褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展

褐飞虱是一种重要的农业害虫,其对许多杀虫剂都产生了抗药性。化学药剂的大量不合理使用是导致褐飞虱产生抗药性的主要原因。褐飞虱的抗药性机理主要包括代谢抗性和靶标抗性。本文对褐飞虱的抗药性机理进行了综述,并对该虫的抗性治理进行了探讨。褐飞虱的抗性治理策略应包括抗性监测、使用新型药剂、合理使用杀虫剂及抗虫品种等。     

French vineyards provide information that opens ways for effective resistance management of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)

Resistance to fungicides is an evolutionary process resulting from the selection of advantageous genotypes in naturally diverse populations. Seven fungicide modes of action are authorised to control grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea on grapevine in France, and five of them have encountered specific resistance, with variable frequencies in populations and possible consequences for field fungicide efficacy. Moreover, multidrug resistance is caused by fungicide efflux and allows a weak resistance towards six unrelated modes of action. Here, a review is given of the fungicide resistance status of B. cinerea in France, particularly in the vineyards of Champagne, which are the most affected. Recently developed resistance and recent findings concerning the associated resistance mechanisms are focused upon in particular. Finally, antiresistance strategies are presented, and examples of managed resistance are discussed in a more general manner with the aim of extending this knowledge to other crops and countries undergoing similar resistance problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring of spirodiclofen susceptibility in field populations of European red mites, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and the cross-resistance pattern of a laboratory-selected strain

BACKGROUND: Phytophagous mites such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are serious pests in European fruit tree orchards, and a number of acaricides are frequently used to control them. Spirodiclofen (Envidor^®) has been a commonly used acaricide for several years. In the present study, European field populations collected in 2009 and 2010 were checked for their susceptibility to spirodiclofen by using discriminating dose and full dose response bioassays. RESULTS: In 2009 and 2010, a total of 63 field populations (including winter eggs) of European red mites were collected in different European countries, and in several populations from south‐western Germany a shifting in susceptibility against spirodiclofen was observed. Full dose response bioassays on different developmental stages of field‐collected strains suggested an age‐dependent expression of resistance because eggs remain fully susceptible to spirodiclofen. Artificial selection with spirodiclofen of one of the field strains resulted in resistance ratios of > 7000. Synergism studies suggest a possible role of cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenases in spirodiclofen detoxification. Most of the other acaricides from different chemical classes displayed no or low cross‐resistance in a spirodiclofen‐selected strain. CONCLUSION: In order to preserve spirodiclofen as an important tool in spider mite resistance management, the efficacy situation should be continuously monitored, and it is suggested that spirodiclofen be alternated with acaricides coming from different mode‐of‐action classes. An observed age‐specific expression of resistance revealed full susceptibility of eggs, so targeting spirodiclofen particularly against eggs is likely to reduce the selection pressures imposed on other life stages. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

部分中国栽培稻资源对稻瘟病的抗性分析

以苗期16个稻瘟病生理小种的抗谱测定以及成株期叶瘟、穗颈瘟鉴定结果为依据,分析了75份中国栽培稻稻瘟病抗性资源的抗瘟性。结果显示,不同抗性品种的抗谱以及对成株期叶瘟和穗颈瘟的抗性反应差异较大。相关分析表明,苗期抗谱测定结果与成株期叶瘟抗性显著相关,而与穗颈瘟,以及叶瘟与穗颈瘟间相关不显著。根据聚类分析结果,抗性资源可分成9个类群,其中以第6类群包含品种最多,抗谱最广(81.3%～100%),并高抗A、B、E、G群生理小种和抗穗颈瘟,可作为水稻稻瘟病抗性育种优先利用的种质资源。     

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti (L.) from Colombia

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Colombia, and as part of the National Network of Insecticide Resistance Surveillance, 12 mosquito populations were assessed for resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and DDT. Bioassays were performed using WHO and CDC methodologies. The underlying resistance mechanisms were investigated through biochemical assays and RT‐PCR. RESULTS: All mosquito populations were susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin, and highly resistant to DDT and etofenprox. Resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, permethrin and fenitrothion ranged from moderate to high in some populations from Chocó and Putumayo states. In Antioquia state, the Santa Fe population was resistant to fenitrothion. Biochemical assays showed high levels of both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) and non‐specific esterases (NSE) in some of the fenitrothion‐ and pyrethroid‐resistant populations. All populations showed high levels of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity. GSTe2 gene was found overexpressed in DDT‐resistant populations compared with Rockefeller susceptible strain. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in insecticide resistance status were observed between insecticides and localities. Although the biochemical assay results suggest that CYP and NSE could play an important role in the pyrethroid and fenitrothion resistance detected, other mechanisms remain to be investigated, including knockdown resistance. Resistance to DDT was high in all populations, and GST activity is probably the main enzymatic mechanism associated with this resistance. The results of this study provide baseline data on insecticide resistance in Colombian A. aegypti populations, and will allow comparison of changes in susceptibility status in this vector over time. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

苹果全爪螨抗药性研究进展

苹果全爪螨是重要的蔷薇科果树害虫之一, 具有体型小、繁殖快、世代周期短等生物学特点。该螨以若螨和成螨取食苹果叶片和嫩芽, 影响果树生长发育, 造成果实品质和产量下降, 自20世纪60年代开始其在我国果园的发生逐年加重。国内外对苹果全爪螨的防治主要采用化学杀螨剂, 由于化学杀螨剂长期不规范的使用, 致使该螨对多种类型的化学杀螨剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了苹果全爪螨的发生、为害、抗药性现状及其抗性机理, 同时结合国内外苹果全爪螨抗药性和防治相关研究, 提出该螨抗药性治理策略, 以期为其防治提供参考。     

棉蚜抗药性现状及治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。     

白背飞虱对马拉硫磷和异丙威的抗性机制

测定了白背飞虱不同品系体内与抗药性相关酶系如酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷膦甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶等活性。与敏感品系S相比，抗马拉硫磷品系顺具高水平羧酸酯酶活性。酶反应动力学试验表明，羧跋酯酶的质与量均发生改变；等电聚焦电泳显示与pI5．26～5．84酯酶扩增有关。耐弄丙威品系IT乙酰胆碱酯酶活性相对较低，而药剂对其I50则明显高于S。不同品系的谷胱甘肽S—转移酶活性无显著差弄。作者认为，白背飞虱对马拉硫磷和异丙威产生抗性分别与羧酯酯酶活性增高和乙酰胆碱酯酶对药剂敏感性降低有关。     

P450-mediated resistance in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reduces the efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments in Brassica napus

BACKGROUND

The prophylactic use of seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides remains an important means of controlling aphid pests in canola (Brassica napus) crops in many countries. Yet, one of the most economically important aphid species worldwide, the peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae), has evolved mechanisms which confer resistance to neonicotinoids, including amplification of the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6CY3. While CYP6CY3 amplification has been associated with low-level resistance to several neonicotinoids in laboratory acute toxicity bioassays, its impact on insecticide efficacy in the field remains unresolved. In this study, we investigated the impact of CYP6CY3 amplification on the ability of M. persicae to survive neonicotinoid exposure under laboratory and semi-field conditions.

RESULTS

Three M. persicae clones, possessing different copy numbers of CYP6CY3, were shown to respond differently when exposed to the neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, in laboratory bioassays. Two clones, EastNaernup209 and Osborne171, displayed low levels of resistance (3–20-fold), which is consistent with previous studies. However, in a large-scale semi-field trial, both clones showed a surprising ability to survive and reproduce on B. napus seedlings grown from commercial rates of neonicotinoid-treated seed. In contrast, an insecticide-susceptible clone, of wild-type CYP6CY3 copy number, was unable to survive on seedlings treated in the same manner.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that amplification of CYP6CY3 in M. persicae clones substantially impairs the efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments when applied to B. napus. These findings highlight the potentially important real-world implications of resistances typically considered to be ‘low level’ as defined through laboratory bioassays. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

Induced Resistance of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (CGA 245704) to Cucumber and Japanese Pear Diseases

Antifungal activity of the novel compound acibenzolar-S-methyl (CGA245704: benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester) was examined in vitro. No remarkable activity was observed on mycelial growth and conidial germination of almost all fungi tested. Only melon isolates of Didymella bryoniae were sensitive to this compound. On potted plants, acibenzolar-S-methyl showed control efficacy on anthracnose and scab of cucumber and rust of Japanese pear but not on Fusarium wilt of cucumber. In field trials, the occurrence of both rust and scab on Japanese pear was suppressed with this compound. Based on these experiments, it was suggested that acibenzolar-S-methyl induced resistance to some but not all diseases on cucumber and Japanese pear. Induction of disease resistance in cucumber was rapidly triggered after treatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl.     

Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in field populations of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticides were first used commercially for Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] control in the United States in 1995, and since then have been critical for management of this pest. Field populations from the northeastern and midwestern United States were tested from 1998 to 2010 for susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using standard topical dose assays with adults. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2001, imidacloprid resistance was present in only a few locations in the eastern United States. By 2003, imidacloprid resistance was common in the northeastern Unites States. In 2004, imidacloprid resistance in Colorado potato beetle was detected for the first time in the midwestern United States. In 2003, the first case of resistance to thiamethoxam was found in a population from Massachusetts. Neonicotinoid resistance in summer‐generation adults was higher than in overwintered adults from the same locations. By 2009, 95% of the populations tested from the northeastern and midwestern United States had significantly higher LD₅₀ values for imidacloprid than the susceptible population. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides raises concerns for the continued effective management of Colorado potato beetles in potatoes and highlights the need for more rigorous practice of integrated pest management methods. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

小麦持久抗性品种对中国条锈菌(系)抗病性特点的分析

小麦品种抗性谱鉴定、田间病情系统观察和抗性组分测定等结果表明,小麦持久抗条锈品种具显著的抗性特征,即成株期抗性谱很宽,有的品种甚至全生育期都表现抵抗,田间病情消长很慢且轻,成株期一般表现侵染机率低、病斑面积小、潜育期长。试验在控制条件下进行,便于操作,可用于小麦品种持久抗条锈性鉴定研究。     

Cross-resistance of horseweed (Conyza canadensis) populations with three different ALS mutations

BACKGROUND: Horseweed is a weed commonly found in agronomic crops, waste areas and roadsides. Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed was first reported in 1993 in a population from Israel. Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed is now widespread, but, as of now, the resistance mechanism has not been reported. RESULTS: Two of three populations evaluated (P116 and P13) were found to be uniform for resistance (>98% of individuals survived 8.8 g AI ha^?1 of cloransulam), whereas a third population, P525, contained about 85% resistant individuals. Cross‐resistance to cloransulam, chlorimuron, imazethapyr and bispyribac was observed in the P116 population. P525 and P13 were both sensitive to imazethapyr but resistant to chlorimuron, imazethapyr and bispyribac. Enzyme activity assays indicated that resistance in P13 was due to an altered target site. Southern blot analysis indicated that the ALS target site is encoded by a single copy gene. Overlapping ALS gene regions were amplified and sequenced from each population. Amino acid substitutions of Ser for Pro at position 197 (P197S) was detected from P13, Ala for Pro (P197A) was identified from P525 and substitution of Glu for Asp (D376E) at position 376 was found in P116. Molecular markers were developed to differentiate between wild‐type and resistant codons at positions 197 and 376 of horseweed ALS. CONCLUSION: Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed is conferred by target‐site mutations that have also been identified in other weed species. Identification of the mutations within horseweed ALS gene sequence enables molecular assays for rapid detection and resistance diagnosis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉蚜抗药性及其化学防治

棉蚜［Aphis gossypii（Glover）］属半翅目蚜科,是一种世界性的害虫,主要通过取食植物汁液和传播病毒给农业生产造成严重损失。长期以来,棉蚜的防治一直以化学防治为主,棉蚜对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等多种杀虫药剂已经产生了抗性。本文主要从棉蚜抗药性发展历史、抗药性机制以及棉蚜的化学防治等方面进行论述,期望能为农业生产上延缓棉蚜抗药性产生、有效治理棉蚜提供指导。     

Effect of treating soybean with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) on seed yields and the level of disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field and greenhouse studies

Field or greenhouse grown soybeans were treated with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid or benzothiadiazole and subsequently assessed for severity of white mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Three or four applications of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid to field plots in 1993–1995 reduced severity of white mold after natural infection by 20–70% compared with water-treated controls in soybean cultivars Elgin 87 and Williams 82, which are considered to be highly susceptible to the disease. The effect was not as large in the cultivars Corsoy 79 and NKS19-90 which are more resistant to white mold. Two or four applications of benzothiadiazole to field plots in 1995 and 1996 reduced white mold severity by 20–60%, with the greatest reductions again observed in the more susceptible cultivars. Corresponding yields were increased compared with controls, particularly for the susceptible cultivars under conditions of high disease pressure. In greenhouse trials multiple applications of either compound resulted in significantly smaller lesion diameters following subsequent leaf inoculations with the fungus. The compounds did not result in observable phytotoxicity or inhibit growth of Sclerotinia sp. in vitro. We hypothesize that the decrease in disease severity following treatment with INA or BTH is a result of resistance induction.