利用配合力和分子标记划分玉米白交系杂种优势群

本研究以23个优良自交系为待测种,4个代表我国玉米核心种质的自交系为测验种,采用NC-Ⅱ设计组配92个杂交组合,在云南3种不同生态环境下,根据产量配合力效应进行杂种优势群分析;利用117对SSR引物检测上述27个优良自交系间的遗传多样性,并根据遗传相似系数进行聚类分析;探讨配合力与分子标记划分类群的优缺点,为今后玉米杂种优势群的研究和利用提供理论依据。     

美国玉米种质改良系主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势分析

试验采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,以分属于5个杂种优势群的自交系吉853、S122、龙抗11、铁C 8605-2、丹599为测验种,与5个美国玉米种质改良系组配25个杂交组合,分析5个美国玉米种质改良系的主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势.结果表明,自交系WY1和WY3单株产量及相关性状一般配合力表现较好,在玉米育种中有较大的利用潜力;组合WY 3×龙抗11、WY5×吉853、WY4×S122是产量及相关性状特殊配合力综合表现优良的前3个组合;WY3×S122、WY1×S122、WY1×丹599、WY4×S122、WY1×吉853是单株产量总配合力和杂种优势表现突出的组合;美国玉米种质改良自交系可与旅大红骨、塘四平头、温带Ⅰ群类群的玉米自交系杂交组配出强优势的玉米杂交种.     

玉米杂种优势类群和模式的研究 Ⅰ玉米国外血缘杂优类群数量性状的遗传分析

采用ＮＣⅡ交配设计，研究分析了我国具有国外血缘杂种优势群优良玉米自交系的基本遗传参数及其与国内血缘自交系之间的关系。结果表明，在这一优势群的优良自交系中，多数数量性状遗传变异较大，具有进一步改良提高的潜力。单株产量、行粒数、株高、穗行数的显性方差大于加性方差，其余性状的显性方差小于或等于加性方差；国内血缘自交系与之杂交，单株产量的一般配合力较高，说明二者的基因型间普遍存在着较大的遗传差异。因此，应根据＂国内系×国外系＂杂优利用的原则，在具有国外血缘杂种优势群中，通过回交、二环系法和轮回选择等途径，对自交系加以改良利用。并讨论了杂种优势类群和模式的建立。     

玉米自交系杂种优势类群与杂优模式构建的初步研究

以１５个来源不同的玉米自交系及其１０５个双列杂交组合为材料,通过ＲＡＰＤ分析技术及试验材料的多点田间鉴定,初步研究了玉米自交系杂种优势类群的划分和利用模式的构建。根据ＲＡＰＤ分类与杂种优势分类,系谱追踪的比较研究。认为ＲＡＰＤ技术在玉米自交系杂种优势群划分上应用是可行的。通过对杂优类群间Ｆ１产量,杂种优势与配合力的测定结果的综合分析,提出了７个杂种优势利用模式。     

基于SNP芯片划分CIMMYT和广西玉米自交系杂种优势群

CIMMYT玉米自交系在广西具有较好的适应性，目前利用CIMMYT和广西玉米自交系杂交已成功选育出许多适合广西种植的玉米新品种。为了解CIMMYT和广西玉米自交系间的杂种优势关系，本研究以20份CIMMYT自交系和169份广西自交系为供试材料，以5份中国骨干自交系和4份广西骨干自交系作为参照系，利用10K玉米SNP芯片进行全基因组扫描，开展遗传相似性、系统进化树和主成分分析，划分参试材料的杂种优势群。研究结果表明，189份玉米自交系绝大多数杂合率均小于10%，纯合度较高。CIMMYT自交系相互间遗传相似性较高，与广西玉米自交系间遗传相似度较低。进化树和主成分分析将189份自交系分为PB群、SPT群、‘桂单162-0810’母本群、‘桂单162’父本群、‘桂单0810’父本群和其他类群，其中大部分CIMMYT玉米自交系属于SPT群，大部分广西玉米自交系属于‘桂单162-0810’母本群、‘桂单0810’父本群和其他类群。可见，CIMMYT与广西玉米自交系间遗传差异较大，大多属于不同杂种优势群，两类自交系进行杂交能够较大概率获得优良玉米品种。     

根据SSR标记划分优质蛋白玉米自交系的杂种优势群

利用SSR标记技术对18个优质蛋白玉米(QPM)自交系和4个代表国内主要杂种优势群的普通玉米标准测验种进行杂种优势群划分, 研究热带、亚热带QPM与温带玉米自交系之间的遗传关系. 从70对引物中筛选出39对扩增谱带清晰且具有多态性的SSR引物, 在供试材料中检测到134个等位基因变异, 平均多态性信息量为0.55. 根据扩增谱带建立0、     

三峡地区玉米地方品种杂种优势群的初探

为探讨三峡地区地方品种的遗传潜势（遗传变异、配合力效应、基因多样度等）,发掘地方品种中的初级杂种优势群,按杂种优势模式与国外优良玉米种质充分重组,合成高级杂种优势群。本文报道了对选出的三峡地区的37个优良地方品种遗传潜势和杂种优势群的初步研究结果,并讨论了组建高级杂种优势群的基本原则与模式。     

主要温带玉米自交系杂种优势群的划分

玉米杂种优势群及其模式的研究对于提高育种准确性和预见性具有重要意义。本研究以我国主要玉米杂交种的亲本为材料,利用SSR标记的遗传距离划分优良玉米种质的杂种优势群。选用的110对SSR引物对30份温带玉米自交系进行分析,共检测到546条带,表明该30份自交系在分子标记水平上具有较丰富的遗传多样性,其PIC变异范围在0.1115~0.91之间,平均为0.652,大部分集中在0.5~0.8之间。根据SSR分析结果计算30个自交系之间遗传距离并进行聚类分析,可将30份自交系划分为7个杂种优势群:第一类是P类群,有P007、齐319、丹599、沈137、178、P138和87-1共7个自交系;第二类是以黄早四等为代表的唐四平头群,共6个系,有K12、Q1261、黄野四-3、黄早四、冀35和昌7-2;第三类是Reid群,有478、B73、K14、黄C和沈5003共5个自交系;第四类是以自330等为代表的自330群,共有4个自交系,包括中综3、中综31、自330和丹340;第五类是E28群,包括E28以及二环系—郑22;第六类是Lancaster群,包括Mo17、荻唐黄17和齐205共3个自交系;此...     

我国部分玉米自交系遗传关系和遗传结构解析

玉米自交系遗传关系和遗传结构的解析,对自交系类群划分和杂交组配具有重要的指导意义。本文选用玉米基因组的112个SSR标记对我国97个玉米自交系进行遗传关系和遗传结构分析,并评价了遗传距离聚类和模型聚类方法在玉米自交系遗传关系研究中的应用价值。结果表明,模型聚类方法更适于玉米自交系的遗传关系研究。解析自交系的遗传基础发现,各类群中均有大量自交系含有其他类群的遗传成分。根据模型聚类结果,97个自交系被划分为PB、Reid、塘四平头和旅大红骨4个类群。Reid群与旅大红骨群的遗传关系最近,与塘四平头群遗传关系最远。为了实现杂种优势模式的简化,4个类群可被简化为3大种质类群[A(旅大红骨群与Reid群)、B(PB群)、C(塘四平头群)],或2大种质类群[A(旅大红骨群、Reid群、PB群)、B(塘四平头群)]。研究结果为自交系的改良和利用及杂种优势模式确定提供了理论基础。     

导入热带种质的温带玉米自交系的利用潜力

用5个热带及亚热带玉米自交系和5个导入热带种质并经连续回交改良的温带玉米自交系, 采用Griffing双列杂交方法III杂交, 共配制90个杂交组合。2008年、2009年以大面积推广杂交种云瑞6号为对照, 对供试自交系进行配合力、杂种优势及利用潜力研究。结果表明, 导入热带种质并经连续回交改良的温带玉米自交系YML598、YML58的多数性状一般配合力效应为极显著正值, 在杂交育种中具有较大的利用潜力;单株产量配合力效应值与诸多产量影响因素的配合力效应值密切相关, 雌雄间隔期、秃尖与单株产量呈负相关, 而其他性状与单株产量呈正相关;产量对照优势H≥10%的组合大多为热带、亚热带种质×改良温带种质, 单株产量特殊配合力效应为极显著正值的组合均为热带、亚热带种质×改良温带种质, 说明热带、亚热带玉米种质与经热带种质改良后的温带玉米种质之间仍具有较强的杂种优势, 且导入热带种质的温带系与热带、亚热带供体系的杂种优势仍然存在, 其所属的杂种优势群并未改变。以热带、亚热带玉米种质为供体, 采用连续回交的方法改良温带玉米自交系是利用热带、亚热带玉米种质的有效方法。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.