panicle number and weed counts of transplanted rice. At 20 × 2.5 cm, grain yield was significantly better than that at 20 × 15 cm or 20 × 20 cm. A simple trend of increase in grain yield along with the decrease in spacing between plants was observed in terms of actual grain yield. 相似文献
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Development of a mechanical sexing system to improve the efficacy of an area‐wide sterile insect release programme to control American serpentine leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Canadian ornamental greenhouses
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Maryam Sultan Rose Buitenhuis Graeme Murphy Cynthia D Scott‐Dupree 《Pest management science》2017,73(5):830-837
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Brian J. Wood 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2002,7(3):173-190
Leaf eating insect outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred on oil palms and cocoa in what became Malaysia, from the late
1950s to early 1960s. Growers faced two crucial questions, what to do about the attacks, and what caused them. The tropical
climate generally continues suitable for phytophagous insects to realise their large increase capacity, a factor emphasised
in the stable agroecosystem of perennial tree crops. Parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects are equally favoured and
maintain control. It became increasingly evident that the prime cause of outbreak was disruption of this balance by the introduction
of broad spectrum, long residual contact insecticides (bslrcs), with various contributory factors. Patchy pesticide residues
would continue to eliminate inherently exploratory parasitic and predatory insects, something worsened by uneven initial application.
In these conditions, there is a complete overlap of generations of both pests and enemies, with no evolution of synchronised
or otherwise coordinated life cycles (‘continuous generation mode’– CGM). In outbreaks the pests tend to be at a similar lifecycle
stage (‘discrete generation mode’– DGM), so that at times a high proportion of an enemy population that may be building up
cannot find a suitable host stage. Simply stopping application was often enough to end the vicious circle of treatment and
reoutbreak, but also, commonly, there was heavy damage in the meantime. Selective application was developed, involving inherent
pesticide characteristics or method of use opposite in at least one aspect to bslrc (i.e. narrow spectrum, short residue life,
or non-contact). Large areas were treated, e.g., from the air. Infestations mostly disappeared with only one or a few applications.
In that era of the 1960s, chemical application compatible with biological control was known as ‘integrated control’. The bslrcs
had been introduced to control other regularly occurring pests (‘key’ pests), limited localised build up of the target pests
e.g., from climatic fluctuations (‘occasional’ pest), or as a ‘precaution’. Some species only appeared after disruption started
(‘potential’ pest). Development of selective chemical control continued to be for key and occasional pests, aiming at effective
kill once decided upon. Census monitoring ensured application only when justified economically, with timing to the most vulnerable
stage in the pest lifecycle. Among non-chemical approaches, cultural methods include provision of suitable flora in the ground
vegetation for food sources for adult parasitic insects. Reasonably dense ground vegetation cover is grown to suppress rhinoceros
beetle damage in oil palm replantings. Other possibilities include dissemination of insect diseases, traps and attractants,
and resistant plant types. This fitted ‘pest management’ which by the mid-1970s came to encompass selective chemical use,
as ‘integrated pest management (IPM)’. There were similar developments in other parts of the world, and in other perennial
tree crops, extended also to short term crops (e.g., rice and vegetables). IPM is not an esoteric methodology awaiting ‘complete
knowledge’. It can be applied on the basis of principle and existing knowledge for the most reliable economic control, targetted
to encompass any aspect, such as toxicology and environmental effects.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Eradications as scientific experiments: progress in simultaneous eradications of two major invasive taxa from a Mediterranean island
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Lise Ruffino Elise Krebs Aurélie Passetti Annie Aboucaya Laurence Affre Damien Fourcy Olivier Lorvelec Alain Barcelo Laurence Berville Nathalie Bigeard Lenka Brousset Hélène De Méringo Pascal Gillet Patricia Le Quilliec Yannick Limouzin Frédéric Médail Jean‐Yves Meunier Marine Pascal Michel Pascal Philippe Ponel François Rifflet Coralie Santelli Elise Buisson Eric Vidal 《Pest management science》2015,71(2):189-198
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Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species through a more comprehensive pest management approach
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Joseph M DiTomaso Robert A Van Steenwyk Robert M Nowierski Jennifer L Vollmer Eric Lane Earl Chilton Patrick L Burch Phil E Cowan Kenneth Zimmerman Christopher P Dionigi 《Pest management science》2017,73(1):9-13
Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long‐term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post‐release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long‐term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional, and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far greater opportunities for long‐term success in the suppression of established invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far greater opportunities for long‐term success in suppression of established invasive species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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江苏省三叶斑潜蝇发生调查及分子检测 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2009年对江苏省斑潜蝇的发生分布进行了调查,并利用形态和分子生物学技术对采集标本进行鉴定,结果表明:三叶斑潜蝇在江苏除徐州和淮安外的11个市均有发生,尤其在江苏的苏中和苏南地区发生更为严重。江苏三叶斑潜蝇与国内测序并登录在GenBank中的序列具有99%甚至100%的相似性;与国外三叶斑潜蝇序列也具有99%以上的相似性,但其覆盖率都未达到100%。同时,多序列比对结果显示江苏省三叶斑潜蝇在测定的800 bp范围内仅存在一个明显的变异位点。此外,在本次调查中发现,除三叶斑潜蝇外,在江苏为害蔬菜的斑潜蝇还有美洲斑潜蝇和番茄斑潜蝇。 相似文献
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Lantana invasion: An overview 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
GYAN P. SHARMA AKHILESH S. RAGHUBANSHI JAMUNA S. SINGH 《Weed Biology and Management》2005,5(4):157-165
We review the key features of Lantana ( Lantana camara L.), an invasive plant species considered to be among the world's 10 worst weeds. Lantana occurs in diverse habitats and on a variety of soil types, and its spread is encouraged by animal activities and by human disturbances, such as cultivation, road construction, and changes in fire regimes. Lantana is morphologically distinct in the different regions of its invasive range compared to those regions in its native range. The biological attributes contributing to the success of Lantana as an invader species include: fitness homeostasis, phenotypic plasticity, dispersal benefits from destructive foraging activities, widespread geographic range, vegetative reproduction, fire tolerance, better competitive ability compared to native flora, and allelopathy. Mechanical, chemical and biological options for the eradication and control of Lantana are available. It is emphasized that ecosystem-level consequences of Lantana invasion, particularly on the biodiversity of native flora, are little understood and studies are needed to fulfill this knowledge gap. 相似文献
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Yanhua Wang Liping Chen Ruixian Yu Xueping Zhao Changxing Wu Tao Cang Qiang Wang 《Pest management science》2012,68(12):1564-1571
BACKGROUND: The parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang and Chen) is a major natural enemy of many lepidopterans, but only a few studies have been conducted on the compatibility of biological and chemical controls. In this study, the selectivity of 30 insecticides to T. ostriniae adults was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the seven classes of chemicals tested, organophosphates and carbamates had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the wasp, with LC50 values ranging from 0.032 (0.029–0.038) to 2.38 (1.91–3.15) mg AI L?1. They are followed by phenylpyrazoles, avermectins, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, which induce variable toxicity responses, with LC50 values ranging from 0.14 (0.11–0.21) to 56.67 (48.94–67.24) mg AI L?1, from 2.57 (1.85–4.28) to 4.48 (3.34–6.83) mg AI L?1, from 2.48 (1.80–4.03) to 503.6 (457.6–557.5) mg AI L?1 and from 5.44 (3.95–8.84) to 104.2 (92.48–119.7) mg AI L?1 respectively. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) exhibited least toxicity to the parasitoid. CONCLUSION: Risk quotient analysis classifies neonicotinoids, avermectins, pyrethroids, IGRs and phenylpyrazoles (with the exception of butane‐fipronil and fipronil) as safe agents to the parasitoid, but categorises organophosphates and carbamates as slightly to moderately toxic or dangerous to T. ostriniae. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Vincent P Jones Thomas R Unruh David R Horton Nicholas J Mills Jay F Brunner Elizabeth H Beers Peter W Shearer 《Pest management science》2009,65(12):1305-1310
The seminal work of Stern and his coauthors on integrated control has had a profound and long‐lasting effect on the development of IPM programs in western orchard systems. Management systems based solely on pesticides have proven to be unstable, and the success of IPM systems in western orchards has been driven by conservation of natural enemies to control secondary pests, combined with pesticides and mating disruption to suppress the key lepidopteran pests. However, the legislatively mandated changes in pesticide use patterns prompted by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 have resulted in an increased instability of pest populations in orchards because of natural enemy destruction. The management system changes have made it necessary to focus efforts on enhancing biological control not only of secondary pests but also of primary lepidopteran pests to help augment new pesticides and mating disruption tactics. The new management programs envisioned will be information extensive as well as time sensitive and will require redesign of educational and outreach programs to be successful. The developing programs will continue to use the core principles of Stern and his co‐authors, but go beyond them to incorporate changes in society, technology and information transfer, as needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Clara Ines Nicholls Nilda Pérez Luis Vasquez Miguel A. Altieri 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2002,7(1):1-16
This paper describes the evolution of IPM in Cuba during three pre- and post-revolutionary periods. The state of the art of IPM after the collapse of Cuba's relations with the soviet block is analyzed in detail. During this 'special period' Cuba is undergoing a major conversion from conventional agriculture dependent on external inputs to a semi-organic agriculture dependent on local resources and low external inputs. The massive production and use of microbial pesticides complemented by cultural and habitat management techniques are at the heart of this new quest of agricultural sustainability in the midst of the economic crisis. About 982,000ha of various crops are under biological control, with savings of about US$ 30 million in pesticide imports. 相似文献
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Nicolò Di Sora Luca Rossini Mario Contarini Giovanni Mastrandrea Stefano Speranza 《Pest management science》2023,79(10):3676-3680
Background
Toumeyella parvicornis is an invasive soft scale insect native to North America that is rapidly spreading in Italy and France, provoking severe infestations on Pinus pinea L. To date, the control of this pest is entrusted to three endotherapic techniques whose short-term efficacy is partially known. No information on long-term efficacy is currently available, although fundamental. This work aims to report on the long-term effect that abamectin-based insecticides, injected with the three different techniques, have on adult female populations.Results
The study was carried out in an infested P. pinea forest in the area of Rome, Italy. Results showed that the tested methods had a similar long-term effect, and only in one case there were differences with the untreated control. Multiresidue analysis reported a zero level of abamectin in plant tissues 14 months apart from injection, except for one treatment where pesticide concentration was just above the limit of quantification.Conclusions
This study represents the first long-term evaluation about endotherapic control strategy against T. parvicornis. In fact, the pest may quickly bring the death and fall of the stone pines, representing a concerning risk for citizens, however, control actions to manage it are still partially known and deserve more in-depth investigations. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献18.
中国水稻害虫治理对策的演变及其展望 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文简要回顾了中国水稻害虫的变迁、相应的对策演变,从中了解、总结害虫发生与人类治虫对策之间的因果渊源,指出只有师法自然、通过生态工程实施生态治理技术才能持续双赢。 相似文献
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The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop. 相似文献