云南省主要地质背景区钴、铁和硒在岩石—土壤—饲料中的分布与转移规律研究

对云南省反刍家畜主要生产基地所属的6个地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的钴、铁和硒元素进行测定分析。结果表明:土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素含量在玄武岩(Ⅴ)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)较丰富;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)居中;而由碎屑岩(Ⅲ)和变质岩(Ⅵ)发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素最低。饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响较大。     

云南省土壤和植物性饲料中矿质元素含量及相关性研究

对云南省家畜饲养基地所属的6个主要地质背景区的土壤和饲料样品的钾，钠，镁、铜，锌、锰、钴，铁、硒和碘元紊进行测定分析．并进行了相关性统计，结果表明：玄武岩红壤区（Ⅴ）和碳酸岩盐红壤区（Ⅰ）土壤各种矿质元素都比较高；其次是碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区（Ⅱ），除了钴较低外，其它元素含量都居中等或偏上水平；而碎屑岩紫色土区（Ⅲ）、变质岩赤红壤区（Ⅵ）和碎屑岩黄红壤区（Ⅳ）大多数矿质养分相对都比较低。大多数饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受土壤中元素的丰度影响较大；其次为铜、镁、锰、锌和钾；饲料中碘受土壤碘含量影响最小。土壤和各主要饲料间铁、钴、镁、硒和铜相关性较强。     

云南省主要地质背景区铜、锰、锌、镁、钾在岩石-土壤-饲料系统的分布与迁移规律研究

对云南省6个主要地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的铜、锰、锌、镁和钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:玄武岩和碳酸盐岩红壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素含量较丰富;碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区居中;而由碎屑岩和变质岩发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素最低。饲料中钾、镁、锌、锰和铜的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响不大。     

湖北秭归地区岩石-土壤-脐橙树系统中铜 、锌元素的分布特征

对湖北秭归地区脐橙生态区岩石-土壤-脐橙树系统中Cu、Zn元素分布特征的研究表明:脐橙果实中Cu和Zn的含量变化与母岩中的变化趋势相反,与土壤中Cu和Zn的变化趋势相关性不明显;系统中Cu和Zn的分布普遍存在偶数规律,且Zn/Cu有岩石→土壤→脐橙果实→干逐渐增大的变化特征,Zn和Cu元素在脐橙植物系统中生物地球化学循环发生了分异,其方向是喜Zn厌Cu。不同地区脐橙果实中Cu和Zn元素的生物富集系数之间存在明显线性关系,其回归方程为:Zn=0.006 0.024×Cu(R=0.96)。     

天津地区土壤中若干金属元素间的相关性

土壤中的元素主要来源于成土母质^[1],但在风化成土过程中,元素的迁移与富集能力各不相同。为了寻求土壤中元素间的内在联系,判断元素的含量和分布状况,元素间的相关分析法是良好的方法之一。例如,Ure等^[6]测定了苏格兰不同母质的土壤中多种微量元素含量,并讨论了各元素间的相互关系。Pilotte等^[5]用相关性分析法对河口地区沉积物中元素含量进行判断,浅见辉男等^[4]用元素相关性描述了沉积物中元素分布,梁伟^[5]用元素相关性对土壤背景值进行判断等。本文根据天津地区土壤表土中16个元素之间的相关系数,探讨元素的地球化学性质对元素间的相关性的影响。     

小流域范围土壤锰、铝形态分布及其相关性研究

分别在湖南的郴州和长沙选定两小流域(SZY和LKS),从小流域规模分析了酸雨频降区两小流域土壤的主要理化特性和土壤锰铝形态及其分布,并讨论了锰铝各形态和土壤有机质,土壤pH值之间的相关性。结果表明:在小流域SZY土壤中,各种形态的锰铝含量均高于小流域LKS土壤中对应形态的锰铝含量;在同一剖面,各种形态的锰铝含量有表土高于底土的趋势。在两小流域土壤中,除无定形锰(Mnox)外各种形态的锰铝均与土壤有机质呈正相关。铝的溶出与土壤有机质和土壤pH值有关。酸沉降能影响毒性元素铝形态的转化和淋溶。活性铝、锰形态可能富集在土壤表层或植物根际等富含有机质的区域,酸沉降或其它环境条件可能促进铝、锰形态在土壤表层或植物根际的转化和溶出,从而导致毒害。     

广西常用饲料、牧草中铜、锌、铁、锰、钴、钼含量的初步调查

在广西54个县、市采集了81种常用饲料、牧草778个样本进行铜、锌、铁、锰、钴、钼6种微量元素分析,结果表明,这些微量元素的含量随饲料、牧草种类和地区的不同而有较大的差异。广西大多数饲料、牧草缺锌。铜、锰和铁的含量在谷类籽实较低。钴在大多数饲料中含量正常。钼的含量正常并低于中毒量6mg/kg。     

北京市密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属含量、来源及污染评价

运用多变量分析、富集因子及地累积指数法对北京市密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属的来源、污染评价进行了研究。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP—MS）测定土壤中Be、V、co、Ni、cu、cd、Pb的含量,用原子荧光光谱法（AFS）测定As、Hg含量,用X射线衍射（xRD）测定土壤所含矿物质成分。结果表明,除As外各重金属平均含量均高于北京市土壤元素背景值。XRD分析结果显示,土壤的矿物质成分相似,主要包括石英、长石、伊利石、高岭石、蒙脱石、方解石。多变量分析（主成分、聚类、相关性分析）表明,cu、cd、Pb和Hg为人为源,主要来源于矿产的开采或运输过程;Be、V、Ni和co来自混合源,即矿产开采过程和土壤背景;As为自然源,来自于岩石矿物的风化、侵蚀及土壤母质。富集因子法及地累积指数法评价结果表明,cu、Cd、Pb、Hg污染较严重,受人为活动的显著影响,而Be、V、co、Ni轻微污染,As无污染。该结果进一步验证了多变量分析的结果。     

人工土壤微量元素降雨侵蚀试验研究

采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,研究了降雨场次、坡度和初始养分含量对人工土壤中铁、锌、锰3种微量元素降雨侵蚀特性的影响。结果表明:铁、锌、锰元素在径流中的浓度和侵蚀量与降雨场次呈负相关,用幂函数拟合,相关系数均达0.80以上;降雨径流量与坡度间呈线性负相关,铁、锰、锌流失量与坡度间也呈线性负相关,相关系数达0.90以上;铁、锰、锌侵蚀量与初始养分含量呈线性正相关,相关系数达0.90以上。     

天津地区土壤中若干元素的含量与机械组成的关系

土壤颗粒组成决定着土壤的物理、化学和生物特性.不同的土壤机械组成,在矿物组成上有显著的差别,其化学成分和其它各种性质也均不相同.土壤机械组成对土壤中元素含量的影响,国内外曾有报道.但两者间相关性的研究报道不多.Ure曾研究过苏格兰10种土壤中61种元素之间的相关系数,讨论了元素与母质的关系.     

Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in central Florida II. trace minerals

Abstract

A two‐year study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of cattle grazing forages (bahiagrass) and soils on a ranch in central Florida. Forage and soil samples were collected every month for two years. Month effect (P < 0.05) on soil trace mineral concentrations were observed in manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in years 1 and 2, and in copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) only in year 2. All soil trace minerals studied showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations in year 2. Month differences (P < 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations were found in cobalt (Co), Cu, Fe, Mn, molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and Zn. The majority of forage trace minerals were higher in spring‐summer months. Year means were similar (P > 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations. Few and low correlation coefficients were observed between and within soil and forage trace minerals concentrations. Percentages of total forage collected with trace minerals below critical values (in parentheses) and suggestive of deficiency were as follows: in forage, Co (0.1 ppm), 93%; Cu (8 ppm), 98%; Fe (50 ppm), 75%; Mn (40 ppm), 41%; Mo (> 6 ppm), 0%; Se (0.2 ppm), 98%; and Zn (25 ppm), 84%; in soil, Cu (0.3 ppm), 77%; Fe (2.5 ppm), 7%; Mn (5 ppm), 91%; and Zn (1.5 ppm), 53%.     

In Vitro digestibility,crude protein content,and mineral concentrations of cynodon,brachiarin, and digitaria accessions in a humid tropical region of Puerto Rico

Abstract

The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), crude protein (CP) content, and mineral composition of 11 grasses were compared between seasons in Puerto Rico and evaluated in relation to grazing ruminant requirements. Digitaria eriantha was the highest in IVOMD for both seasons, being higher (P<0.05) than 6 of 10 forages in the long‐day season and 4 of 10 in the shortday season. No differences (P>0.05) in CP content were observed among accessions at both seasons. Mean macroelement content of the accessions was generally adequate in relation to grazing ruminant requirements with the exception of sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg). Forage microelement concentrations of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were generally under the grazing ruminant requirements for the accessions evaluated during both seasons. Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) content were high in relation to requirements, especially during the short‐day season. Molybdenum (Mo) was not in excess for the accessions evaluated. The Zn concentrations were similar to the results reported from other experiments with higher fertilization levels. The selenium (Se) concentrations presented an apparent seasonal variation higher in the short‐day season, which is similar to other experiments with high fertilization levels.     

Mineral Concentrations of Cool Season Pasture Forages in North Florida During the Winter-Spring Grazing Season: II. Trace Minerals

Trace mineral concentrations of annual cool season pasture forages grazed by growing beef cattle during late fall-winter-spring grazing season were evaluated during two experimental cool season grazing studies, each lasting two years at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Marianna, Florida. Eight 1.32 ha fenced pastures or paddocks were divided into two groups of pasture land preparation/planting methods, four pastures for the sod seeding treatments (SS) and four for the prepared seedbed treatments (PS). Two different pasture forages, small grains, (rye/oats mix) with or without ryegrass for the first two years (Study 1); and oats with ryegrass or ryegrass only for the last two years (Study 2) were planted in these pasture lands. Each of the four forage, type, and cultivation combination treatments was assigned to two pastures each year, thereby giving two replicates per pasture treatment per year. Forage samples were collected at the start of pasture grazing and twice monthly thereafter until the end of grazing season, pooled by month, and analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se). Liver biopsies and blood plasma samples were collected from the tester cattle only during the spring of year two of Study 2. Liver was analyzed for Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, and Se and plasma for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se. Forage trace mineral concentrations were found to differ by month in Cu (P < 0.01), Fe and Zn (P < 0.0001) in both studies, and with Mn (P < 0.0001) in Study 2 only. Pasture forage type effects on Cu (P < 0.05), Fe and Zn (P < 0.01), and Se (P < 0.05) and forage type by month interactions on Cu and Mn (P < 0.0001), and Zn (P < 0.05) were observed in Study 2. Forage concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo in Study 1 and Mn, Mo, and Se in Study 2 were affected (P < 0.05) by pasture land preparation/planting methods in that these minerals were found to be lower from forages of sod-seeded treatments than from those of prepared seedbed treatments. Forage Cu concentrations were lower than the minimum requirements (10 ppm, DM) for beef cattle among months in both studies. Oats-ryegrass pastures of Study 2 had surprisingly low Fe concentrations (P < 0.01) in all months of the winter-spring grazing season. Cobalt, Mn, Mo, and Se did not vary much month to month during the winter-spring grazing months. All mean forage Se concentrations were lower than the requirements (0.10 ppm, DM) for grazing beef cattle. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in mean Se values between the two studies. Liver Cu, Fe, Co, and Se concentrations were sufficient to indicate adequate status of these minerals in tester animals from both forage types. Liver concentrations of Mn and Mo were slightly low, indicating a low status or these minerals. Plasma concentrations of Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn were all above the recommended concentrations for beef cattle. In conclusion, trace minerals deficient in North Florida during the cool season were Cu, Co, and Se, and a special consideration should be given to include adequate amounts while supplementing the mineral mixtures to growing beef cattle since forage samples reflected deficient concentrations of these minerals.     

天津小站稻种植区土壤主要微量营养元素的有效量及其影响因素

土壤调查研究表明，天津小站稻种植区土壤的微量元素全量中，Fe、Mn、Zn、S丰富，Cu中等，B、Mo和Se偏低；有效态含量中，Fe、Cu、Mn、S丰富，Zn和B中等偏上，较普遍缺Se，少部分土壤缺Mo。Cu、Mn、B、Mo、Se和S的有效量受全量的影响较大，Fe和Zn的有效量与其全量相关性不明显。Cu、Fe、Mo、Se、S和Mn的有效量受有机质含量的影响显著，pH对Mn和Se有效量的影响明显，水溶性盐含量与Fe、B和S呈显著正相关。天津稻田土壤需要针对性施用微肥、配施有机肥并适当调理土壤酸碱度。本研究对于稻田土壤改良和水稻品质提升具有重要理论与实用价值。     

Soil,forage, and serum nutrient changes as affected by deposition of volcanic sediments in northwestern nicaragua

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine the mineral status of grazing cattle as affected by the eruption of the Cerro Negro Volcano in northwestern Nicaragua. A total of 14 composite soil and forage samples and 30 blood samples were collected at each collection period, before (August 1991) and after (August 1992) the volcanic eruption. Higher soil levels of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn) (P<0.01), zinc (Zn) (P<0.05), and lower organic matter (OM) (P<0.01) were found after the volcanic eruption. Phosphorus (P) was the only macromineral found deficient with 93 and 71% of the samples below a critical level before and after volcanic eruption, respectively. Forage Ca, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), P, Zn, copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) concentrations did not vary between collections. Forage crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility [(IVOMD) P<0.05], cobalt (Co), Mn, and Na (P<0.01) were lower after the eruption. Iron (Fe) was the only mineral in forages that increased (P<0.01) after the volcanic eruption. Of the six minerals evaluated in serum only Ca and Mg concentrations were higher (P<0.05) after the volcanic eruption. The macrominerals more likely to be deficient in this area are P and Mg. Trace elements most likely to limit cattle productivity are Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, and Co. Special attention should be given to supplementation of Cu, since both plant and animal tissue samples reflected a deficiency of this mineral.     

A Study on Seasonal Variability of Trace Elemental Status of Forages for Grazing Ruminants

An investigation was conducted to determine the trace- mineral concentrations of forages in relation to requirements of ruminants grazing in natural pastures in the province of Punjab, Pakistan during two different seasons. Animals were closely followed during grazing and forages corresponding to those consumed by the animals were taken and analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) concentrations. The data on the trace- mineral concentrations showed that most of these minerals varied greatly as a function of seasons and sampling periods. The forage Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations were affected by seasonal changes but no influence of season was observed on the concentrations of forage Mn and Co concentration. Forage Zn and Co, during both seasons and at some sampling intervals, and forage Mn during summer were at marginal deficient levels, and in contrast, all other forage trace-minerals were within the required range for ruminants during both seasons. Based on these results, the supplementation of Zn, Co, and Mn would seem most important to support optimum livestock productivity.     

Effects of pasture‐applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. microminerals

Abstract

The experiment rationale was to determine forage micromineral concentrations as effected by biosolids fertilization. We determined the effects of two exceptional quality biosolids on bahiagrass trace mineral concentrations as related to beef cattle requirements. Twenty‐five 0.8‐ha pastures were divided into five blocks. Two biosolids were applied as normal and double agronomic rates. The control received NH₄NO₃. Forages were analyzed for total copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), and selenium (Se), and soils were analyzed for Mehlich I extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn. Some significant increases (P<0.05) in forage Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se were observed at various sampling times, but the increases were generally small and biologically insignificant. Although forage Mo samples from pastures with the Tampa biosolids applied were consistently higher than the control (P<0.05), at no time did they approach levels considered toxic. Similar results were seen in forage Mn concentrations, with treatment Baltimore‐2X elevating (P<0.05) Mn concentrations as well. Deficiencies of Co, Cu, Zn, and Se are common in this Florida region and slight elevations due to biosolids treatment could be beneficial. Biosolids applied at the highest rates improved soil Cu and Zn concentrations above control soils and soil Mn was increased over the control at both sampling times for Baltimore‐2X. In relation to beef cattle requirements, the majority of forages were deficient in Co, Cu, Se, and Zn. In summary, biosolids fertilization slightly improved the micromineral status of forage and soil, without creating toxicity.     

大骨节病区土壤元素的分布特征及其与病情的关系——以壤塘县为例

为了探讨大骨节病区土壤元素分布特征及其与大骨节病之间的关系,以病情相对严重的四川省壤塘县为研究区域,采集了0~20 cm和20~40 cm自然土壤和耕作土壤样品,测定其机械组成和Se等9种微量元素。深层土壤中Fe2O3、Co、Se等元素及物理性黏粒的含量略高于表层土壤,而Mo等元素及物理性砂粒的含量则在表层土壤中的含量稍高一些。由于当地土壤受人类活动的影响较小,因而土壤剖面或土层之间的元素含量和机械组成并无明显差异(p>0.05)。土壤Mo和Se元素的缺乏导致农作物对这两种元素吸收量的减少,进而造成当地人群特别是儿童处于低Se、低Mo营养状态,这与当地大骨节病病情的关系密切。受母岩和成土作用等的共同影响,理化性质相似的化学元素表现出较好的正相关关系,如Fe2O3、Co、Mn之间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),Zn与Cu、Hg也呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01),但是,这些元素与大骨节病临床患病率均无显著相关性(p>0.05)。按大骨节病病情严重程度将所涉及到的行政村平均分为四组:Ⅰ病区(n=6,患病率14.02%~19.87%),Ⅱ病区(n=6,患病率24.62%~28.20%),Ⅲ病区(n=6,患病率28.45%~36.26%),Ⅳ病区(n=5,患病率37.30%~53.66%)。由于土壤黏粒和Fe2O3对Se的吸附作用,它们在不同病区的分布特征相同,即土壤黏粒、Fe2O3和Se的含量越低,大骨节病的病情越严重。随病情加重土壤Hg含量呈逐步升高的趋势,但在低Se、低Hg条件下两者是否存在相互作用尚需深入研究。     

神府矿区复垦土地土壤微量元素有效性影响因素研究

为了研究矿区不同复垦条件下,复垦土地土壤中有效微量元素与土壤环境的关系,采用实地试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了不同复垦时间和复垦措施条件下土壤有效铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量与土壤环境之间的关系。结果表明,研究区内土壤有效微量元素含量总体属于极低水平;土壤环境整体呈碱性,土壤pH值均在8.5以上,且变异系数属于小变异;土壤有机质无论是在不同恢复年限条件下,还是在不同治理措施条件下,其变异系数均属于高度变异。土壤环境与土壤有效微量元素相关关系分析结果表明,土壤pH值与土壤有效微量元素呈负相关关系,有效锰、有效铜与土壤pH值的相关性较高;土壤有机质与土壤有效微量元素呈正相关关系,其中有效锌、有效铜与土壤有机质含量的相关性较高。     

In vitro digestibility and crude protein and mineral concentrations of guinea grass accessions in a humid tropical region of Puerto rico

Abstract

The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), crude protein (CP) content and mineral composition of ten Panicum maximum accessions were compared between seasons in Puerto Rico and evaluated in relation to grazing ruminants requirements. On short days, PRPI 13605 was superior (P<0.05) in IVOMD to all the other accessions. In terms of the CP content, accession PRPI 3634 was above 11% in both seasons, however, without differing (P>0.05) from most accessions. The mean macroelement content of the accessions was generally adequate in relation to grazing ruminant requirements with the exception of Na and Mg. Phosphorus was less than the critical concentration (0.25%) for one‐half of the accessions in the short day season and 2 of 10 for the long day season. For all samples, Mn was high and Fe was generally adequate in relation to ruminant requirements. Most all samples contained deficient concentrations of Co, Cu, Se, and Zn. Forage Mo concentrations, therefore, did not result in conditioned Cu deficiencies. In this context, it is probable that Na, Se, Cu, Co, Zn, and perhaps Mg, will be needed even if intensive fertilization is practiced in the humid tropical region of Puerto Rico.